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AMERICAN   MUSEUM 
NOVITATES 


Numbers  37  to  75 


NEW  YORK 

PUBLISHED  BY  ORDER  OF  THE  TRUSTEES 

1922-1923 


*.#*"»»      . 


EDITED  BY  FRANK  K.  LUTZ 


3U 

All 


THE  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 

Seventy-seventh  Street  and  Central  Park  West 

New  York  City 


BOARD  OF  TRUSTEES 

(As  of  December  31,  1923) 
President 

HENRY  FAIRFIELD  OSBORN 

First  Vice-President  \d  Vice-President 

CLEVELAND  H.  DODGE  J.  P.   MORGAN 

Treasurer  Secretary 

GEORGE  F.  BAKER,  Jr.  PERCY  R.  PYNE 

Kx-OKMc   II) 

THE  MAYOR  OF  THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK 
THE  COMPTROLLER  OF  THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK 
THE  PRESIDENT  OF  THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  PARKS 


Elective 

GEORGE  F.  BAKER  ADRIAN  ISEI.IN 

FREDERICK  F.  BREWSTER  ARTHUR  CURTTS8   IAMES 

FREDERICK  TRUBEE  DAVISON  WALTER  B.  JAMES 

CLEVELAND  EARL  DODGE  OGDEN   MILLS 

WALTER  DOUGLAS  A.  PERRY  OSBORX 

CHILDS  FRICK  GEORGE  D.  PRATT 

MADISON  GRAM  THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

WILLIAM  AVERELL  HARRIMAN  LEONARD  C.  SANFORD 

ARCHER  M.  HUNTINGTON  JOHN  B.  TREVOR 

FELIX  M.  WARBURG 


ADMINISTRATIVE  OFFICERS 

(As  of  December  31,  1923) 
Director  Executive  Secretary 

FREDERIC  A.  LUCAS  GEORGE  H.  SHERWOOD 


Assistant  Treasurer 

THE  UNITED  STATES  TRUST  COMPANY  OF  NEW  YORK 


SCIENTIFIC  STAFF 

(As  of  December  31,  1923) 

Frederic  A.  Lucas,  ScD.,  Director 
Robert  C.  Murphy,  D.Sc,  Assistant  to  the  Director  (in  Scientific  Correspondence, 

Exhibition,  and  Labeling) 
James  L.  Clark,  Assistant  to  the  Director  (in  Full  Charge  of  Preparation) 

DIVISION  OF  MINERALOGY  AND  GEOLOGY 
\Y.  D.  Matthew,  F.R.S.,  Curator-in-Chief 

Geology  and  Invertebrate  Palaeontology 

Edmund  Otis  Hovey,  Ph.D.,  Curator 

Chester  A.  Reeds,  Ph.D.,  Associate  Curator  of  Invertebrate  Palaeontology 

Charles  P.  Berkey,  Ph.D.,  Research  Associate  in  Geology 

Mineralogy 

Herbert  P.  Whitlock,  C.E.,  Curator 

George  F.  Kunz,  Ph.D.,  Research  Associate,  Gems 

Vertebrate  Palaeontology 

Henry  Fairfield  Osborn,  LL.D.,  D.Sc,  Honorary  Curator 

W.  D.  Matthew,  Ph.D.,  Curator 

Walter  (  Iranger,  Associate  Curator  in  Fossil  Mammals 

Barm  m  BlOWM,  A.B.,  Associate  Curator  of  Fossil  Reptiles 

(  ii ari.es  C.  Mook,  Ph.D.,  Associate  Curator 

Wii.i.i  \m  k.  (  Iregory,  Ph.D.,  Associate  in  Pa  la 'ontology 

(iiii.io  Fkmk,  M.S.,  Research  Associate  in  Palaeontology 

DIVISION  OF  ZOOLOGY  AND  ZOOGEOGRAPHY 

Frank  Mh  hi. Kit  Chapman,  N.A.S.,  Curator-in-Chief 

Lowi  I   I  w  i  in  i  hk  \  1 1  > 

II..1    \\  .    Miner,  A.M.,  ( 'nrator 

Wii.i.arh  <  1.  Van  Name,  I'll. I).,  Assistant  Curator 

sk  .1.    MtBM,   KaWftTOfa  Associate,  Hot  ifera 
HoRMi     \\     SiiNKMti),    I'll  rofa    Associate,    Parasitology 

A.  I.  'ii:i  id*  i  ii .  Hi  i  I    Retearot  Aaweiate,  Annulate 

l'.\  i'(»M(ii,i»;i 

!/.     I'll    I)  .    (  'lll.llnr 

\.  .1     Mi  h  iii  i  i:.   A     i   Lint  <  'iirator  in  ( 'oleuptera 
\  -i-l.ilit   Hi   Lepiiloptcra 
(    II  mm  I        \\       !  oriate,  (  'oleoptera 

III  inn  im    I     Bobwar/.,    \   M      i:<  -  •  :i  i  .-I  i    \.-s,,ci:,|(.,   Ilyinenoptcrn 
Wiiimm   M    \\ ( .    I'll   I  i.   II.    MUTcfa    \--.Ki.ilr,  Social  Insects 


SCIENTIFIC  STAFF  v 

Ichthyology 

Bashford  Dean,  Ph.D.,  Honorary  Curator 

John  T.  Nichols,  A.B.,  Associate  Curator  of  Recent  Fishes 

E.  W.  Gudger,  Ph.D.,  Associate  in  Ichthyology 

Herpetology 

G.  K.  Noble,  A.  M.,  Associate  Curator  (In  Charge) 
Arthur  Ortenburger,  M.S.,  Assistant  Curator 

Ornithology 

Frank  M.  Chapman,  Sc.D.,  Curator 

W.  DeW.  Miller,  Associate  Curator 

Robert  Cushman  Murphy,  D.Sc,  Associate  Curator»-oi  Marine  Birds 

James  P.  Chapin,  A.M.,  Assistant  Curator,  Birds  of  the  Eastern  Hemisphere 

Ludlow  Griscom,  A.  M.,  Assistant  Curator 

Jonathan  Dwight,  M.D.,  Research  Associate  in  North  American  Ornithology 

Mrs.  ELSIE  M.  B.  NaUMBURG,  Research  Assistant 

Mammalogy 

Roy  C.  Andrews,  A.M.,  Associate  Curator  of  Mammals  of  the  Eastern  Hemisphere 
H.  E.  Anthony,  A.M.,  Associate  Curator  of  Mammals  of  the  Western  Hemisphere 
Herbert  Lang,  Assistant  Curator,  African  Mammal- 
Carl  E.  Akeley,  Associate  in  Mammalogy 

(    OMI'AKA TIYE    ANATOMY 

William  K.  Gregory,  Ph.D.,  Curator 

S.  H.  Chubb,  Assistant  Curator 

J.  Howard  McGregor,  Ph.D.,  Research  Associate  in  Human  Anatomy 

DIVISION  OF  ANTHROPOLOGY 

Clark  Wisslkk,  Ph.D.,  Curator-in-Chief 

Anthropology 
Clark  Wissler,  Ph.D.,  Curator 
Pliny  E.  Goddard,  Ph.D.,  Curator  in  Ethnology 
N.  C.  Nelson,  M.  L.,  Associate  Curator  of  Archaeology 
Charles  W.  Mead,  Assistant  Curator  of  Peruvian  Archaeology 
Louis  R.  Sullivan,  Ph.D.,  Assistant  Curator,  Physical  Anthropology 
Clarence  L.  Hay,  A.M.,  Research  Associate  in  Mexican  and  Central  American 

Archaeology 
Milo  Hellman,  D.D.S.,  Research  Associate  in  Physical  Anthropology 

Comparative  Physiology 
Ralph  W.  Tower,  Ph.D.,  Curator 


vi  SCIENTIFIC  STAFF 

Comparative  Anatomy 

William  K.  Gregory,  Ph.D.,  Curator 

J!  Howard  McGregor,  Ph.D.,  Research  Associate  in  Human  Anatomy 

DIVISION   OF   EDUCATION    BOOKS,    PUBLICATION,    AND   PRINTING 
George  H.  Sherwood,  A.M.,  Curator-in-Chief 

Library  and  Publications 

Ralph  W.  Tower,  Ph.D.,  Curator 

Ida  Richardson  Hood.,  A.B.,  Assistant  Librarian 

Public  Education 
George  H.  Sherwood,  A.  M.,  Curator 
G.  Clyde  Fisher,  Ph.D.,  Associate  Curator 
Grace  Fisher  Ramsey,  Assistant  Curator 

Public  Health 

Charles-Edward  Amory  Winslow,  D.P.H.,  Honorary  Curator 
Mary  Greig,  Assistant 


CONTENTS  OF  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES 

Numbers  37  to  75 

Page 

Title-page i 

Officers  and  Trustees iii 

Scientific  Staff iv 

Contents vii 

List  of  Illustrations x 

List  of  New  Taxonomic  Names xiii 

Erratum xvi 

No.  37. — '  Hesperopithecus,  the  First  Anthropoid  Primate  Found  in  America.'     By 

Henry  Fairfield  Osborn.    5  pp.    (Three  text  figures.)    April  25,  1922. 

"    38. — '  Description  of  a  New  Loach  from  North-eastern  China.'     By  Henry  W. 

Fowler.    2  pp.    May  25,  1922. 
"    39. — '  Two  New  Genera  of  North  American  Blood  Flukes.'    By  Horace  W.  Stun- 

kard.    8  pp.     (Three  text  figures.)    May  25,  1922. 
"    40.— 'Notes  on  Some  Western  Beet.'    By  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell.    7  pp.     May  26, 

1922. 
"    41. — 'Species  of  American   Pleistocene  Mammoths.     EU  pints  jeffersonii,  new 
species.'     By  Henry  Fairfield  Osborn.     16  pp.     (Twelve  text  figures.) 
July  8,  1922. 
"  42. — 'Discovery  of  Cretaceous   and  Older  Tertiary  Strata  in  Mongolia.'     By 
Walter  Granger  and  Charles  P.  Berkey.     7  pp.     (One  text  figure.) 
August  7,  1922. 
-'The  Species  and  Geographic  Races  of  Steganura.'    By  James  P.  Chapin. 

12  pp.    (Three  text  figures.)    September  6,  1922. 
-'Description  of  a  New  Race  of  the  Lesser  Black-backed  Gull,  from  the 

Azores.'    By  Jonathan  Dwight.    2  pp.    September  6,  1922. 
-'The  Ants  of  Trinidad.'    By  William  Morton  Wheeler.     16  pp.     (One  text 
figure.)    September  7,  1922. 
A  New  Genus  and  Subgenus  of  Myrmicinae  from  Tropical  America.'    By 
William  Morton  Wheeler.    6  pp.     (Two  text  figures.)     September  7, 
1922. 
-'Two  New  Subgenera  of  North  American  Bees.'     By  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell. 

5  pp.    (Ten  text  figures. )   September  8, 1922. 
-'Neotropical  Ants  of  the  Genera  Carebara,  Tranopelta  and  Tranopeltoides, 
New  Genus.'     By  William  Morton  Wheeler.     14  pp.     (Three  text 
figures.)    October  16,  1922. 
"  49. — 'Dibelodon  edensis  (Frick)  of  Southern   California,   Miamastodon    of   the 
Middle  Miocene,  New  Genus.'     By  Henry  Fairfield  Osborn.     4  pp. 
(One  text  figure.)    October  23,  1922. 
"    50. — ' Carangoides  jordani  from  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  with  Notes  on  Related 

Fishes.'     By  John  Treadwell  Nichols.    3  pp.    October  24,  1922. 
"    51. — 'Revision  of  Palseomastodon  and  Mceritherium:  Palseomastodon  intermedins, 
and  Phiomia  osborni,  New  Species.'    By  H.  Matsumoto.    6  pp.    (Three 
text  figures.)    November  21,  1922. 


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46.- 

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47. 

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48.- 

viii      COXTENTS  OF  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES 

No.  52. — 'Aerolite  from  Rose  City,  Michigan.'     By  Edmund  Otis  Hovey.     7  pp. 

(Three  text  figures.)    November  23,  1922. 

"    53. — 'Notes  on  the  Type  of  Hesperopithecus  haroldcookii  Osborn.'    By  William 

K.  Gregory  and  Milo  Hellman.    16  pp.    (Six  text  figures.)    January  6, 

1923. 

"    54. — '  Mammals  from  Mexico  and  South  America.'    By  H.  E.  Anthony.    10  pp. 

(Two  text  figures.)    January  17,  1923. 
"    55. — 'Preliminary  Report  on  Ecuadorean  Mammals  No.  3.'    By  H.  E.  Anthony. 

14  pp.    (Four  text  figures.)    January  31,  1923. 
"    56. — '  Notes  on  Some  Birds  of  Tropical  Africa,  with  Descriptions  of  Three  New 
Forms.'    By  James  P.  Chapin.    8  pp.    (Five  text  figures.)    February 
9,  1923. 
-'  New  African  Fishes.'     By  John  Treadwell  Nichols.     3  pp.     (Three  text 

figures.)    February  10,  1923. 
-'  Descriptions  of  Proposed  New  Birds  from  Brazil  and  Paraguay.    By  G.  K. 

Cherrie  and  E.  M.  B.  Reichenberger.    8  pp.    February  13,  1923. 
-'Two  New  Species  of  West  African  Cleridae  (Coleoptera).'    By  A.  B.  Wol- 
cott.    4  pp.    (Two  text  figures.)    February  14,  1923. 
Note*  <>n  West  Indian  Lycidse  and  Lampyridse  (Coleoptera),  with  Descrip- 
tions of  New  Forms.'     By  Andrew  J.  Mutchler.     13  pp.     (One  text 
figure.)    March  15,  1923. 

New  Batrachians  from  the  Dominican  Republic'  By  G.  K.  Noble. 
6  pp.  March  16,  1923. 
-'The  Supposed  Plumage  of  the  Eocene  Bird  Diatryma.'  By  T.  D.  A. 
Cockerell.  4  pp.  (One  text  figure.)  March  16,  1923. 
•fs  on  West  Indian  Lampyridse  and  Cantharidse  (Coleoptera)  with 
Descriptions  of  New  Forms.'  By  Andrew  J.  Mutchler.  9  pp.  (One 
text  figure.)     March  29,  1923.  < 

'Four  New  Lizards  from  Beata  Island  Dominican  Republic'    By  G.  K. 

Noble.    5  pp.    March  29,  1923. 
A  New  WlSSM  and  Two  New  Cichlids  from  Northeast  Africa.'    By  John 
Treadwell  Nichols.    4  pp.    (Three  text  figures.)    March  29,  1923. 

Nocturnal  Bees  and  a  Minute  Perdita.'    By  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell.    4 
pp.    i  I'm-  text  figures.)     March  29,  1923. 
-'Description-  of  Proposed  New  Birds  from  Panama,  Venezuela,  Ecuador, 
I',  in  Mini  MuliviM.'    By  Frank  M.  Chapman.    12pp.   April  11, 1923. 
\  New  I  i'-iiii-  and  Bpeeiei  Of  Staphylinida'  Parasitic  on  a  South  American 

Opoasum.'    By  Howard  Notmaa.   3pp.   April  12,  1923. 

'ChUMM    Ante   Collected    by    Professor  S.   F.   Light  and  Professor   A.   P. 

Jacot.'    By  William  Morton  Wheeler.    6  pp.   April 20, 1928. 

m.I  <  fenetic  Relations  of  I'ac.iulucris,  the  Swamp  Tree  Frogs.' 

Q   EL  Noble;    6  pp.    (Four  text  figures.)     Ipril  23, 1928. 
-'Daaeriptiona  of  Apparentlji  New  Birds  From  North  America  and  the  West 
Indie.*.'    By  Ludlow  GrJsoom.    8  pp.    April  SO,  1928. 

I    Pre-CSratopsiaD  Dinosaur  from  Mongolia.'      I'.y 
Walter  (Irnnnei   and   Win,    K.  (Jregory.     8  pp.     (Pour  text   figures.) 
i    I'..'.; 


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CONTENTS  OF  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES       he 

No.73. — 'A  New  Species  of  Alligator  from  the  Snake  Creek  Beds.'  By  Charles  C. 
Mook.    13  pp.    (Five  text  figures.)    May  8,  1923. 

".  74. — '  Polychsetous  Annelids  from  Lower  California  with  Descriptions  of  New 
Species.'  By  Aaron  L.  Treadwell.  11  pp.  (Eight  text  figures.) 
May  9,  1923.      . 

"  75. — 'A  Preliminary  Report  on  the  Hemiptera-Heteroptera  of  Porto  Rico  Col- 
lected by  The  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.'  By  H.  G. 
Barber.    13  pp.    May  11,  1923. 

The  edition  of  Novitates  is  850,  of  which  about  100  are  mailed  on  the  date  of 
issue  and  the  others  are  placed  on  sale  in  the  Library. 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 

Novit.       Page 
Hesperopithecus  haroldcookii,  type  molar;  palate  of  chimpanzee;  com- 
parison of  superior  molar  teeth  of  Hesperopithecus  type,  Homo 
sapiens,  and  Pithecanthropus  erectus,  to  show  the  similar  disposi- 
tion of  the  inner  and  outer  fangs 37  3 

Superior  molar  from  Snake  Creek,  Nebraska  and  palate  of  chimpanzee  4 

Internal  structure  and  egg  of  Hapalorhynchus  gracilis  and  Henotosoma 

haematobium,  ventral  view 39  3 

Elephas  columbi:    type  molar 41  1 

Elephas  columbi:  crown  views  of  type  and  neotype  molars 2 

Elephas  columbi:  external  views  of  neotype  molars 3 

Elephas  imperator:   type  molar,  crown  view 4 

Elephas  imj>erator:  inner  and  crown  views  of  neotype  molar 5 

Elephas  imperator:  superior  and  inferior  molars,  showing  ridge-plates  in 

use 6 

Elephas  primigenius:    right  third  superior  molar,  showing  maximum 

compression  of  the  ridge-plates 7 

Eh  pirns  primiydtius:  external  and  crown  views,  showing  ridge-plates.  .  8 

Eli  phas  primigenius:  posterior  superior  and  inferior  molars 10 

Elephas  jeffersonii:   type  skeleton 11 

Eh  phas  jeffersonii:  paratype  molars 13 

•is  jeffersonii:  paratype  molars 14 

Map  showing  location  of  type  sections  of  Iren  Dabasu,  Manha,  and 

Houldjin  Formations 42  4 

Stniiitaiiii  uuciipitm  oudtpum,  S.  a.  longicauda,  S.  a.  nilotica,  S.  a. 

obtusu,  S.  pnradissea.i 

Map  showing  the  areas  occupied  by  sul>s]M'eies  of  Stiganum  aiicupiun  .  . 

Map  showing  distribution  of  8teganwra  panulissea 

Sp.Lii>mi/rmi.r  iinrhi,  new  genus  and  sjM'cies 

■  lla  pamamtma,  new  genus  and  species 

■>!'  I  Hi  luiniiplit  iiloli  i  mimmim,  new  species:   antenna.    Pheidole 

Hi  mliTiiphi  iilnli  |  tachigalin  :    head  of  soldier.     Pheidole  pilihni: 

antenna  of  male 

Perdii  a)  Optmtia ,  new  species:   structures 

( 'mi  i,n  in  a  i  a  if  mi;, ,  new  species:  donsJ  view  of  worker  and  profile  view 

of  thorax  and  |X'diecl 48  2 

Tranop'ltn  t/,h,i:    dorsal  view   of  typical  form;    thcfla  and  petiole  in 

profile 6 

pet  its:     head,   antenna,   and   wings  of 

male.    TnnoptlUridet  paiyisntna,  new  species:  wings  of  female  12 

■  I, ,it  nit, hum,  female  and  DUiiinihn  nhnsis,  nude:    comparison  of 

rostrum  and  tuaki 49  3 

■  ■•lull   tnli  i  mult  .  51  2 

Paltotiit  i, ni, m  mil  in,, thus,  new  species:   paratype  specimen 3 

I  new  spat  men 4 

Michigan,  Aerolite,  ride  view 52  2 

1  \'  lohle,   end   View.  3 


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3 

LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS  xi 

Novit.     Page 

Rose  City  Aerolite,  lengthwise  view 4 

Hesperopithecus  and  Pan  schweinfurthii:   comparative  figures  of  upper 

molars 53               4 

Hesperopithecus  and  modern  chimpanzee:  comparative  figures  of  upper 

molars 5 

Pithecanthropus,  Hesperopithecus,  and  modern  American  Indian:  com- 
parative figures  of  upper  molars 6 

Pithecanthropus,  Hesperopithecus,  and  modern  American  Indian:  com- 
parative figures  of  upper  molars 7 

Hesperopithecus,    American   Indians,    and  chimpanzee:     comparative 

radiographs  of  upper  molars 10 

Diagram  showing  geological  succession  and  relationships  of  the  principal 

types  of  Primates 15 

Idionycteris  mexicanus:  type  head 54              2 

Plecotus  auritus:   head 3 

Skulls  of   Thomasomys   hudsoni,  type  and    Thomasomys  caudivarius, 

topotype 55              4 

Skulls  of  Tkomtuomya  aureus  and  Thomasomys  auricularis,  type 6 

Skulls  of  Sylrilaqus  audinus  canarius,  dcfdippi,  ktiloggi,  and  daulensis.  .  10 

Face  and  head  of  Lonchorhina  aurita  and  Lonchorhina  occidental  is,  type  13 
Apaloderma  mquatoridU  and  Apaloderma  narina  brachyurum:   heads, 

showing  extent  of  bare  cheek  patches 56               1 

Map  of  Africa,  showing  ranges  of  Apaloderma 3 

Psalixloprocne  mangbettorum  anil  Psalidoprocne  oleaginea:  tail  feathers, 

showing  the  difference! 5 

Map  showing  the  ranges  of  Psalidoprocne  chalybea,  mangbettorum,  and 

oleaginea,  as  known  at  present 6 

I'l/nnrstcs  osfrtntu  iiiiisimus  and  Pyrenestes  ostrinus  rothschildi:  beaks, 
showing  the  degree  of  differences  in  size,  as  well  as  method  of 

measuring 8 

Nanrut  thiopt  angustoliiu n,  new  species 57               1 

Barilius  engravioidet,  new  species  and  Anabtu  {Meatus,  new  Bpeeies. ...  2 

Callotdlux  erotoe,  new  species  and  Corintkucui  aacmoidtt,  new  species.  59              2 

Erythrolychnia  darki,  new  specie! 60           12 

Feathers  from  the  Eocene 62               3 

PhoHn  us  lengi,  new  species 63               3 

Tilapia  browni,  new  species 65               1 

Tliapia  cancellata,  new  species 2 

Cheilinus  lunifer,  new  species 3 

Forewing  of  Xerophasma  bequaerti,  AUoptrditu  WOSJMIIIgfijB,  and  Perdita 

minima.    Head  of  Xerophasma  bequaerti  and  Mrgalopta  vigilans.  .  66               3 
Hyhi  crucifcr  and  Hyla  ocularis:    vomerine  region  with  surrounding 

cranial  elements 70              2 

Hyla  ocularis:    typical  color  variation 3 

Hyla  ocularis:   right  foot,  pectoral  girdle,  and  sacrum 4 

Protoceratops  andrewsi:  type  skull,  side  and  top  views 72               2 

Protoceratops  andreivsi:   type  skull,  oblique  side  view 5 


Xll 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 


Novit. 

Protoceratops  andreicsi:   type  skull,  top  view 

Alligator  thotnsoni,  new  species:  superior,  lateral,  and  inferior  views.  .     73 

Alligator  thomsoni,  new  species:  right  mandibular  ramus 

Alligator  thomsoni.  new  species:  left  mandibular  ramus 

Alligator  thomsoni,  new  species:  right  mandibular  ramus 

Alligator  thomsoni,  new  species,  and  Alligator  mississippiensis:  outlines 

of  mandibular  rami,  indicating  degress  of  convergence  of  rami .... 
Eunoe  exoculata,  new  species,  and  Maldane  cristata,  new  species:  pro- 

stomium,  parapodium,  setae,  anterior  end,  anal  plate,  and  uncinus     74 


Page 

6 
4 
6 
8 
10 

12 


LIST  OF  NEW  TAXONOMIC  NAMES 
Higher  Groups 

Novit.       Page 

Hominoidea  Gregory  and  Hellman 53  14 

Cercopithecoidea  Gregory  and  Hellman 14 

Protoceratopsidae  Granger  and  Gregory 72  4 

Genera  and  Subgenera 

Hesperopithecus  Osborn 37  2 

Hapalorhynchus  Stunkard 39  1 

Henotosoma  Stunkard 5 

Spelaeornyrmex  Wheeler 45  9 

Myrmecinella  Wheeler 46  1 

Hendecapheidole  Wheeler 8 

Lutziella  Cockerell 47  1 

Pachycerapis  Cockerell 4 

Tranopeltoides  Wheeler 48  10 

Miomastodon  Osborn 49  4— 

Jdionycteris  Anthony 54  1 

Xi  rophasma  Cockerell 66  1 

Omaloxenus  Notman 68  1 

Proioceratops  ( '.ranger  and  Gregory 72  1 

Species  and  Subspi 

HeaperopUhecua  haroldcookii  Osborn 37  1 

Lefua  andrewn  Fowler 38  1 

Hapalorhynch  im  graciUe  Stunkard 39  2 

Henotoxoma  htematobiwn  Stunkard 5 

Diandrena  abl*  gata  ( Sookerall 40  1 

Hoplitina  incane»cens  ( kxskerell 7 

Elephas  jejfersonii  ( teborn 41  \\~~ 

Steganura  aucupum  longtoauda  Chapin 43  5 

Steganvra  aucupvm  nilotica  Chapin 5 

Steganura  awwpwn  obtuaa  Chapin 6 

LarmfuMua  aiioniis  Dwight 44  1 

Eciton  (Acamatus)  adnepo*  Wheeler 45  2 

Euponera  {Meaoponera)  laevigata  ivhelpleyi  Wheeler 3 

Pteudomyrma  icterica  Wheeler 4 

Peeudomyrma  auripe*  Wheeler 5 

Pheidole  lacerta  Wheeler 6 

Pheidolt  tt  Ncrcsa  ns  Wheeler 7 

Speheomyrmex  urichi,  Wheeler 9 

Strumigenya  trinidodensia  Wheeler 12 

Trachymyrmex  cornetzi  bivittatus  Wheeler 13 

Camponotus  (Myrmobrachys)  godmani  paUiolatua  Wheeler 16 

Myrmecindhi  ponamona  Wheeler 46  1 

I'liciilole  (Hendecapheidole  I  einertoni  Wheeler 4 

Perdita  (Lutziella)  opuntise  Cockerell 47  2 

xiii 


xiv  LIST  OF  NEW  TAXONOMIC  NAMES 

Novit.       Paoi 

Exomalopsis  (Pachycerapis)  cornigera  Cockerell 5 

Carebara  uinifrecUe  Wheeler 48               2 

Tranopeltoides  parvispina  Wheeler 12 

Tranopeltoides  bolinanus  Wheeler 13 

Tranopeltoides  peruvianus  Wheeler 14 

Carangoides  jordani  Nichols 50               2 

Palseomastodon  intermedins  Matsumoto 51               2 

Phiomia  osborni  Matsumoto 3 

Idionycteris  mericanus  Anthony 54                1 

Csenolestes  tatei  Anthony 55                1 

Thomasomys  h  udsoni  Anthony 3 

Thomasomys  caiulirariux  Anthony 4 

Thomasomys  auricularis  Anthony 6 

Ichthyomys  orientalis  Anthony 7 

Si/bilagus  kelloggi  Anthony 9 

Sylvilagns  chilbe  Anthony 12 

Lonchorhina  occidentalis  Anthony 13 

Apaloderma  narina  braxhyurum  Chapin 56              4 

Psdlidoprocne  mangbettorum  Chapin 7 

1'ijii  nestes  ostrinus  maxima*  Chapin 8 

Nanmethiops  angustolinea  Nichols 57               1 

Barilius  engrauhides  Nichols 2 

Anabas  liucatus  Nichols : 2 

Tangara  cyaneicollis  melcmogoater  ('hcrrio  and  Roichenbergcr 58                1 

Bvptittula  n u rca  major  Chcrric  and  Rcichcnberger 3 

Mamaau  manacus  suhpiiriis  ( 'licrric  and  Rcichcnberger 4 

Nystaltu  macidatiu  pattidigula  Cherrie  and  Reichenberger 6 

Callotilliix  rrusoe  Wolcott 59                1 

Corinthisciis  axinoidcs  Wolcot t :; 

lota  fiilrntinrtii.-i  Mat  chirr 60                   4 

lota  fulrotiuctiis  flavicollis  Mutchler 5 

Lmiiliitn  siihiliiltilntii  Mutchler 6 

Lucidota  bruneri  Mulchlcr 6 

ill  Mutchler 7 

('iillupi.smii  moniieola  Mutchler 8 

CaUoirismn  ttUUttra  Mutchler 8 

CaUopUma  futcott  rmiua  Mutchler 9 

Ei i/lh/iili/ilmiii  rl'irl.i  Mutchler 11 

I  iljii mi    Noble 61                      1 

i'.lt  'ill,,  imlili  I  ill-                                  \olile 2 

Eh  -ill'i  i inlili I '//  us  aiiiiiul'lliii'li  ■<    \nble 3 

/•.'/.  Uthi  ni'l'ii  li/l'i     niiuittus   Noble.    .    4 

Eli  nlhi  iiiilm -hit a.-.  .-•  Iiuinlti    Noble       f> 

Eli  ntlii  imlui  li/l'i                       ■    .'.!■                                 () 

>ii.i>  Muichl.  i                              63              2 

I'lintiini   iiniiiini    Mutohl  i              9 

riiliii    Mutihlel'.                                            I 


LIST  OF  NEW  TAXONOMIC  NAMES  xv 

Novit.       Page 

Photinus  unicus  Mutchler 4 

Photinus  sublateralis  Mutchler 6 

Belotus  cacumenum  Mutchler 7 

Belotus  bailout  Mutchler 8 

Tytthonyx  marginicollis  Mutchler 8 

Ameiva  abbotti  Noble 64               1 

Ameiva  beatensis  Noble 2 

Anolis  longitibialis  Noble ' 4 

I  a  iocephalus  beatanus  Noble 5 

Tilapia  browni  Nichols 65               1 

Tilajria  cancellata  Nichols 2 

Cheilinus  lunifer  Nichols 3 

Megalopta  (Megaloptclla)  vigilans  Cockerell 66               1 

Xerophasma  bequaerti  Cockerell 2 

Perdita  minima  Cockerell 4 

Ciccaba  albogularis  merideMU  Chapman 67               1 

Chordeiles  acutipennU  ;ripiatori<dis  Chapman 1 

SytteUura  rufieervix  atri  punctata  Chapman 2 

Setopagit  anihonyi  C  !hapman.  4 

Neomorphut  tairini  mquatorialu  Chapman 5 

Pyriglena  pacijica  Chapman 6 

OropeztiK  rufula  occabambm  Chapman 8 

Miotuctt m  oUvacetu  faaciaticoQit  Chapman 9 

Myiarchtu  toddi  Chapman 10 

Buarremon  atricajrittm  tacarcunut  Chapman 11 

BuarrtiiioH  ussimilis  nigrifrofM  Chapman 11 

Buarremon  fimbriahu  Chapman 11 

Hemispingua  piurm  Chapman 11 

Omaioxentu  btquaerti  Xotman 68              2 

SolenoptU  j<icoti  Wheeler 69               2 

8olenop$i»  jacoti  pekinotntu  "Wheeler 2 

Tetramoiinm  t;i  spit  tun  similcrr  jaaiti  Wheeler 3 

Formica  rufibarbit  oriental**  Wheeler 4 

Formica  (  Pro  form  ic<t )  jticoti  Wheeler 4 

II  ijla  canadensis  Noble 70                5 

Jiyla  weberi  Noble 5 

Dendragoput  obteunu  munroi  Griscom 71             1 

Vermirora  hroicni  C.iiscom 4 

Dendroica  pi  mix  chrt/solcuca  Griscom 5 

( 'certba  oblita  Griscom 7 

Protoccratops  andr<  ti'si  Granger  and  Gregory 72                1 

Allitjator  thomsoni  Mook 73              1 

Eunoc  cxoculula  Tivadwell 74                4 

Maldam  cristata  Treailwell 9 

Catorhintlia  horinquensis  Barber 75                1 

Jadcra  rid>rofasca  Barber 2 

Lyguns  aibonotatut  Barber 2 


xiv  LIST  OF  NEW  TAXONOMIC  NAMES 

Novit.       Page 

Ezomalopsis  (Pachycerapis)  cornigera  Cockerell 5 

Carebara  winifrecbe  Wheeler 48               2 

Tranopeltoides  parvispina  Wheeler 12 

Tranopeltoides  bolivianus  Wheeler 13 

Tranopeltoides  peruvianus  Wheeler 14 

Carangoides  jordani  Nichols 50               2 

Paheomastodon  intermedins  Matsumoto 51               2 

Phiomia  osborni  Matsumoto 3 

Idionycteris  merican us  Anthony 54                l 

CsenoUstes  tatei  Anthony 55               1 

Thomasomys  hudsoni  Anthony 3 

Thomasomys  caudivarius  Anthony 4 

Thomasomys  auricularis  Anthony 6 

Jchthyomys  orientalis  Anthony 7 

Sylrilagus  kdloggi  Anthony 9 

Sylvilagus  chills  Ant  bony 12 

Lonchorhina  occidentalis  Anthony 13 

Apaloderma  naritm  brachyurum  Chapin 56               4 

Psalidoprocne  maiKjluttorum  Chapin 7 

Pyrenestes  ostrinus  maximus  Chapin 8 

Nann&thiops  angustolinea  Nichols 57               1 

Barilius  engrauloides  Nichols 2 

Anabas  lineatus  Nichols 2 

Tangani  rynm  icnllis  mcVnmgnsti  r  Cherrie  and  Reichenberger 58                1 

Euptittula  a  urea  major  Cherrie  and  Reichenberger 3 

Manacus  manacus  sub/iurus  Cherrie  and  Reichenberger 4 

Xi/stirf/is  mactdatiu  pcMidigvla  Cherrie  and  Reichenberger 6 

( ''illntillus  crusot  Wolcot  t 59               1 

Corinth i sens  nxinoides  Wolcott 3 

Luddote  fvUwtinctut  Mutchler.  60            4 

Luriitntu  fidmtinrtus  jtiirimlti.s  Mlltclilrr 5 

tbdubtiata  Mutchles G 

■  •In  Inn  in  ri  Mutclilcr 6 

ili  Mutclilcr.   .   7 

<  'aUopi$ma  imwitfciolti  Mutchlcr 8 

Cnlbipismii  mm  -tin   Mutclilcr 8 

Cirfln,                       Ott  i  in  inn   Mutclilcr 9 

..hi,  hi, m  ,l,irl  i  Mutclilcr 11 

/////-/ in iljiiini  Noble                              61            l 

I'll,  nil,,  in.hii  li/bis  Jim  ,    .  ,  n     \"|,|.'.    .    .                   2 

Kb  ,ilhi  ii»tml>il't.-  nuiii'ilulm,!,  ■• :   Noble 3 

/•.'/.  .///i»  inilm li/h,     urn, nl, i      \,,l,|c 4 

aciylut  tchmidti  Noble    6 

',  I i/Ihx  ruth.r  Noblfl                       o 

,,<ji  Mntclili I                                       63              2 

Photimu  mmii,,i .-.  Mutchkr   -\ 

J'lmh,                                        i  nim   Mlllelller.     .  .                                 4 


LIST  OF  NEW  TAXONOMIC  NAMES  xv 

Novit.       Page 

Photinus  unicus  Mutchler 4 

Photinus  sublateralis  Mutchler 6 

Belotus  cacumenum  Mutchler 7 

Belotus  balloui  Mutchler 8 

Tytthonyx  marginicollis  Mutchler 8 

Ameiva  abbotti  Noble 64               1 

Ameiva  beatensis  Noble 2 

Anolis  longitibudis  Noble ' 4 

Leiocephalus  beatanus  Noble 5 

Tilapia  brovsni  Nichols 65               1 

Tilapia  cancellata  Nichols 2 

Cheilinus  lunifer  Nichols 3 

Megalopta  (Megaloptdla)  vigUant  ( 'ockercll 66               1 

Xerophasma  bequaerii  Cockerell 2 

Perdita  minima  Cockerell 4 

Ciccaba  albogularis  mcridi  msit  Chapman 67               1 

Chordeiles  acutipennu  uqnatorialix  ( 'hapman 1 

8ysteUura  ruficerviz  at  ri  punctata  ( 'hapman 2 

Setopagis  anthouyi  Chapman 4 

Neomorpkut  Kdlrinl  KquotoridUt  Chapman 5 

Pyrigliita  pacijica  ( 'hapman 6 

Oropeztis  nifula  OCCObamb*  ( 'hapman 8 

Mionectcs  oUvacetU  faadaHcoUu  Chapman 9 

Myiarchtu  toddi  Chapman 10 

BiHirrt  iiioit  alricupillua  tticdrcutui  Chapman 11 

Buarremon  tuaimUu  nigrifwns  Chapman 11 

Buarremon  fimbriatui  Chapman 11 

Hemispingtts  piurse  Chapman 11 

Omaioxemu  bequaerii  Not  man 68             2 

Solenopti*  jacoti  Wheeler 69            2 

Sol*  noptu  jacoti  pekingeruit  Wheeler 2 

Tetratnoriwn  aupUum  rimileve  jacoti  Wheeler 3 

Formica  rufibarbia  orientalis  Wheeler 4 

Formica  |  I'mfonniai )  jacoti  Wheeler 4 

Hyla  canadensis  Noble 70             5 

Hyla  weberi  Noble 5 

Dendragapxw  obtcurut  munroi  Griscom 71              1 

Vermivora  broxoni  Qrisoom 4 

Dendroica  pi  a  us  chrysoleuca  Griscom 5 

Ccereba  oblita  C.nsrom 7 

Protoccralops  andrewsi  Granger  and  Gregory 72               1 

Alligator  thomeoni  Mook 73             1 

Sunoi  exoculata  TreadweU 74             4 

Maldane  cristata  TreadweU 9 

Catorkintha  bonnqueneu  Barber 75             1 

Jadera  rubrofueca  Barber 2 

Lyguus  albonotatus  Barber 2 


xvi  ERRATUM 

Novit.      Page 

Lygseus  (Melanostethus)  coccineus  Barber 3 

Pachygrontha  parvula  Barber 4 

Orthxa  ferruginosa  Barber 4 

Euryophthalmits  obovatus  Barber 5 

Atheas  pallidus  Barber 6 

Ploiariodes  barberi  McAtee  and  Malloch 7 

Gorpis  neolropicalis  Barber 8 

Hydrometra  consimilii.  Barber 9 

Plea  punctifer  Barber 10 

Plea  puella  Barber 11 


ERRATUM 

No.  66.     Page  5,  line  7  from  bottom,  read  bseops  for  boeops. 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM   NOVITATI 

No.  37 


:    k 


HESPEZOPITHEQUS,  THE  FIRST  ANTHROPOID 
PRIMATE  FOUND  IN  AMERICA 


Bv  Henry  Fairfield  Osborn 


Issued  April  25,  1922 


Bt  Order  of  the:  Trustees 

of 

THE  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 
New  York  Citt 


AMERICAN     MUSEUM     NOVITATES 

Number  37  April  25,  1922 


59.6.88H   (1183:78.2) 

HESPEROPITHECUS,   THE   FIRST   ANTHROPOID   PRIMATE 
FOUND  IN  AMERICA 

By  Henry  Fairfield  Osborn 

It  is  hard  to  believe  that  a  single  small  water-worn  tooth,  10.5  mm. 
by  11  mm.  in  crown  diameter,  can  signalize  the  arrival  of  the  anthropoid 
Primates  in  North  America  in  Pliocene  time.  We  have  been  eagerly 
anticipating  some  discovery  of  this  kind,  but  were  not  prepared  for  such 
convincing  evidence  of  the  close  faunal  relationship  between  eastern 
Asia  and  western  North  America  as  is  revealed  by  this  diminutive  speci- 
men. The  entire  credit  for  the  discovery  belongs  to  Mr.  Harold  J. 
Cook,  consulting  geologist,  of  Agate,  Nebraska,  who  has  been  contribut- 
ing for  many  years  to  our  knowledge  of  the  extinct  fauna  of  Nebraska 
through  both  his  discoveries  and  his  writings.  He  wrote  to  the  present 
author  (February  25,  1922) : 

I  have  had  here,  for  some  little  time,  a  molar  tooth  from  the  Upper,  or  Hipparion 
phase  of  the  Snake  Creek  beds,  that  very  closely  approaches  the  human  type.  It 
was  found  associated  with  the  other  typit  al  fossils  of  the  Snake  Creek,  and  is  mineral- 
ized in  the  same  fashion  as  they  are.  1  sent  a  brief  description  of  this  to  Prof< 
Loomisa  short  time  before  the  Amherst  meeting  of  this  year,  with  a  request  that  it  be 
read  at  that  time,  if  opportunity  offered.  The  manuscript  was  returned  to  me  here 
immediately  after  the  meetings,  but  with  no  notation  as  to  whether  it  was  read  or  not, 
or  presented  at  that  time  in  any  fashion. 

Inasmuch  as  you  are  particularly  interested  in  this  problem  and,  in  collaboration 
with  Dr.  Gregory  and  others,  are  in  the  best  position  of  anyone  to  accurately  deter- 
mine the  relationships  of  this  tooth,  if  it  can  be  done,  I  will  be  glad  to  send  it  on  to  you, 
should  you  care  to  examine  and  study  it.  Whatever  it  is,  it  is  certainly  a  con- 
temporary fossil  of  the  Upper  Snake  Creek  horizon,  and  it  agrees  far  more  closely 
with  the  anthropoid-human  molar,  than  that  of  any  other  mammal  known. 

On  receiving  the  tooth,  the  author  telegraphed  (March  14,  1922) : 
"Tooth  just  arrived  safely.  Looks  very  promising.  Will  report  im- 
mediately."   A  letter  followed  the  same  day: 

The  instant  your  package  arrived,  I  sat  down  with  the  tooth,  in  my  window, 
and  1  said  to  myself:  "It  looks  one  hur.dred  per  cent  anthropoid."  I  then  took  the 
tooth  into  Doctor  Matthew's  room  and  we  have  been  comparing  it  with  all  the  books, 
all  the  castfl  and  all  the  drawings,  with  the  conclusion  that  it  is  the  last  right  upper 
molar  tooth  of  seme  higher  Primate,  but  distinct  from  anything  hitherto  described. 
We  await,  however,  Doctor  Gregory's  verdict  tomorrow  morning;  he  certainly  has 
an  eagle  eye  on  Primate  teeth.  .  .  .  We  may  cool  down  tomorrow,  but  it  looks 
to  me  as  if  the  fust  anthropoid  ape  of  America  had  been  found  by  the  one  man  entitled 
to  find  it,  namely,  Harold  J.  Cook! 


2  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOV  IT  AT  ES  [No.  37 

On  March  22,  1922,  the  author  wrote: 

We  believe  we  have  found  another  one  of  the  teeth,  very  much  worn,  of  the  same 
animal,  which,  so  far  as  it  goes,  is  confirmatory.  The  animal  is  certainly  a  new  genus 
of  anthropoid  ape,  probably  an  animal  which  wandered  over  here  from  Asia  with  the 
large  south  Asiatic  element  which  has  recently  been  discovered  in  our  fauna  by  Mer- 
riam,  Gidley  and  others.  It  is  one  of  the  greatest  surprises  in  the  history  of 
American  palaeontology  and  I  am  delighted  that  you  are  the  man  who  found  it  Our 
specimen  is  unrecognizable,  it  is  so  much  worn. 

The  tooth  arrived  with  the  following  label : 

One  Molar  Tooth,  ?Anthropoid,  No.  HC425,  Collection  of  Harold  J.  Cook, 
Agate,  Nebraska.  Found  in  Upper  Phase  of  Snake  Creek  Beds,  Typical  Locality, 
in  position  in  gravels  with  other  fossils. 

Following  the  examination  by  Dr.  William  D.  Matthew  and  the 
author,  who  determined  the  tooth  as  a  second  or  third  upper  molar  of 
the  right  side  of  a  new  genus  and  species  of  anthropoid,  the  tooth  was 
submitted  to  Curator  William  K.  Gregory  and  Dr.  Milo  Hellman,  both 
of  whom  have  made  a  special  study  of  the  collections  of  human  and 
anthropoid  teeth  in  the  American  Museum  and  the  United  States  Na- 
tional Museum.    They  reported  (March  23,  1922)  as  follows: 

1 .  Such  a  degree  of  wear  is  very  rarely  seen  on  m3,  and  in  view  also  of  the  marked 
difference  in  form  of  m%  we  rather  incline  to  the  opinion  that  it  is  an  in-'.  2.  The  kind 
nf  wear  shown  in  this  tooth,  which  has  an  evenly  concave  surface  (without  humps 
representing  the  para-  and  metacones),  has  never  been  seen  in  an  anthropoid  tooth, 
and  we  are  of  the  opinion  that  even  in  very  old  chimpanzees  the  outer  half  of  the 
crown  will  be  unevenly  worn.  3.  The  nearest  in  point  of  wearing  surface  is  the 
-up])Osed  ms  attributed  to  Pithecanthropus,  also  in  form  of  roots.  The  strong  hypo- 
cone  in  "Pithecanthropus "  and  the  absence  of  hypocone  in  the  new  specimen  is  not 
jKjeitively  diagnostic  in  view  of  the  immense  differences  in  the  hypooone,  both 
in  apes  and  man.     4.     On  the  whole,  we  think  its  nearest   resemblances  are  with 

•lirciuttliropux"  ami  with  men  rather  than  with  apes. 

On  the  basis  of  tin 'so  very  careful  studies  the  author  decided  to  make 
this  tooth  the  type  of  the  following  new  genua  and  species. 

Hesperopithecus  haroldcookii,1  new  species 

IQOOOd  Upper  molar  tooth  is  very  distant   from  the  gorilla   type,  from  the 

gfibboa  type,  from  the  orang'type;  among  existing  anthropoid  apes  it  is  nearest  to  nf 

of  the  chimpanzee,  hut  the  resemblance  is  still  very  remote,  it  is  excluded  from  close 

affinity  to  the  fossil  Aniatic  anthropoid  apes,  such  as  Dryopithec.ua  punjdbicua,  I'nl.r- 

"I'lthccuaawah-h.  ■     and  8i9C\piih$CU4,  recently  related  lo  the  human  stem  by   Pilgrim. 

■  ninHverwdiaineter  of  ii  mm  is  greater  than  Lt8anteroposteriordiameterbfl0.fi 

mm.      In  the  rorrcspondmu  human  tooth,  in',  of  an   American   Indian,  with  which  it 
ompared  u  ■  ' '■<■  diameter  is    l-J.'i  mm.,    the    anteroposterior 

»Tb«  iuiixm  »i«iiif>  an  antlu  •>!•••.<  I  "I  tbr  Wri-inn  Wmlil  dim  ovi-rrtl  liy  A!i    Harold  J    Cook. 


Ai 


poster  tor 

Fig.  1.  Type  of  Hesperopithecus  haroUcookii,  No.  HC425,  Collection  of  Harold  J.  Cook,  Agate. 
Nebraska.  From  the  Snake  Creek  beds,  Sioux  County,  Nebraska.  After  a  drawing  of  the  type  tooth 
in  five  aspects  by  Mrs.  L.  M.  .Sterling.     Fnlarged  to  twice  the  natural  site. 

A,  A\  Palate  of  chimpanzee,  ml  shaded. 


Type        Hesperopithecics  rt.  C.  -425 


/¥ciir    ;  \ 


T^ostcn'or  Outer  Qjiterwr  Snner 

riamo    sapiens      (A/-  dtn.  SnduLn.) 


7>ithecanthroptos     erectics,  Tfef. 


Fig.  2.  Comparison  of  the  superior  n  olar  teeth  of  Hesperopithecus  type,  of  Homo  sapiens,  of 
Pithecanthropus  erectus  ref.,  to  show  the  similar  disposition  of  theinner  and  outer  fangs.  Teeth  not 
drawn  to  the  same  scale. 


4  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  37 

diameter  is  11  mm.  Thus  the  proportions  of  the  molar  crown  of  the  Hesperopilhecus 
type  are  about  the  same  as  those  in  the  Homo  sapiens  inongolokleus  type.  There  is 
also  a  distant  human  resemblance  in  the  molar  pattern  of  Hesperopilhecus,  as  very 
skilfully  portrayed  (Fig.  1)  by  the  artist,  Mrs.  L.  M.  Sterling,  to  the  low,  basin- 
shaped,  channeled  crown  in  certain  examples  of  Homo  sapiens.  But  the  Hesperopi- 
lhecus molar  cannot  be  said  to  resemble  any  known  type  of  human  molar  very  closely. 
The  author  agrees  with  Mr.  Cook,  with  Doctor  Hellman,  and  with  Doctor  Gregory, 
that  it  resembles  the  human  type  more  closely  than  it  does  any  known  anthropoid 
ape  type;  consequently  it  would  be  misleading  to  speak  of  this  Hesperopilhecus  at 
present  as  an  anthropoid  ape;  it  is  a  new  and  independent  type  of  Primate  and  we 


anterior 


At 


Fir.  3.  Superior  molar  tooth  from  Siake  Creek,  NeSraska,  Amer.  Mus.  No.  17736,  Collection 
from  Amer.  Mua.  Exped.  of  1933.  Found  by  William  D.  Matthew.  Provisionally  regarded  as  m* 
.,f  //•  <!> -r  i,-i  itk ■■-'<  i.      .-yeiies  indeterminate.     Enlarged  to  twice  the  natural  site. 

A,  At  Palate  of  chimpaniee,  m1  shaded. 

must  seek  more  material  before  we  can  determine  its  relationship.  It  is  certainly 
not  closely  related  to  PUhoMttUkropitl  mctut  in  the  structure  of  the  crown,  for  IHthe- 
amfhmput  has  a  single,  contracted  uroWD  in  which  the  superior  grinding  surface  has  a 
limited  crenulated  hasin,  whereas  HcsjwropUhccus  has  a  widely  open  crown  with 
liroadly  channeled  or  furrowed  margins,  and  a  postero-internal  crest  suggesting  the 
h\  pocone  of  a  higher  Primate  form.  The  disposition  of  the  roots  in  ll<  s/n  ro/iitlueus, 
in  Homo,  in  Plthtttmihropm,  IS  shown  to  l>e  very  broadly  similar  in  comparative  Fig. 
2.  The  lli  >/«  rojiilh.ius  mOUU  is  throe-fanged,  the  postero-external  fang  having  been 
■  n  <>IT  in  the  type;  the  internal  fang  shows  a  median  internal  groove  and  a 
tendency  to  ...  mi  the  outer  side. 

Since  Mills  their  has  Ix'i'ii  in  tin"  American  Museum  collection  from 

this  s.'inic  horizon  another  Small  water-worn   tooth,   discovered  by   Dr. 

William  I).  Matthew.     Tin-  specimen  belonged  to  an  aged  animal  and 

.-.in  that    Doctor  Matthew,  while  inclined  to  regard  it  as  a 

PrimaiC   did  not  venture'  ihe  it.     It  now  appears,  from  close  eom- 

pariaon  with  the  type  of  H$tp«rcpith$eutl  to  be  closely  related  generically, 

if  it   i-  not  related  speciiirallv.     The  greatly  enlarged  drawing 


1922]  HESPEROPITHECUS  5 

(Fig.  3),  reproduced  to  the  same  scale  as  that  of  the  type  above  de- 
scribed, shows  that  the  molar  pattern  is  fundamentally  similar.  The 
crown  differs  in  its  much  more  triangular  form  and,  were  it  not  for 
its  extremely  worn  surface,  we  should  unhesitatingly  pronounce  it  as  a 
third  superior  molar;  it  has,  therefore,  been  given  this  position  pro- 
visionally in  the  diagram;  it  seems  to  confirm  the  opinion  of  Gregory 
and  Hellman  that  the  type  of  Hesperopithecus  is  a  second  superior  mo'ar. 
The  geologic  age  of  these  two  specimens  is  now  believed  to  be  the 
same  as  that  of  Thousand  Creek,  Nevada,  and  Rattlesnake,  Oregon, 
among  the  fauna  of  which  Pliohippus  is  very  abundant  and  varied;  it 
also  contains  Ilingoceras  and  other  strepsicerine  antelopes  of  Asiatic 
affinity;  it  is  the  last  American  fauna  in  which  occurred  the  rhinoceros, 
preceding  the  Blanco  fauna  in  which  the  Asiatic  brevirostrine  M.  mirificus 
first  occurs. 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES 

No.  38 


DESCRIPTION    OF  A   NEW   LOACH    FROM 
NORTH-EASTERN   CHINA 

By  Henry  W.  Fowler 


Issued  May  25,  1922 


Bt  Order  op  the  Trustees 

op 

THE  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 
New  York  Citt 


AMERICAN     MUSEUM    N0V1TATES 

Number  38  May  25,  1922 

59.7.55L  (51.1) 

DESCRIPTION  OF  A  NEW  LOACH  FROM  NORTH-EASTERN 

CHINA 

By  Henry  W.  Fowler 

Lefua  andrewsi,1  new  species 

Head  4%;  depth  7;  D.  n,  6;  A.  n,  6;  P.  i,  12;  V.  I,  6;  scales  about  104  in  a 
median  lateral  series;  head  width  about  1%  in  its  length;  head  depth  2;  snout  3%; 
eye  4%;  maxillary  3%;  interorbital  3%o;  depressed  dorsal  1%;  depressed  anal  1%; 
least  depth  of  caudal  peduncle  2;  caudal  length  l}io;  pectoral  1%;  ventral  1%. 

Body  elongate,  moderately  slender,  considerably  depressed  forward  and  becom- 
ing compressed  posteriorly,  edges  all  convex  except  slight  keel  forward  above  and 
below  on  caudal  peduncle  by  rudimentary  caudal  rays  to  caudal  base.  Caudal 
peduncle  strongly  compressed,  least  depth  little  less  than  its  length. 

Head  moderate,  robust,  broadly  depressed,  especially  behind.  Snout  broad, 
obtuse,  length  %  its  width.  Eye  small,  hind  edge  about  midway  in  head  length. 
Maxillary  small,  about  half-way  to  eye.  Jaws  even.  Lips  rather  thin.  Nasal  barbel 
reaches  eye  center.  Maxillary  barbel  to  hind  eye  edge.  Upper  lateral  barbel  to  eye 
center.    Interorbital  broadly  though  slightly  convex. 

Gill-opening  lateral,  long  as  snout. 

Scales  all  small,  not  overlapping,  in  rather  irregular  distribution  though  close-set 
and  with  imbedded  appearance;  marginal  radiating  stria;  31  to  37;  circuli  moderately 
fine.    No  developed  lateral  line. 

Dorsal  origin  little  nearer  that  of  pectoral  than  to  caudal  base,  depressed  fin 
slightly  less  than  caudal  base.  Anal  inserted  little  behind  dorsal  base,  though  little 
before  depressed  dorsal  tip,  depressed  fin  three-fourths  to  caudal  base.  Caudal 
rounded,  median  rays  longest.  Pectoral  about  half-way  to  ventral.  Ventral  reaches 
about  three-fourths  to  anal.    Vent  close  before  anal. 

Color  in  alcohol  nearly  sepia  above,  dusted  very  obscurely  with  darker.  Dusky 
lateral  band,  rather  obscurely  defined,  from  each  side  of  snout  tip  to  eye,  though 
below  and  over  infraorbitals,  back  to  caudal  base.  Posteriorly  band  much  darker 
to  blackish.  Dark  vertebral  line  on  predorsal,  slightly  so  behind  dorsal.  Barbel 
edges  and  lip  margins  dusky .  Iris  pale  slaty.  Dorsal  and  caudal  grayish,  both  finely 
and  obscurely  spotted  with  dull  dusky,  only  a  distinct  median  black  blotch  on  latter, 
reflected  out  on  median  rays  basally.    Other  fins  all  pale,  pectorals  with  few  shadings. 

Length,  52  mm. 

Type,  No.  7974,  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.  Shing  Lung  Shan, 
Eastern  Tombs,  China.  August  7,  1921.  Collected  by  The  Third  Asiatic  Expedition 
of  The  American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 


'In  recognition  of  Mr.  Roy  Chapman  Andrews,  leader  of  the  Third  Asiatic  Expedition  of  The 
American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 


2  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  38 

This  species  is  closely  related  to  Lefua  costata  (Kessler)  and  appears 
to  differ  only  in  the  color-pattern.  Apparently  the  two  forms  occur  asso- 
ciated, as  they  were  received  in  the  same  lot.  In  Lefua  andrewsi  the 
broad  and  well-defined  lateral  band  of  dusky  to  blackish,  which  is  re- 
flected out  on  the  median  caudal  raj's,  is  diagnostic.  In  Lefua  costata 
the  scarcely  evident  lateral  streak  is  replaced  at  the  caudal  base  by  a 
definite  small  rounded  black  spot,  clearly  defined  and  not  reflected  out 
on  the  median  fin-ravs. 


°^ 


A 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM   NOVITATES 

No.  39 


TWO  NEW  GENERA  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN 
BLOOD  FLUKES 


By  Horace  W.  Stunkard 


Issued  May  25,  1922 


By  Order  of  the  Trustees 

OF 

THE  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 
New  York  City 


AMERICAN     MUSEUM    NOVITATES 

Number  39  May  25,  1922 

59.51.22S  (7) 

TWO  NEW  GENERA  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  BLOOD  FLUKES1 

By  Horace  W.  Stunkard 

For  a  long  time  the  writer  has  been  engaged  in  a  study  of  the  blood 
flukes  of  North  American  turtles.  An  extended  description  of  these 
forms  is  nearing  completion  but,  since  the  publication  of  the  longer  paper 
may  be  delayed,  the  .discovery  of  two  new  trematodes  found  in  the 
vascular  system  of  the  snapping  turtle  Chelydra  serpentina  is  announced 
at  this  time.  These  blood  flukes  are  so  unlike  all  previously  described 
forms  that  they  can  not  be  assigned  to  any  existing  genera  and  differ 
so  much  from  each  other  that  they  can  not  be  included  in  the  same  genus. 

SPIRORCHID.S 

The  family  Spirorchidae  has  the  following  characteristics. 
Slender  blood-inhabiting  trematodos,  with  slightly  developed  musculature  and 
one  or  two  weak  suckers.  Pharynx  absent.    Testes  lobed,  multiple,  anterior  and  some- 
times also  posterior  to  the  ovarian  complex.     Ovary  lobed;  Laurer's  canal  present; 
uterus  short.    Eggs  large,  thick-shelled,  discharged  singly. 

HAPALOTREMINiE 

The  subfamily  Hapalotreminse  is  characterized  as  follows. 
Hermaphroditic,  blood-inhabiting  distomes.  Esophagus  often  with  dilated 
portion  or  portions,  without  a  pharynx,  and  surrounded  by  secretive  cells.  Ceca 
end  blindly  near  the  posterior  end  of  the  body.  Excretory  vesicle  branches  behind  the 
posterior  testes.  Ovary  and  ootype  situated  near  the  middle  of  the  body  and  between 
the  testes;  genital  pore  dorsal  and  sinistral  near  the  level  of  the  ovary;  vitellaria 
numerous,  both  lateral  and  medial  to  the  ceca  throughout  most  of  their  course; 
Laurer's  canal  present;  uterus  short  containing  a  single  egg  which  bears  either  fila- 
ments or  processes. 

Hapalorhynchus,  new  genus 

This  genus  is  characterized  by  the  presence  of  a  protruding  oral  sucker;  acetab- 
ulum situated  near  the  posterior  end  of  the  anterior  third  of  the  body;  terminal  excre- 
tory pore  and  short  median  excretory  vesicle;  testes  separated  by  the  ovary;  large 
seminal  vesicle  and  prostate  gland  anterior  to  the  testes;  dorsal  genital  pore  located 
near  the  middle  of  the  body  and  slightly  left  of  the  median  line;  vitellaria  extensively 
developed  in  front  of  the  acetabulum  and  behind  the  ovary;  small  seminal  receptacle 
and  Laurer's  canal;   and  also  by  the  absence  of  a  pharynx,  cirrus  sac  and  cirrus. 

Contribution  from  the  Biological  Laboratory,  New  York  University. 


2  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  39 

Hapalorhynchus  gracilis,  new  species 

Figures  1  and  2 

The  material  upon  which  this  description  is  based  consists  of  over 

one  hundred  individuals  collected  from  the  washings  of  the  visceral 

organs,  lungs,  liver,  kidneys,  mesenteries,  and  alimentary  tract  of  turtles 

from  North  Judson,  Indiana. 

Fixed  and  mounted  specimens  measure  from  1.5  to  1.9  nun.  in  length  and  from 
0.15  to  0.23  mm.  in  width.  Living  specimens  in  an  extended  condition  are  slightly 
longer  and  more  slender.  The  worms  are  fusiform  in  shape  tapering  anteriorly  and 
posteriorly  in  a  similar  manner.  The  region  of  greatest  width  is  near  the  middle  of  the 
body  where  the  reproductive  organs  are  located.  Before  and  behind  the  limits  of  the 
vitellaria  the  body  narrows  considerably.  In  cross-section  the  body  is  oval,  flattened 
ventrally. 

The  cuticula  is  thin  and  unarmed.  The  musculature  is  weak  and  poorly  de- 
veloped. 

The  acetabulum  is  slightly  protrusible  but  not  stalked  and  is  situated  near  the 
posterior  end  of  the  anterior  third  of  the  body.  It  is  cup-shaped,  normally  circular  in 
outline  but  sometimes  elongated  or  flattened  as  a  result  of  pressure  or  contraction.  It 
measures  from  0.061  to  0.069  mm.  in  diameter  and  its  depth  is  approximately  equal  to 
its  diameter. 

The  oral  sinker  i>  slightly  subterminal  and  capable  of  considerable  extension  and 
retraction.  In  fixed  and  mounted  Specimens,  usually  about  one-half  of  the  sucker 
protrudes  from  the  body.  In  shape  it  is  ovate,  wider  anteriorly  and  measures  from 
0.073  to  0.084  mm,  in  length  and  from  0.054  and  0.058  mm.  in  extreme  width.  The 
esophagus  extends  posteriorly  from  the  oral  sucker  to  the  bifurcation  of  the  alimen- 
tary tract  midway  Between  the  oral  and  ventral  suckers.  It  is  straight  in  extended 
specimen^,  often  with  tun  01  three  dilrited  portions.  Tne  lining  is  eutieular  and  it  is 
surrounded  DJ  Secretive  cells.  No  pharynx  is  present.  The  digest  ive  oeOB  meet 
anteriorly  to  form  an  angle  and  end  blindly  about  one-lift li  of  the  body  length  from 
the  posterior  end.  The\  are  somewhat  dorsal  in  position  and  the  left  crux  is  flexed 
median  and  do)  'lie  middle  of  the  body,  passing  on  the  median  side  of  the 

genital  pots. 

'I'h.  .  !>..i,   i-  located  :it  the  |x>stcrior  end  of  the  bod)  :in<l  B  large  median 

collecting  reside  paSSee  forward  dividing  ■  short  distance  behind  the  intestinal  crura 

to  form  two  lateral  collecting  ducts. 

The  testes  an  Situated  OBS  behind  and  the  other  before  the  ovary.    The  posterior 

the  larger;    it  bai  an  elongated  OVal  form  and  measures  0.]S  to  0.21  mm.  in 

length,  <»<»■")  t<>  0.00  mm,  ill  \\  Idth  and  0.06  t<>  <>.<)"  mm.  in  depth.    The  anterior  testis 

b  shunted  obliquely !  immediately  in  front  and  slightly  at  the  right  of  the  ovary,    it 

.uvular  in  outline,  the  w  idest  portion  is  anlei  10T  and  median  and  the 

organ  narrow*  lateralis  and  posteriori]     Ine  posterior  end  occupies  the  right  side 

(if  till  level         Its|..|i:  I  n, in  Hlltil   I.)    (I. IIS  I     mill. '111(1 

i|  i..  nil.-,  mm. 
I  bt  n    i    I  IsTRi     '  mmal  v<    ii  b-  which  extends  from  I  he  level  of  the  acetabulum 
abOttt  one-half  of  the  di  icnad  lo  the  ovary.     I  )u  the  right  side  it   has  an 

;.itn.iii\  covered  bj  i  lobe  of  the  vitellaria.    Prom  the  median 


1922] 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BLOOD  FLUKES 


ts_ 
ts. 

sv. 

ov. 
vr. 


FIG.  3 

Fig.  1.  Hapalorhynchus  gracilis,  dorsal  view.  Ev,  excretory  vesicle;  yp,  genital  pore;  in,  in- 
testine; oe,  esophagus;  os,  oral  sucker;  ov,  ovary;  pr,  prostate;  sv,  seminal  vesicle;  ts,  testis;  vr, 
vitelline  receptacle ;   vs,  acetabulum;   vt,  vitellaria. 

Fig.  2.     Egg  of  Hapalorhynchus  gracilis. 

Fig.  3.     Henotosoma  haematobium,  ventral  view.     Abbreviations  as  for  Hapalorhynchus  gracilis. 


4  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  39 

posterior  margin  of  the  vesicle  the  vas  deferens  emerges  as  a  small  tube.  It  enlarges 
almost  immediately  and  passes  posteriad,  dorsad  and  sinistrad  to  the  genital  pore. 
The  anterior  part  is  often  filled  with  spermatozoa  while  the  terminal  part  is  usually 
empty.  This  terminal  part  is  lined  with  cuticula  and  contracts  to  a  small  duct  which 
opens  to  the  surface  just  median  and  anterior  to  the  opening  of  the  uterus.  The  pore 
is  double,  the  male  and  female  canals  opening  separately  although  the  wall  separating 
them  is  very  thin  and  they  appear  to  discharge  through  a  common  orifice.  A  cirrus 
sac  and  cirrus  are  lacking.  The  vas  deferens  and  the  terminal  part  of  the  seminal 
vesicle  are  enclosed  in  a  large  prostate  gland  which  occupies  most  of  the  body  space 
between  the  anterior  testis  and  the  seminal  vesicle. 

The  ovary  is  situated  slightly  at  the  left  of  the  median  line  and  posterior  to  the 
middle  of  the  body.  Its  long  axis  is  almost  at  right  angles  to  the  long  axis  of  the 
worm.  It  measures  from  0.1  to  0.12  mm.  in  length  and  from  0.06  to  0.08  mm.  in 
extreme  width.  It  is  ovoid  to  pyriform  in  shape,  the  wider  end  is  lateral  and  slightly 
anterior,  and  the  oviduct  arises  at  the  median  posterior  margin.  The  oviduct  passes 
posteriad  almost  to  the  level  of  the  posterior  testis.  Here  is  gives  off  a  small  seminal 
receptacle  and  Laurer's  canal  passes  dorsally  opening  to  the  surface  near  the  median 
line.  Immediately  following  the  origin  of  Laurer's  canal,  the  vitelline  duct  discharges 
into  the  ootype  and  the  canal  then  passes  forward  on  the  dorsal  side  of  the  body  and 
leads  directly  to  the  genital  pore.  The  vitellaria  consist  of  masses  of  follicles  extending 
on  either  side  of  the  body  from  the  bifurcation  of  the  alimentary  tract  to  the  bifurca- 
tion of  the  excretory  vesicle.  They  extend  to  the  median  line  forming  a  solid  mass  in 
front  of  the  acetabulum  and  behind  the  ovary  except  for  a  small  area  where  the  pos- 
terior testis  occupying  almost  all  the  Bpaoe  between  dorsal  and  ventral  walls  of  the 
body  limits  their  presence.  Between  the  acetabulum  and  the  ovary  they  are  restricted 
to  narrow  tracts  at  the  sides  of  the  body  lateral  to  the  intestinal  divert  ioula. 

The  genital  j>ore  is  dorsal  in  position,  situated  near  the  middle  of  the  body, 
slightly  at  tlie  left  of  the  median  line.  The  diverticulum  of  the  intestine  and  the 
vitelline  tube  of  that  side  are  bent  mediad  at  the  level  of  the  pore,  and  lie  median  to  it. 
Thifi  condition  suggests  strongly  that  the  genital  pore  has  migrated  from  B  ventro- 
lateral or  lateral  to  a  dorsal  position  pushing  the  intestinal  and  vitelline  structures 
before  it. 

The  uterus  is  short  and  in  only  one  out  of  many  individuals  examined  has  an  egg 

D  found  in  the  body      <  oiisidenng  the  size  of  the  egg  it  appears  certain  that  not 

more  than  a  single  eng  can  be  present  in  the  uterus  at  one  time.     The  egg  (Fig.  2)  is 

tricornnatc,  the  shell  is  thick  and  rssistanl  t<>  pressure  although  almost  colorless.    In 

the  body  the  «'gg  lies  in  the  uterus  with  the  single  horn  forward  and  the  lot  ward  tip 

ten  beOt  Or  Slightly  Coiled.     The  eggs  leach  the  outside  world  ffith  the  feces  of  the 

and  are  often  present  in  large  numbers.  ISggS  in  the  feces  measured  0.27  mm.  in 
length.  H  07  mm    in  width  at  the  level  of  the  embryo  and  0.2  mm.  between  the  tips 

of  the  posterior  horns. 

Il<  loiype.      \  '  pt.  I.ow.r  Invertebrates,  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 

SPIRORCHINj* 

'I'Ik-    ubt:iiiiil\  Spfrorehinfl  i>  characterized  as  follows. 

Henna ph rod i lie  blood  inhabiting  nionostomeS  with  small  oral  sucker.  Ksoph- 
agUM  without  p]  rrotinded   l'\      aOTStive  cells  which  are  more  numerous 

near  it*  posterior  end     (Yea  end  blind]]   near  posterior  end  of  body!    sxetstot] 


1922]  NORTH  AMERICAN  BLOOD  FLUKES  5 

vesicle  small,  dividing  almost  immediately  into  lateral  collecting  ducts.  Testes  numer- 
ous (usually  ten)  arranged  in  a  linear  series  in  the  intercecal  area  anterior  to  the  ovary; 
cirrus  sac  small;  ovary  dextral  in  position  between  the  testes  and  the  genital  pore; 
seminal  receptacle  and  Laurer's  canal  present;  vitellaria  both  extra  and  intercecal; 
genital  pore  ventral,  sinistral,  near  the  posterior  end  of  body;  uterus  short,  containing 
a  single  oval  egg. 

Henotosoma,  new  genus 

This  genus  is  characterized  by  the  small  oral  sucker  and  relatively  short  esopha- 
gus; absence  of  pharynx;  terminal  excretory  pore  and  excretory  vesicle  which  divides 
almost  immediately  to  form  lateral  collecting  ducts;  testes  usually  ten  in  number, 
irregularly  lobate  or  sinuate,  arranged  in  linear  series  anterior  to  the  ovary  but  situ- 
ated in  the  posterior  half  of  the  worm;  seminal  vesicle  posterior  to  the  testes  with  only 
the  terminal  part  of  the  vas  deferens  enclosed  in  a  small  cirrus  sac;  genital  pore  ven- 
tral, sinistral,  near  the  posterior  end  of  the  body;  vitellaria  numerous,  extending  from 
the  bifurcation  of  the  alimentary  tract  almost  to  the  posterior  end  of  the  body;  ovary 
oval,  lobed,  on  the  right  side  of  the  body;  small  seminal  vesicle  and  Laurer's  canal. 
The  uterus  is  short  and  contains  a  single  oval  egg. 

Henotosoma  haematobium,  new  species 
Figure  3 

The  first  specimen  of  this  form  was  found  December  1,  1914,  in  the 
lung  of  a  large  turtle  collected  near  Raleigh]  North  Carolina.  In  the 
fall  of  1916,  six  specimens  were  removed  from  the  left  subclavian  artery 
of  another  turtle'  from  the  same  locality.  Since  that  time  other  speci- 
mens have  been  removed  from  the  heart  and  larger  arteries  of  turtles 
collected  in  New  York  and  New  Jersej\  In  November,  1921,  a  shipment 
of  turtles  was  received  from  North  Judson,  Indiana,  seventy-five  per  cent 
of  which  harbored  the  parasite.  Records  of  dissection  show  one  turtle 
in  which  twelve  specimens  were  found  in  the  lungs,  four  in  the  pulmonary 
arteries,  two  in  each  auricle,  sixteen  in  the  ventricle,  eight  in  the  mesen- 
teric arteries  and  twenty  eight  at  the  posterior  end  of  the  aorta.  Where 
several  worms  were  found  together,  they  were  often  entangled  and  very 
hard  to  separate.  Those  found  in  the  ventricle  frequently  were  partially 
embedded  in  the  muscular  wall. 

Thesj>  worms  are  elongate,  flattened  trematodes  with  almost  parallel  sides, 
rounded  posterior  and  pointed  anterior  ends.  The  anterior  end  in  extended  condition 
narrows  uniformly  to  the  tip  and  when  contracted  becomes  broad  and  blunt  with 
crenated  margins.  Extended  individuals  are  widest  in  the  region  occupied  by  the 
testes  and  have  a  narrow  zone  in  the  central  part  of  the  body.  On  contraction,  the 
body  anterior  to  the  testes  becomes  approximately  the  width  at  their  level.  Living 
worms  may  extend  to  a  length  of  12.5  mm.  and  contract  to  less  than  6  mm.  Fixed 
and  mounted  specimens  measure  from  5  to  9  mm.  in  length  and  from  0.48  to  0.75 
mm.  in  width.    The  width  is  from  two  to  three  times  the  dorso-ventral  measurement. 


6  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  39 

The  cuticula  is  thin  and  smooth,  lacking  spines  or  other  modifications.  The 
musculature  is  light  and  delicate. 

The  oral  sucker  is  the  only  organ  of  attachment.  It  is  situated  at  the  anterior 
tip  and  in  extended  specimens  slightly  protrudes  from  the  body.  It  is  ovoid  in  shape, 
wider  anteriorly  and  measures  from  0.077  to  0.1  mm.  in  length  and  from  0.071  to 
0.084  mm.  in  width.  The  mouth  opening  is  subtenninal.  Depending  on  the  amount 
of  contraction  in  the  anterior  region  of  the  body,  the  esophagus  is  slightly  or  exceed- 
ingly sinuous,  the  sinuosity  varying  with  the  extent  of  contraction.  In  length  it 
measures  from  0.39  to  0.77  mm.  It  increases  in  diameter  posteriorly  although  the 
size  of  the  lumen  is  not  uniform,  frequently  having  one  or  more  dilated  portions.  The 
lining  is  cuticular  and  throughout  its  length  the  esophagus  is  surrounded  by  secretive 
cells.  At  the  jxistcrior  end  for  about  one-fifth  of  its  length  the  gland  cells  become 
more  numerous  forming  a  conspicuous  enlarged  portion.  No  pharynx  is  present.  The 
intestinal  diverticula  arise  jum  before  the  posterior  end  of  the  esophagus  and  pass 
laterad  about  one-half  of  the  distance  to  the  body  wall  where  they  turn  sharply 
posteriad  and  extend  almost  to  the  end  of  the  body.  Their  course  is  notably  sinuous 
and  they  are  spread  farther  apart  in  the  region  occupied  by  the  reproductive  organs, 
passing  lateral  to  the  testes  and  ovary.  They  have  an  almost  uniform  diameter  and 
are  filled  with  decomposing  blood  which  gives  them  a  black  appearance. 

The  excretory  pore  is  situated  at  the  posterior  end  of  the  body  and  the  vesicle 
divides  almost  immediately  to  form  two  lateral  collecting  ducts  which  pass  anteriorly. 

The  reproductive  organs  resemble  in  many  respects  those  of  Spirorchis.  The 
testes  number  ten  in  mature  individuals  although  after  a  time  certain  testes  degener- 
ate. They  are  arranged  one  before  the  other  in  the  intercecal  area  in  the  posterior 
half  of  the  body.  The  most  anterior  testis  is  about  three-fifths  of  the  body  length  from 
the  anterior  end  and  the  posterior  testis  is  separated  from  the  posterior  end  of  the 
body  Kv  slightly  less  than  one-half  the  distance  between  the  anterior  and  posterior 
testes.  The  testes  are  irregularly  lobed,  contiguous  structures.  In  the  anterior 
testes  the  lobes  are  deep  and  the  testes  are  distinctly  separated,  while  in  the  middle  of 
the  group  the  lobulations  are  smaller,  less  conspicuous,  and  the  organs  closer  together. 
Tlie  testes  are  flattens I  aiitero-posteriorly,  and  this  is  particularly  noticeable  at  the 
center  of  the  group  where  the  pressure  is  greatest.  In  the  testicular  area  they  occupy 
practically  all  the  space  between  the  cent  but  do  not  extend  laterally  beyond  the 
intestinal  divertieula.  Because  of  their  shape  it  is  difficult  to  make  satisfactory 
measurements  ..I  the  t«>tes  but  they  vary  in  size  from  0.12  by  0.27  nun.  to  0.27  nun. 
by  0. 48  inmi.    Tin-  posterior  testis  Opens  directly  into  a  large  ovoid  or  pyriform  seminal 

iels.   like  broader  end  is  anterior  and  the  posterior  end  tapers  to  a  duct  which 

passes  on  the  left  skk  of  the  bodj  and  near  the  mid-ovarian  level  enters  the  cirrus  sac. 

The  cirrus  sae  is  small  and  the  muscular  wall  slightly  developed,     It  is  pyriform  in 

interiorly,  and  the  prostate  d  present  Is  represented  by  only  s  few  cells. 

ohms  sac  rariss  in  lensjth  from  0.164  to  0.22  nun.  and  in  width  from  0,06  to  0.077 

mm  The  K<'iiital  jx.rc  i-  ventral,  just  posterior  to  the  level  of  the  ovary,  and  situated 
I  ..math  the  cecum  >>f  the  left  wide.  The  opening  of  the  cirrus  is  anterior  to  that  of  the 
uterus. 

The  •  k  lobsd  OVal  Structure  situated  oil  the  right  side  of  the  body  between 

■    nIc  and  th<-  BSBiteJ  pore      It   measures  from  0.154  by  0.22  nun.  to 
T  •        iduct  arise*  at  the  median  posterior  margin  and  passes  dex 
pOStsrisd       \ftei  coiilmuua'  a    hurt  distance  it  turns  media  d  where  Lam 


1922]  NORTH  AMERICAN  BLOOD  FLUKES  7 

canal  is  given  off  and  the  common  vitelline  duct  is  received.  The  ootype  region  is 
short  and  the  tube  then  passes  forward,  laterad  and  ventrad  to  the  genital  pore.  The 
vitellaria  arc  extensively  developed  and  consist  of  masses  of  follicles  extending  from 
the  bifurcation  of  the  alimentary  tract  almost  to  the  posterior  end  of  the  body.  They 
are  not  separated  into  lobes  but  form  a  continuous  sheet  of  cells  extending  on  the 
lateral  side  of  the  crura  throughout  their  length  and  rilling  the  intercecal  area  anterior 
to  the  testes  and  posterior  to  the  vitelline  receptacle.  Just  behind  the  level  of  the 
genital  pore  vitelline  ducts  pass  mediad  on  the  ventral  side  of  the  body  and  unite  to 
form  a  large  reservoir,  the  vitelline  receptacle,  which  opens  into  the  ootype  through 
the  common  vitelline  duct. 

The  uterine  portion  of  the  female  canal  is  short  and  contains  a  single  oval  egg. 
A  metraterm  is  present  although  not  strongly  developed.  The  eggs  are  thick  shelled, 
brown  in  color  and  are  discharged  into  the  blood  vessels.  The  smallest  egg  measured 
in  the  uterus  was  0.77  mm.  in  length  and  0.06  mm.  in  width,  the  largest  0.086  mm. 
in  length  and  0.065  mm.  in  width.  Eggs  in  the  tissue  of  the  host  and  found  in  the 
feoefl  have  an  average  measurement  of  0.115  mm.  in  length  and  0.081  mm.  in  width. 
The  eggs  increase  in  size  after  deposition  and  usually  become  darker  in  color.  They 
are  provided  with  a  cap  which  opens  to  allow  the  escape  of  the  embryo. 

Holotype. — No.  126,  Dept.  Lower  Invertebrates,  Ainer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 

In  the  abstracts  of  papers  presented  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the 
American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  December  28-30, 
1921  and  published  in  the  January  Dumber  of  the  Journal  of  Anatomy, 
G.  A.  MacCallum  reported  the  discovery  of  trematodes  in  the  heart  of 
Chelydra  serpentina.  He  says:  "On  July  17,  1921,  I  found  within  the 
heart  of  a  Chelydm  serpent  inn  (western  form)  five  Spirorchidae  which 
were  attached  to  the  walls  of  the  vent  ride,  but  all  coiled  together  as  if  in 
coition.  These  worms  were  the  largest  of  any  Spirorchidae  I  had  seen, 
being  in  length  8.50  to  9  mm.  X  1  mm.  wide,  and  which  I  have  named  S. 
chelydrx.  The  peculiarity  about  these  m  arms  is  the  much  bent  esophagus, 
also  the  numerous  glands  at  the  junction  of  the  esophagus  and  ceca  and 
possibly  posterior  also  on  the  outside  of  the  esophagus  to  the  mouth." 
The  statement  of  MacCallum  is  so  brief  and  indefinite  that  it  is  hardly 
possible  to  recognize  a  species  from  his  description.  The  last  sentence 
would  indicate  that  the  mouth  is  posterior,  which  certainly  is  not  the 
case.  The  only  data  upon  which  a  determination  from  his  description 
could  be  based  are  size  and  location  in  the  host.  The  course  of  the 
esophagus  is  dependent  upon  the  amount  of  extension  or  contraction  in 
the  anterior  part  of  the  body  and  the  esophageal  glands  mentioned  are 
characteristic  of  blood  flukes  in  general.  Consequently  these  features 
can  not  serve  as  specific  criteria. 

It  seemed  barely  possible  that  the  species  reported  by  MacCallum 
might  be  the  same  as  the  larger  of  the  forms  here  described,  and  to  avoid 
error  on  this  point  I  wrote  Dr.  MacCallum  asking  for  a  loan  of  his 


8  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  39 

material.  Although  his  final  description  had  not  as  yet  been  published 
he  kindly  loaned  material  for  examination  and  comparison.  The  speci- 
mens examined  manifest  the  features  designated  as  characteristics  of  the 
new  genus  Henotosoma  and  should,  I  believe,  be  assigned  to  that  genus. 
They  are  not,  however,  in  my  opinion  specifically  identical  with  H. 
haematobium  and  their  completed  description  will  be  made  by  Dr. 
MacCallum. 


AMERICAN   MUSEUM   NOVITATES 

No.  40 


NOTES   ON   SOME   WESTERN   BEES 


By  T.   D.  A.   Cockerell 


Issued  May  20,  1922 


BY    ORDER   OF   THE    TRUSTEES 
OF 

THE  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 
New  York  City 


AMERICAN    MUSEUM    NOVITATES 

Number  40  May  26,  1922 

59.57,99(79) 

NOTES  ON  SOME  WESTERN  BEES 

By  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell 

The  bees  upon  which  the  following  notes  are  based  were  collected 
by  the  American  Museum  expeditions  to  Arizona  and  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  Except  where  otherwise  stated,  they  were  collected  by 
Frank  E.  Lutz  and  the  field  notes  are  by  him. 

Diandrena  Cockerell 
This  genus  (or  subgenus  of  Andrena)  was  founded  on  those  bluish  or 
greenish  species  which  possess  only  two  submarginal  cells,  the  Panurgus 
chalybaeus  of  Cresson  being  the  type.  Viereck  has  (1917)  described 
species  in  Parandrena,  but  this  group  appears  to  have  been  derived  quite 
independently  from  the  Andrena  stem.  As  we  now  know  it,  Diandrena 
consists  of  a  considerable  number  of  rather  closely  related  species,  having 
its  center  in  California,  with  a  general  distribution  very  like  that  of  the 
mariposa  lilies  (Calochortus).  The  following  species  are  Calif ornian: 
chalybsea  (Cresson),  puthua  Cockerell,  beatula  Cockerell,  cyanohoma  Cock- 
erell, clariventris  Cockerell,  scintilla  Cockerell,  foxii  (Cockerell,  austro- 
californica  (Viereck),  olivacea  (Viereck),  subchalybea  (Viereck),  sub- 
moesta  (Viereck),  and  paracfiuit/hea  (Viereck).  The  only  known  species 
which  are  not  Californian  are  nothocalaidis  Cockerell  from  Colorado, 
chalybioidec  (Viereck)  from  Oregon,  perchalybea1  (Viereck)  from  Washing- 
ton State,  and  the  following  new  one  from  Wyoming. 

Diandrena  ablegata  new  species 
9  • — Length  about  9.5  mm.  Blue-green,  varying  to  olive-green,  with  a  dull  and 
granular  surface.  The  type  has  the  abdomen  olive-green,  with  the  hind  margins  of  the 
third  and  fourth  segments  very  broadly  steel-blue  and  the  first  two  segments  suffused 
with  the  same  color  apically.  Process  of  labrum  strongly  emarginate.  Mandibles 
dusky  reddish  apically.  Clypeus  closely  and  finely  punctured.  Third  antennal  joint 
a  little  shorter  than  the  next  three  together;  apical  half  of  flagellum  marked  with 
clear  yellowish-ferruginous  beneath.  Facial  fovea;  black,  very  short  and  narrow,  not 
going  below  antennal  line;  face  with  thin,  pale  hair  in  middle  and  black  at  sides; 
cheeks  with  white  hair.  Mesothorax  and  scutellum  dull;  thorax  with  pale  fulvous- 
tinted  hair,  very  thin  above;  a  little  dark  hair  sometimes  present  about  the  middle 
of  the  mesopleura.     Teguhe  shining  black.     Wings  as  in  D.  nothocalaidis,  slightly 

'The  name  " perchalybia"  in  1916,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  LXVIII,  p.  591,  is  a  misprint,  as 
is  shown  by  the  references  on  p.  590  with  the  correct  spelling. 


2  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  40 

dusky;  stigma  clear  ferruginous.  Legs  with  pale  hair;  scopa  of  hind  legs  abundantly 
pale  fulvous,  the  tibijp  posteriory  toward  base  with  dark  fuscous  hair.  Second  ab- 
dominal segment  depressed  about  one-third.  Hair  at  apex  of  abdomen  very  pale  ful- 
vous, becoming  fuscous  at  tip. 

Wyoming:  7  9.  Stewart  Ranger  Station  (type  locality)  in  Jackson  Hole,  about 
6700  ft.  alt.,  among  lodgepole  pine,  Engehnann  spruce,  etc.,  July  18,  1920;  4  $  (one 
with  deep  orange  pollen),  Jackson,  about  6300  ft.  alt.,  moderately  moist  pasture-land, 
July  13-17,  1920. 

This  is  so  near  to  D.  nothocalaidis,  which  flies  in  May,  that  I 
wondered  whether  it  could  be  a  pale-haired  second  brood  of  that  species. 
Against  this  is  the  fact  that  D.  nothocalaidis  is  very  common  at  Boulder, 
Colorado,  and  we  have  never  found  any  sign  of  a  second  generation  or 
any  other  form  of  Diandrena  there.  D.  nothocalaidis  has  the  hair  of  face 
abundant  and  black,  of  pleura  black,  etc. 

Halictoides  Nylander 
The  genus  HaHctoides  was  founded  by  Nylander  in  1848  on  two 
black  European  l>ees,  of  which  H.  denticcntns  Nylander  has  been  desig- 
nated the  type  No  additions  have  been  made  to  this  immediate  group; 
but  Morawitz  has  described  six  species  forming  a  series  of  Halictoides 
in  which  the  body  or  head  is  more  or  less  blue-green  or  blue-black  and 
the  legs  of  tli«'  males  of  the  three  species  in  which  that  sex  is  known  are 
modified.  Of  these  later  species,  //.  paradoxus  lives  at  high  altitudes  in 
the  European  Alp-.  //.  aboettruU  us  and  //.  pomsrensts  occur  m  Turkestan; 
//.  oalearatus  and  //.  montonus  are  from  China;  and  //.  dewicrus  is 
Mongolian.  By  the  structure  of  the  mouth-parts,  //.  paradoxus  is 
nearer  to  some  of  tin-  American  species  than  to  //.  dentiventris  (See 

Annals  and  Mag.  N'at.  Hm       7     IV.   |S!»!>.  p.   120). 

In  America  the  genus  is  more  numerously  represented  with  over  a 
dozen  species.  A  tabk  was  given  in  1916,  Ent.  News,  XXVII,  p.  62. 
In  tin-  same  year  Crawford  described  //.  viridesotns  from  California. 
'  .tlifoinia.  with  five  species,  and  New  Mexico,  with  six.  indicate  that  the 
genus  i-  best  represented  in  the  Southwest.  One  species,  //.  novxanglim 
Robertson,  occurs  in  the  Northeastern  States  and  one,  //.  marginatus 
i-  found  in  the  <  antral  States  from  Illinois,  whence  Robertson 
deserihe.!  it  is  tiutiiiiiiiidis.  westward  to  the  Korkv  Mountains. 

•  ken  i.\  the  American  Museum  expeditions  as 

folio 

Halictoides  oryx  \  k  n  <  k 
mudo    i    .    v  pen    iboul  f900  ft  alt.,  at  edge  of  town,  July  24, 1919,  col- 


1922]  NOTES  ON  SOME  WESTERN  BEES  3 

Halictoides  mulleri  Cockerell 

Wyoming:  1  d\  Stewart  Hanger  Station  in  Jackson  Hole,  about  6700  ft.  alt., 
among  lodgepole  pine,  Engelmann  spruce,  etc.,  July  18,  1920. 

This  is  a  most  astonishing  record,  H.  mulleri  being  a  species  of 
southern  California  (Pasadena  and  Claremont).  There  is  no  question 
about  the  identification. 

Halictoides  harveyi  Cockerell 

Colorado:  5c? ,  1  9,  about  10,(100  ft.  alt.  OQ  Summit  Road  near  Ouray,  July 
13,  1919,  collected  by  Messrs.  Lutz,  Schwarz,  and  Bailey;  Id",  Ouray,  about  8000 
ft.  alt.,  atAchillea  millefolium,  July  11,  1919;  2d1,  4  9 ,  Tenne>~<  ■>■  Pass,  about  10,300 
ft.  alt.,  August  1,  1919,  and  1  9  collected  by  Mrs.  F.  E.  Lutz  at  about  10,500  ft.  alt., 
August  8,  1920;  1  9,  Leadville,  about  10,200  ft.  alt.,  August  3,  1919;  1  d\  Pagosa 
Springs,  about  7400  ft.  alt.,  in  the  l'.  S.  Iciv-t  Reservation,  June  22,  1919. 

Halictoides  (Parahalictoides)  maurus  (Cresson) 
Idaho:  1  9,  Victor,  about  6300ft.  alt.,  July  11,  1920.  WYOMING:  1  d\  Thumb 
of  Yellowstone  Lake,  about  7800  ft.  alt.,  July  9,  1920;  1  d\  Stewart  Ranger  Station 
in  Jackson  Hole,  about  8700  ft.  ait.,  July  18,  1920;  Id*,  along  (ache  Creek  near  Jack- 
son, about  6600  ft.  alt.,  July  14,  1920.  Colorado:  at  about  10,000  ft.  alt.,  along 
Summit  Road  near  Ouray,  July  13,  1919,  collected  by  Herbert  F.  Schwarz. 

From  Jackson,  Wyoming,  also  comes  a  specimen  of  Colletes  nigrifrons 
Titus,  superficially  exactly  like  //.  maurus.  Whether  this  resemblance 
has  any  biological  significance  I  do  not  know.  The  Colletes  was  not 
found  with  the  H.  maurus  but  higher  up  at  about  7000  ft.  alt. 

Halictoides  (Epihalictoides)  marginatus  (Cresson) 
( 'oi.uu ado:  49d\  5  9  ,  Wray,  about  3700  ft.  alt.,  August  17-19,  1919,  both  sexes 
but  especially  males  at  HeUaitthus,  collected  by  Messrs.  Lutz  and  Bailey;  Id1,  La 
Junta,  about  4100  ft.  alt.,  August  12, 1920;  5  d\  Boulder,  about  5300  ft.  alt.,  on  plains, 
August  7-12,  1919;  1  9  ,  about  8200  ft.  alt.,  along  Castle  Creek  near  Aspen,  July  24, 
1919,  ht  Erigeron  maenntkua. 

Halictoides  marginatus  halictulus  (Cresson) 
Utah:    66d\  Ogden,  August  30,  1916,  asleep  in  early  morning  on  Helianthus 
flowers.     Wyoming:     Id1,   Sheridan,   collected   by  Dr.  Metz.     Colorado:    4  d\ 
Boulder,  about  5300  ft.  alt.,  on  plains,  August  7-12,  1919. 

Typical  marginatus,  described  from  Kansas,  has  clear  wings  and 
amber  stigma.  I  have  it  from  Baldwin,  Kansas,  (Bridwell);  the  Wray 
and  other  specimens  listed  above  conform  with  it.  Cresson  described 
Panurgus  halictulus  from  Colorado  and  Utah,  noting  the  dusky  nervures. 
With  the  fine  series  now  before  me,  I  can  clearly  separate  halictulus  as  a 
distinct  race  or  subspecies  having  the  wings  dusky  and  the  stigma  dusky- 
ferruginous,  margined  with  fuscous.    This  form  is  not  accounted  for  in 


4  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  40 

the  table  in  Entomological  News,  1916.  The  two  races  meet  at  Boulder, 
a  series  taken  on  the  plains  west  of  the  town  consisting  of  three  margina- 
tus,  four  halictulus,  and  two  more  or  less  intermediate.  It  is,  however, 
astonishing  to  find  that  the  specimen  from  Aspen,  high  up  in  the  moun- 
tains, is  true  margi?iatus  with  pale  amber  stigma.  I  have  halictulus  from 
Santa  F6,  New  Mexico;  the  specimen  was  compared  by  Mr.  Fox  with 
Cresson's  type  and  found  to  agree.  Contrary  to  expectation,  a  specimen 
from  Las  Cruces,  New  Mexico,  is  also  halictulus. 

Calliopsis  Smith 
Calliopsis  rhodophilus  (Cockerell) 
Colorado:   1  9,  north  of  Animas,  near  Durango,  about  6600  ft.  alt.,  June  26, 
1919;   1  9,  Ridgeway,  about  7000  ft.  alt.,  July  10,  1919. 

The  above  were  overlooked  when  reporting  on  these  bees  in  Amer. 
Mus.  Novitates  No.  24.  The  Ridgeway  female  resembles  C.  andreni- 
formis  in  possessing  dog- ear  marks  but  it  has  the  black  hair  on  the  head 
and  thorax  above  that  arc  characteristic  of  rhodophilus.  The  same  form 
was  taken  at  Las  Vegas,  Now  Mexico,  July  11,  at  flowers  of  Melilotus 
officinalis  by  Mrs.  W.  P.  Cockerell. 

Spinoliella  Ashmead 
The  species  of  this  genua  are  rather  numerous  in  the  West  but  no 
locality  seems  to  possess  any  large  number.  The  greatest  concentration 
or  diversification  of  specific  forms  seems  to  be  in  California,  whence 
nine  have  been  recorded.  The  American  Museum  expeditions  obtained 
only  three  in  (  'olorado.  Possibly  no  others  occur  in  the  regions  covered, 
though  8.  Iirlmnthi  Swenk  and  Cockerell,  collected  by  Cary  in  Sioux 
(  ounty,  Nebraska,  might  be  expected  in  eastern  ( 'olorado  and  Wyoming. 
It  has  deep  yellow  hand-  os  the  abdomen.  S.  melUoti  Cockerel]  is  a 
very  distinct  species  from  southern  New  Mexico. 

Spinoliella  zebrata  (<  'resson) 

Colorado:    18<T|  4  9,  EUdavway,  about  7<xx)  ft.  alt.,  ainona;  Arttmiria,  cactus, 
.ink  in.  1910,  ooUeeted  by  Mtatn.  Luti  .iml  Bailey, 

The  large  rise  r--adil\  distinguishes  this  s|M>cies  from  the  other  two. 
The  male  hai  the  fare  below  the  antenna-  entirely  yellow  and  the  scape 
\e||ow  in  front.  The  female  varies  somewhat.  In  one  specimen  the 
light    >poK    below    the    antenna-   are    lacking    and    the    clypeus    is    black 

lit  the  -i'|.  -  broadly  and  a  median  hand  not  reaching  the  upper  and 
lower  maiirim      The  male  max   either  have  Or  lack  yellow  marks  on  the 

upper  margin  ol  the  prothorax. 


1922]  NOTES  ON  SOME  WESTERN  BEES  5 

Spinoliella  australior  (Cockerell) 

Colorado:  10  9,  La  Junta,  about  4100  ft.  alt.,  August  12,  1920;  1  9,  Pueblo, 
vacant  lots  in  town,  August  9,  1920;  Id",  Boulder,  about  5300  ft.  alt.,  on  plains, 
August  8,  1919. 

The  male  is  distinguished  from  the  light -faced  form  of  scitula  by  the 
presence  of  the  dog-ear  marks.  In  Sioux  County,  Nebraska,  Swenk 
found  S.  australior  common,  but  no  scitula  were  obtained.  S.  scitula  is 
the  characteristic  form  of  the  mountain  region  of  Colorado.  At  Fort 
Collins,  however,  Baker  found  both  -scitula  and  australior. 

Spinoliella  scitula  (Cresson) 
WYOMING:  11  <?,  34  9  ,  Green  River,  about  6100  ft.  alt.,  June  29  and  July  2, 1920; 
1  9  ,  Rock  Springs,  about  6250  ft.  alt.,  June  29,  1920;  1  d\  1  9 ,  Jackson,  about  6300 
ft. alt.,  July  13-17,  1920.  Colorado:  1  o" ,2  9  ,  Leadville.  about  10,300 ft.  alt.,  August 
3-5,  1919;  7d\  25  9 ,  Glenwood  Springs,  about  5800  ft.  alt.,  July  22-29,  1919,  and 
August  5,  1920,  various  collectors;  3  9,  Alamosa,  about  7500  ft.  alt.,  at  Radical) 
si/iuata  along  the  Rio  Grande,  June  15,  1919;  1  9 ,  Monte  Vista,  about  7650  ft.  alt., 
June  16,  1919;  130",  15  9 ,  Rifle,  about  5400  ft.  alt.,  on  a  bare  sandy  place  used  as  a 
play-ground,  July  19-21,  1919;  1  9,  north  of  Animas  near  Durango,  about  6600  ft. 
alt.,  at  alfalfa,  June  26.  1919;   1  9  ,  Aspen,  about  7900  ft.  alt.,  July  25,  1919. 

There  is  a  variation  of  the  female  in  which  the  fifth  abdominal  seg- 
ment has  only  very  minute,  hardly  noticeable  spots.  This  must  not  be 
confused  with  australior,  as  the  clypeus  entirely  lacks  the  light  median 
band  of  that  species  and  the  face-marks  in  general  agree  with  scitula. 
Five  of  the  six  Glenwood  Springs  females,  two  from  Rifle,  and  the  one 
from  Jackson  belong  to  this  variant  form. 

The  males  also  vary.  Those  from  Glenwood  Springs  and  Leadville 
have  the  clypeus  largely  black;  Rifle  males  vary  from  much  black  on  the 
clypeus  to  hardly  any;  Green  River  and  Jackson  males  have  the  clypeus 
white,  slightly  marked  with  black  or  with  only  two  dots  or  small  spots. 
The  form  with  white  clypeus  is  typical  scitula,  the  male  described  by 
Cresson  as  pictipes. 

For  the  nesting  habits,  see  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  XXII,  p. 
440. 

Hoplitina  Cockerell 
This  genus  was  first  called  Hoplitella  (1910)  but,  that  name  being 
preoccupied,  was  altered  to  Hoplitina  (1913).  The  type  is  H.  pentamera 
Cockerell  from  Claremont,  California.  In  1916  Crawford  added  a 
second  species,  H.  hesperia,  also  from  California.  When  I  described  H. 
pentamera  I  also  published  Osnu'u  ret'notida,  based  on  a  female  from 
Claremont,  California.    The  mouth-parts  were  retracted  and  were  not 


6  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  40 

examined,  but  the  venation  and  other  characters  were  so  exactly  like  those 
of  the  Old  World  group  Erythrosmia1  that  I  had  no  hesitation  in  referring 
it  there.  Now  comes  a  female  from  the  Grand  Canyon,  Arizona;  it  is 
very  close  to  0.  remotula,  certainly  congeneric  with  it,  but  clearly  distinct. 
The  mouth- parts  are  exposed  and  the  maxillary  palpi  have  five  subequal 
joints,  the  last  two  long  and  very  slender.  Osmia  {Erythrosmia)  andren- 
oides  Spinola,  which  is  to  be  considered  the  type  of  Erythrosmia,  differs 
from  true  Osmia  in  having  four- jointed  maxillary  palpi,2  which  are 
stout  and  very  bristly,  the  two  middle  joints  long,  cylindrical,  and  about 
equal,  the  last  pyriform  and  about  half  as  long  as  the  penultimate. 
Erythrosmia  Schmiedeknecht  may  be  considered  a  distinct  genus,  with 
the  species  E.  andrcnoides  (Spinola)  and  E.  mclanura  (Morawitz). 
Osmia  fallax,  which  I  have  from  Malaga,  April,  (Morice),  appears  to 
be  closely  related  hut  is  placed  in  a  different  group  on  account  of  the 
long  axillar  spines.  Osmia  *t  mi  rubra  Friese,  which  I  have  from  Jericho, 
(Morice),  probably  falls  in  Erythrosmia. 

If  we  thus  exclude  the  American  forms  from  Erythrosmia  and  transfer 
them  to  Hoplitina,  the  separation  of  the  latter  from  Osmia  becomes  diffi- 
cult. They  are,  however,  remote  from  typical  Osmia  and  it  is  merely  a 
question  of  recognizing  either  a  genus  or  a  subgenus.  The  species 
assigned  to  Hoplitina  in  the  broader  sense  may  be  separated  as  follows. 

1.  First  thnc  segments  of  abdomen  wholly  without  hair-bands,  even  at  the  sides; 
teguhe  black,  faintly  reddish  posteriorly;  first  recurrent  nervure  joining 
MOOnd  BUbmargina]  cell  about  twice  as  far  from  base  as  second  from  apex. 

remotula   (Cockered). 
First  three  segments  of  abdomen  with  OOnapicUOaS  white  hair-bands,  at  least  at 

sides 2. 

Teguhe  black;    first  recurrent  nervure  joining  second  siibniarginal  cell  far  from 
base,  the  second  about  half  as  far  from  apex,  inconesceiis,  new  species. 

Tegnla  red  or  reddish  3. 

A.      Fir-t    reriirrent    nervure  joining  second  submarginal    cell    very    near   base,    the 

■id   more  remote  from  ape\;    basal   nervure  exactly   meeting  nervulus 

(falling  some  distance  short  of  it  in  E.  andrtnoides) .     pen/ami  ra  (Cockerel!) . 

urcnt  nervines  equally  distant  from  base  and  ape\  of  second  submarginal 

cell;  proportions  of  palpal  joints  also  differing.  AMperta  Crawford. 

In  the  I  .  B.  National  Museum  ( 'rawford  has  rearranged  the  bees  of 

tbi-  group  and  has  separated  hrs/xria  as  the  type  of  a  new  genus,  as  yet 


1922]  NOTES  ON  SOME  WESTERN  BEES  7 

unpublished.    Possibly  this  genus  should  include  all  of  the  above  species 
except  pentamera. 

Hoplitina  incanescens,  new  species 

9. — Length  about  8  nun.;  robust.  Black,  with  the  first  three  abdominal  seg- 
ments clear  red,  the  extreme  base  of  the  fourth  also  red;  eyes  pea-green.  Pubescence 
abundant,  white;  first  three  abdominal  segments  with  white  marginal  hair-bands  at 
sides;  apical  segments  appearing  gray  from  a  covering  of  appressed  hairs.  Flagelhim 
very  obscurely  reddish  beneath.  Teguhe  shining  black.  Wings  hyaline,  very  faintly 
dusky;  nervures  and  si  igma  black;  basal  nervure  falling  just  short  of  nervulus,  which 
is  arched  outward.  Mandibles  very  broad  at  apex,  acutely  tridentate;  tongue  long; 
second  and  fifth  joints  of  maxillary  palpi  each  about  95  /n  long,  the  third  and  fourth 
each  about  88.     Ventral  BCOpa  white,  very  short,  carrying  very  pale  yellow  pollen. 

In  general  like  H.  remotula  but  considerably  larger,  with  a  polished  spot  in  the 
median  line  behind  the  ocelli,  disc  of  mesothorax  rat  her  sparsely  and  weakly  punctured 
(densely  and  minutely  in  remotula  I,  abdomen  with  lateral  bands,  spurs  fuscous.  The 
metathorax  is  as  in  renminbi. 

Arizona:  1  9,  Grand  Canyon,  about  7<)00  ft.  alt.,  May  24,  1918,  collected  by 
Frank  M.  Jones. 

Chelynia  Provancher 
When  reporting  on  this  genus  in  Amor.  Mils.  Novitates  No.  21,  the 
following  species  was  overlooked.  l)eing  mixed  with  Oxmia,  which  it  so 
much  resembles. 

Chelynia  pavonina  C'ockerell 

Wyoming:  1  ',  Jackson,  about  0600  ft.  alt.,  July  14,  1920.  Colorado:  1  9, 
Pagosa  Spring*,  about  77(H)  ft.  alt.,  June  22,  1919. 

The  male  has  pale  hair  on  the  mesothorax.  but  in  the  female  it  is 
all  black.  The  female  is  brilliant  peacock-green,  with  the  pleura  bluer 
and  the  mesothorax  yellowish  green.  The  male  has  the  abdomen  much 
more  purple  than  in  the  type,  the  colors  being  exceedingly  rich. 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES 

No.  41 


SPECIES    OF    AMERICAN    PLEISTOCENE 

MAMMOTHS 
ELEPHAS  JEFFERSONII,  NEW  SPECIES 

By  Henry  Fairfield  Osborn 


Issued  July  8,  1922 


By  Order  of  tub  Trustees 

of 

THE  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 
New  York  City 


AMERICAN    MUSEUM     NOVITATES 


Number  41 


July  8,  1922 


56.9,61  E  (119:7) 

SPECIES  OF  AMERICAN  PLEISTOCENE  MAMMOTHS 

ELEPHAS  JEFFERSON II,  NEW  SPECIES 

By  Henry  Fairfield  Osborx 

It  appears  probable  that  all  the  elephants  which  arrived  in  America 
belong  in  the  division  of  the  mammoths,  subfamily  Mammontinae. 
Six  species  of  these  large  and  interesting  migrants  have  been  successively 
proposed  as  follows: 

Elephas  jacksoni  Mather,  1838.     Type  figured  and  described.     Indeterminate  until 

the  type  can  be  located. 
Elephas  americanus  De  Kay,  1842.    Type  figured  and  described;    since  destroy ed  by 

fire.    Undoubtedly  a  synonym  of  Elephas  primigenius. 
Elephas  columbi  Falconer,  1857.     Type  in  the  British  Museum  40769;    cast  in  the 

American  Museum  1747.    Closely  related  to  Elephas  imperator  Leidy. 

Columbi 
Drawn  trcm  casl  d!  tyoe  Amtr   Mus    1747 
™«tor»dtrom  Amer.  Mu;    13737    re,  I 


Fig.  1.     Type  molar  of  Elephas  columbi,  right  M3,  drawn  from 
the  inner  side.     One-fourth  natural  sire. 


Elephas  imperator  Leidy,  1858.    Type  in  National  Museum  185;   cast  in  American 

Museum  2568. 
Elephas  tr.cia/ius  Owen,    1859.     Noinen  nudum;    name  only   without   definition  or 

designation  of  type. 
Elephas  hayi  Barbour,  1915.     Excellent  figure  and  description.     Nebraska  Museum. 

Regarded  as  a  primitive  form  related  to  Elephas  imperator. 

The  present  article  relates  explicitly  to  the  type  characters  of  Ele- 
phas columbi,  of  E.  imperator,  and  of  the  American  specimens  referred  to 
E.  primigenius,  three  species  which  have  become  more  or  less  confused 
in  all  the  previous  literature  because  the  characters  of  the  type  specimens 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES 


[No.  41 


•  ;••• 


itmmil  from  Am*r.  Mu*.  13707  itev.1 


Amv.  Mm  13707 
N«Xyp» 


Fin.  2.     A.  Typi-  molar  of  Elephaa  colutibi,  rrown  view.    B,  Neotype 
molar,  Mj,  of  the  left  side,  crown  view.     One-fourth  natural  size. 


have  not  beeD  precisely  determined  and  compared.  The  object  of  the 
present  communication  i>  to  clear  up  this  confusion  and  to  propose 
Elephas  jeffersonii  as  a  new  sjx'cios  of  American  Pleistocene  mammoth. 


Typi  Characters  of  Ehphtu  cciumbi 
Th«-  type  characters  of  this  Bpecies  arc  clearly  shown  in  the  accom- 
panying figures.   The  type  is  a  third  lower  molar  of  the  righ.1  side,  with 
portions  of  eleven  ridge-plates  <>ut  of  an  original  total  of  sixteen  or  seven- 
.  thtsisshowi  by  oompariaon  with  the  neotype  (Amer.  Mus.  13707), 

which  00  Ociated  upper  and  lower  molars  found    in    the 

phosphate  b<  Charleston,  B.  C.     In  these  specimens  the  ridge 

formula  if      M  3         [",  as  shown  in  Figs.  1   8.    The  ridge-plates  do  no1 

i\  in  i<Mi  nun.    in  the  unworn  condition  I  Fig.  8),  in  which  only 
eigjhl  ridge-plat^  ome  into  use,  the  third  superior  and  inferior 

moiai-  are  relative^  ihorl  anteroposterioi ly  and  deep  vertically,  be- 

ridge-plat< 


1922] 


AMERICAN  PLEISTOCENE  MAMMOTHS 


We  thus  find  by  the  characters  of  the  type  and  neotype  specimens 
that  the  real  Elephas  columbi  is  not  the  animal  we  have  been  describing 
under  this  name;  it  is  a  dwarf  form,  perhaps  a  dwarf  female,  of  the 
animal  which  we  have  been  describing  under  the  name  Elephas  imperator. 


Neotype 
Amer.  Mus.  13707 


Neotype 

Amor.  Mus.  13707 
<outer  viewl 


Fig.  3.     Neotype  molars  of  Elei>hus  rolum'ti.     C,  External  view  of  M3 

trrnal   view   of  Mj;  sume  to  >th  as  Fig.  2,  B.      One-fourth  natural  size. 


B,  Ex- 


(  uaracters  of  the  Elephas  imperator  Type 
We  are  indebted  to  the  National  Museum  for  the  loan  of  the  Elephas 
imperator  type  specimen  (Fig.  4),  enabling  us  to  determine  exactly  to 
what  portion  of  the  complete  neotype  tooth  (Fig.  5)  this  ancient  and 
much  battered  type  belonged;  the  eight  ridge-plates  of  the  type  which 
are  preserved,  in  comparison  with  those  of  the  neotype  (Amer.  Mus. 


AM  ERIC  AX  MUSEUM  XOVITATES 


[No.  41 


E.  imoerator 
Nat.  Mus.  185,  Type  (shaded) 
Amer.  Mus.  11871,  rev.  (outline 


Fiic.  •*•     A.  Typo  molar,  right  M1,  of  Elephat  imptrattt  crown  view.  A  1,  Type  molar  (shaded) 
placed  in  position  with  Ipm  worn  (unnhaded)  neotype  molar,  both  belonging  to  M"  of  the  right  side. 


11^71),  constitute  the  anteroposterior  portion  of  a  much-worn  molar, 
M*  of  the  right  side,  in  which  thirteen  ridge-plates  were  in  use  outof  an 
estimated  tnta!  <it  seventeen.  (  H  these  plates  five  occupy  a  line  100  nun. 
long;  thil  il  because  the  ridge-plates  are  arcuate  and  widest  apart  in  the 
middle  portion  of  the  crown.  The  neotype  tooth  (Amer.  Mus.  11871), 
from  Guadalajara,  JatisOO,  Mexico,  appears  to  attain  the  full  size  of  the 

-upeiior  grinderi  of  th&i  ipeciei  of  rnammoth;  the  ridge  formula  may  be 
written  M  .;  *.  This  accords  with  the  actual  average  count  of  the 
rfdft-platel  m    I  utur    l.y    Hay    (101  I)    and    l»y    Osborn    (1921- 

I'tjj  mi  individual-  which  can  without  question  he  referred  to  E.  im- 
pernt'        I  kmbtleM  ipeciliH'iis  may  l»  found  with  the  ridge-plate  formula 


1922] 


AMERICAN  PLEISTOCENE  MAMMOTHS 


Neotype 

Amer.  Mus.  11871 
(inner  view) 


1/4.  nat.  size 


Fig.  5.     B  2,  Neotype  molar  of  ffllJtftM  imi>erutor,    M3  of    the  right  side,   inner   viiw 
same,  crown  view.     One-fourth  natural  size. 


B,    The 


M  3  ft-  In  the  neotype  (Fig.  5)  thirteen  plates  were  in  use;  in  the  re- 
ferred skull  (Amer.  Mus.  14476)  fifteen  plates  were  in  use  (Fig.  6B); 
in  the  referred  lower  jaw  (Amer.  Mus.  14558)  fifteen  plates  were  in  use 
(Fig.  6A).  The  total  ridge-plates  in  Mj  attain  nineteen,  as  clearly  shown 
in  Fig.  6A;  thus  we  have  the  following  ridge  formulae: 

Ancestral  Elephas  meridionaiis  of  western  Europe  M  3  t 1.\  \ ; 
Elephas  columbi  of  southern  United  States  M  3  \l~.\*;  typical  Elephas 
imperaior  M  3  r^ii- 

The  cranial  characters  observed  in  three  more  or  less  complete  skulls 
referred  to  Elephas  imperaior  tend  to  support  the  direct  descent  of  this 
animal  from  the  E.  meridionaUi  of  the  Val  d'Arno,  Upper  Pliocene  of 
Italy. 


1922] 


AMERICAN  PLEISTOCENE  MAMMOTHS 


A2       Amer.  Mus.  13749   Ref. 
tinner  view) 


*    5  S   7  89  ,4     '6 

A  Amer.  Mus.  13749   Ret 


*   S-e«7=6_9 


Fig.  7.     Right  third  superior  molar,  M3,  of  Elephas  primigenius,  Alaska,  showing  the  maximum 
compression  of  the  ridge-plates.     One-fourth  natural  siie. 

Characters  of  American  Specimens  Referred  to  Elephas  primigenius 
Elephas  primigenius,  which  ranged  through  the  entire  Pleistocene 
epoch,  from  the  Lower  Pleistocene  forest-bed  deposits  of  East  Britain 
to  the  southerly  range  of  this  animal  in  the  middle  United  States,  is  a 
collective  species  embracing  an  undoubted  progressive  evolution  and 
intensification  of  its  specific  characters  extending  over  a  very  long  period 
of  time.  It  exhibits  various  extremes  of  fore-and-aft  compression  of  the 
cranium,  with  related  fore-and-aft  compression  of  the  grinding  teeth. 
The  cranium  is  high,  pointed  at  the  summit,  relatively  narrow,  and  rela- 
tively deep.  The  forehead  from  the  peak  of  the  cranium  to  the  extremity 
of  the  nasals  is  relatively  elongate  and  slightly  concave.  Including  with- 
in the  definition  all  the  specimens  observed  by  Hay  (1914)  and  by 
Osborn  (1921-1922)  which  may  certainly  be  included  within  this  col- 
lective species,  the  collective  ridge  formula  of  the  last  two  molar  teeth 


is: 


M2H?; 


M3 


Compression. — As  compared  with  E.  columbi  and  E.  imperator,  10 
ridge-plates  are  compressed  into  a  line  100  mm.  in  length;  the  most 
highly  compressed  tooth  observed  by  Osborn  is  an  M3  from  Alaska  (Amer. 
Mus.  13749)  in  which  13  ridge-plates  are  compressed  into  a  line  100  mm. 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES 


[No.  41 


Amer.  Mus.  14559  Ref 
(outer  view' 


14  net.  size 


ittK  itii'i  third  tuptrioi  molnra  of  i  in-  right  ild»  of  Ktphtt  pHmfetntwa,  Indiana      \  i, 
-.  »■ »  (bowing  twi  ■i«i--pliiii'«  i.i  m       t.  Crown  vitu  ihowing  M*  with  eight  ridge* 

i   with  nun  ridge-plate*  in  um    One-fourtfa  natural 


1922]  AMERICAN  PLEISTOCENE  MAMMOTHS  9 

in  length  (Fig.  7);  a  similar  condition  prevails  in  a  female  skull  from 
Indiana  (Amer.  Mus.  14559)  in  which  13  ridge-plates  are  compressed 
into  a  100  mm.  space,  the  total  number  of  ridge-plates  rising  to  27  (Fig. 
8).  The  prevailing  condition,  however,  is  of  the  kind  shown  in  Fig.  9, 
namely,  Amer.  Mus.  13752,  from  Alaska,  in  Which  the  ridge  formula  is 
M  3  — ,  here  figured  with  a  lower  molar  (Amer.  Mus.  14371)  in  which  the 
ridge  formula  is  M  3^^;  in  these  specimens  there  are  10  plates  in  a  100 
mm.  line;  these  less  compressed  molars  are  arcuate,  thus  the  count  of 
the  ridge-plates  is  greater  on  the  concave  side  of  the  tooth  and  smaller 
on  the  convex  side. 

For  example,  an  M3  (Amer.  Mus.  1065G)  from  Germany  is  as 
follows : 

10  ridge-plates  in  100  mm.  on  the  outer  convex  surface, 

11  ridge-plates  on  the  horizontal  coronal  surface, 

12  ridge-plates  on  the  inner  concave  surface. 

In  the  highly  compressed  upper  tooth  (Amer.  Mus.  13749),  M3, 
from  Alaska,  the  count  on  all  three  measurements  is  the  same,  namely: 

13  ridge-plates  in  100  mm.  on  the  outer  convex  surface, 

13  ridge-plates  in  100  mm.  on  the  horizontal  coronal  surface, 
13  ridge-plates  in  100  mm.  on  the  inner  concave  surface. 

These  M3  conditions  are  reversed  in  counting  the  ridge-plates  in  the 
lower  molars,  M3,  in  which  the  outer  surface  is  concave  and  the  inner 
surface  is  convex.  For  example,  in  an  M3  from  Alaska  (Amer.  Mus. 
14343)  the  count  is  as  follows: 

10  ridge-plates  in  100  mm.  on  the  outer  concave  surface, 
10  ridge-plates  in  100  mm.  on  the  horizontal  coronal  surface, 
8-9  ridge-plates  in  100  mm.  on  the  inner  convex  surface. 

It  follows  from  the  above  observations  that  the  horizontal  coronal 
section  gives,  as  a  rule,  an  average  between  the  inner  and  outer  sides; 
the  average  in  E.  primigenitu  is  10  ridge-plates  in  100  mm.,  the  minimum 
observed  is  8  in  100  mm.,  the  maximum  observed  is  13  in  100  mm.  This 
range  of  compression  applies  to  fifteen  specimens  ranging  through 
England,  Germany,  Siberia,  Alaska.  Ohio,  and  Indiana. 

The  worn  coronal  surface  is  sometimes  fully  horizontal,  i.  e.,  at 
right  angles  to  the  perpendicular  ridge-plates;  in  such  ease  it  registers 
the  exact  distance  between  the  plates.  In  other  cases  the  wear  is 
obliquely  horizontal;  in  which  case  it  increases  the  actual  distance 
between  the  plates.  It  is  important  to  note  also  that  the  ridge-plates  are 
arcuate  and  more  closely  compressed  towards  their  summits;  thus  more 
ridge-plates  may  be  counted  in  100  mm.  at  the  summit  of  the  crown  than 


10 


AMER1CAX  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  41 


2      3  >iS7,»     9    10    "    12    '3    U    15     „, 


All  1/4  nat.  size 


22   Amer.  Mus.  13752    Ret. 

23 


Amer.  Mus.  13752    Re. 
(inner  view) 


Am*.  Mut    U371    R«f 


I  mf >  i H.t  m<  M:i-k.i.  c.i  ItM oornpreiitd 

.ir.  tbown  i  ii  \  n«.  twt  ••   i  \  .'.  Inner 

%  i. l.in I       H    I  ...... 


1922]  AMERICAN  PLEISTOCENE  MAMMOTHS  11 

at  the  base  of  the  crown,  and  as  a  rule  the  ridge-plate  count  should  be 
taken  midway  between  the  summit  and  the  base,  both  on  the  inner  and 
outer  sides. 

Elephas  jeffersonii,  new  species 
The  above  diagnoses  of  the  real  specific  characters  of  the  grinding  teeth  of  Elephas 
columbi  (closely  related  to  if  not  identical  with  E.  imperator)  and  of  the  true  E. 
primigenius  leaves  without  a  name  the  animal  which  previously  has  been  described 
in  all  the  literature  (excepting  Soergel's  recent  Memoir)  as  Elephas  '"columbi." 


Fiji.  10.     Type  skeleton  of  Elephas  jeffersonii  (Amer  Mus.  9950)  as  mounted  in  the  American 
Museum,     Reduced  to  oi<e-fifty-*ecor.d  natural  - 


This  animal  is  better  known  than  either  of  the  others;  it  is  represented  in  all  the 
collections  of  the  principal  museums  of  the  United  States,  as  described  by  Hay 
(1914),  and  particularly  in  the  American  Museum  by  four  especially  fine  specimens. 
Of  these  we  select  as  the  type  Amer.  Mus.  9060,  including  the  skull,  jaws,  and  greater 
part  of  the  skeleton  (Fig.  10),  found  near  Jonesboro,  Indiana,  on  the  farm  of  Dora 
S.  (iift;  purchased  for  the  Museum  with  the  Jesup  Fund  in  1904,  restored  and  mounted 
in  1906;  described  by  Osborn  in  1907  as  Eh  pitas  eohtmbi,  determined  by  Hay 
(1914)  as  Elephas  prhnigtnius. 

As  the  paratype  of  this  species  we  select  a  pair  of  upper  and  lower  grinding  teeth 
of  both  sides  (Amer.  Mus.  10457)  acquired  with  the  Warren  Collection  in  1906  and 
described  by  Warren  in  1855  (p.  163,  PI.  xxvm,  fig.  C)  as  Elephas  " primigenius." 


12  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  41 

This  typical  American  species  is  named  in  honor  of  the  third  president  of  the 
United  States,  Thomas  Jefferson,  in  commemoration  of  his  long-continued  devotion 
to  mammalian  palaeontology. 

The  paratype  (Amer.  Mus.  10457)  best  affords  comparison  with  the  species  diag- 
nosed above;  the  ridge  formula  is  M  3  24f^26  the  right  lower  M3,  (Fig.  11  B2)  pre- 
senting the  last  lower  ridge-plates  more  fully  developed  than  in  the  left  lower  molar 
(Fig.  11  Bl).  It  is  interesting  to  observe  (Fig.  12  A,  B),  that  these  same  paratype 
molars  show  eighteen  ridge-plates  in  use  in  both  M3  and  M3,  but  that  the  superior 
molars  show  four  to  five  ridge-plates  in  excess  of  the  inferior  molars,  the  formula 
being  M  3  2  ^.°2  6 .  The  compression  of  the  ridge-plates  is  directly  intermediate 
between  that  of  E.  columbi-E.  imperator  and  that  of  E.  primigenius,  namely,  7  ridge- 
plates  in  100  mm. ;  in  order  to  compare  this  compression  with  the  ridge-plate  measure- 
ment given  by  Hay  (1914)  in  his  description  of  "Elephas  columbi"  the  inner,  outer, 
and  horizontal  measurement  is  as  follows : 

Paratype  Type 

M3  outer  convex  surface,  7-8  ridge-plates  in  100 
mm. 
oblique  mid-coronal  surface,  8-8)^  ridge- 
plates  in  100  mm. 
inner  concave  surface,  9-10  ridge-plates  in 
100  mm. 
M3  outer  concave  surface,  6%-7  ridge-plates  in 

100  nmi  8  ridge-plates  in  100  mm. 

oblique  mid-coronal  surface,  7-7%  ridge- 
plates  iii  1(10  mm.  7-7j>2  ridge-plates  in  100  mm. 
inner  convex  surface,  O-6/2  ridge-plates  in 

100  nun.  7  ridge-plates  111  KM)  nun. 

This  compression,  with  an  average  of  7-8   ridge-plates   in    100   mm.,    concurs 

with  the  measurements  given  by  Hay  in  nine  of  the  specimens  iii  the  National  Mu- 
seum, namely,  7-8  ridue-plates  in  KM)  nun.1  Comparing  the  type  ridge-plate  formula 
of  E.  ji  JJn-.-iHiii,  M  .',  ._,  i'.'j.p  with  that  of  E.  primigenius,  M3  If  jj  \  \  *,  we  observe  that 
the  Dumber  of  ridge-plates  is  similar  but  the  lesser  compression  of  ridge-plates  in  /•.'. 
ytfitrsonii,  namely,  7:KM),  as  compared  with  /•.'.  primigenius,  10:100,  IS  correlated  With 
the  relatively  long,  gently  arcuate  grinders  of  E.  jefft  rsonii  as  compared  with  the  short, 
deep,  strongly  ooncavooonvex  grinders  of  E.  prtmtyentue.  The  paratype  molars  of 
■nn  in  which  eighteen  upper  and  Lower  plates  simultaneously  come  into  use 
eompare  closely  in  measurement  and  character  with  the  type  molars  of  K.jefferaonii 
m  which  only  sixteen  plates  have  come  into  use.  in  the  lower  molars  of  the  type 
\i  n  plates  in  use  indicate  thai  the  animal  was  of  about  the 

same  age  as  the  paratype  in  which  eighteen  plate-  were  m  use: 
7  ridge-plates  in  kmi  mm,  on  the  convex  inner  side, 
7-7 '   ridge-plates  obliquely  worn  on  mid-coronal  surface, 
B  ridge-plates  In  kn>  nun  mi  the  concave  outer  side. 

In  counting!  1  u\   i<>  oount  the  ridgei 

.   •>.!.•  .,(  it,.    •  down  hihI  »l    nulil    iuikIi'm    Willi    llic   pl:il.->  II.    .1.  . 

*tni<<  wh»th»t  hi*  1  ounl  i»  uniforml)  ontni  outer  tide  ofthe  tooth,  which  make* 

•  illfTrfrlm    11I   I  mil,   mir   lull,-.  I  In-   ,  , .  <  1  lit  ,    lln   flu  ,»  n   :il .. 


1922J  AMERICAN  PLEISTOCENE  MAMMOTHS  13 


Paratype 

Amer.  Mus.  10457 
(outer  view> 


1'4  nat.  size 


Paratype 
Amer.  Mus.  10457 
(inner  view) 

Fig.  11.     Paratype  molars  of  Elephas  jeffer»onii,  M*,  Mj,  of  the  same  individual,  Amer.  Mus. 
Warren  Coll.,  Zanesville,  Ohio. 


14 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOV  IT  ATE  S  [No.  41 


Amsr.  Mus.  10457 


A-n«r   Mut.  1041* 


Ki«    U       I'utntM  Klrpha*  jijfrr.wiM,  tin-  MOM  •PMUmB*  M   in    Fig.  11.        A.    CtOWD 

.flt-ft  «ii|mti<ii   ini.lnr.    M'        M.  '   i'i»ii  vn«»  nf  nulit  iiml  li-ft  iiili-ri.if    iimhii.-v     Both    iippi-t     in. I 

.ill.  ii.-i  t  in  :i  I  aige. 


1922]  AMERICAN  PLEISTOCENE  MAMMOTHS  15 

Cranial  Characters. — Still  more  obvious  are  the  differences  between  the  rela- 
tively long,  broad,  and  shallow  crania  of  E.  jeffersortii  and  the  relatively  short,  nar- 
row, and  deep  crania  of  E.  primigenius,  proportions  which  are  correlated  respectively 
with  the  corresponding  proportions  just  described  and  figured  in  the  teeth. 

The  four  complete  skulls  of  this  species  known  to  the  writer  are  those  of  (1)  in 
the  type  mounted  skeleton  (Amer.  Mus.  9950) ;  (2)  the  fine  male  skull  associated  with 
the  jaws  and  a  large  part  of  the  skeleton  (Amer.  Mus.  Cope  Coll.  8681)  from  Whit* 
man  Counly,  Washington,  now  labeled  "Blephascdhunbi";  (3)  the  young  male  skull 
(Amer.  Mus.  Cope  Coll.  14475)  from  Dallas,  Texas,  also  labeled  "Stephen  columbi." 
(4)  To  these  should  be  added  the  very  large  male  skull  |  Nat.  Mus.  10261)  collected 
near  Cincinnati,  Ohio;  in  this  specimen  the  ridge  formula  is  M  3  S-9 ;  seventeen  plates 
were  in  use;  the  compression  of  the  grinding  teeth  is  greater,  namely: 

9  ridge-plates  in  100  mm.  on  the  outer  side,  at  the  worn  edge, 
9  ridge-plates  in  100  mm.  on  the  worn  mid-coronal  surface. 

The  cranial  characters  of  this  specimen  are  entirely  similar  to  those  of  the  three  skulls 
in  the  American  Museum  collections,  except  that  it  is  larger  and  more  robust. 

Conclusion 

The  American  elephant  heretofore  widely  known  as  u  Elephas 
colambi,"  the  Columbian  Mammoth,  will  hereafter  be  known  as  Elephas 
jeffersonii,  the  Jeffersonian  Mammoth.  The  question  whether  the  ani- 
mal heretofore  known  as  Elephas  imperator,  the  Imperial  Mammoth, 
shall  hereafter  become  known  as  the  Columbian  Mammoth  under  the 
law  of  priority,  must  remain  open  for  the  present.  (  Vrtainly  the  real  type 
of  Elephas  columbi  represents  an  animal  very  close  to  the  real  type  of 
Elephas  imperator,  but  inasmuch  as  the  type  and  neotype  of  Elephas 
columbi  belong  to  dwarfed  individuals,  it  is  possible  that  when  tl 
animals  become  more  fully  known  we  shall  find  that  Elephas  columbi 
and  Elephas  imperator- may  be  maintained  distinct,  as  it  is  eminently 
desirable  they  should. 

Bibliographic  Note. — The  first  revision  of  the  Pleistocene  mam- 
moths and  mastodons  of  America  by  Dr.  O.  P.  Hay  is  to  be  found  in 
'The  Pleistocene  Mammals  of  Iowa,'  Iowa  Geological  Survey,  Vol. 
XXIII,  Annual  Report,  1912,  by  O.  P.  Hay,  Research  Associate  of  the 
Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington,  published  in  1914.  The  second 
revision  by  the  same  author  is  entitled  'Descriptions  of  Some  Pleistocene 
Vertebrates  Found  in  the  United  States,'  Proceedings  of  the  United 
States  National  Museum,  Vol.  LVIII,  No.  2328,  by  O.  P.  Hay,  Associate 
of  the  Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington,  published  in  1920.  The 
section  devoted  to  the  Proboscidea  in  the  1914  Memoir,  pp.  328^49, 
Pis.  xliii-xlix,  was  prepared  after  the  author  had  examined  all  the 


16  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  41 

chief  collections  in  the  United  States  including  the  Pleistocene  collec- 
tions in  the  American  Museum. 

The  manuscript  of  the  present  article  in  the  American  Museum 
Novitates  was  sent  to  the  American  Museum  Press  in  its  present 
form  on  June  12,  1922. 


AMERICAN   MUSEUM   NOVITATES 

No.  42 


DISCOVERY  OF  CRETACEOUS  AND  OLDER 
TERTIARY  STRATA  IN  MONGOLIA 

By  Walter  Granger  and  Charles  P.  Berkey 


Issued  August  7,  1922 


By  Order  of  the  Trustees 

of 

THE  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 
New  York  City 


AMERICAN    MUSEUM    NOVITATES 

Number  42  August  7,  1922 

56.(117:51.7) 

DISCOVERY  OF  CRETACEOUS  AND  OLDER  TERTIARY 
STRATA  IN  MONGOLIA1 

By  Walter  Granger  and  Charles  P.  Berkey 

The  American  Museum  commenced  its  natural  history  explorations 
in  Asia  in  1916.  The  First  and  Second  Asiatic  Expeditions  in  charge  of 
Roy  Chapman  Andrews  in  1916-1917  and  1918-1919,  were  engaged  in 
zoological  exploration  and  in  laying  the  foundations  for  broader  work. 
The  Third  Asiatic  Expedition,  sent  out  by  The  American  Museum  of 
Natural  History,  the  American  Asiatic  Association,  and  Asia  Magazine, 
has  included  zoology,  palaeontology,  geology,  and  geography  under  the 
leadership  of  Mr.  Andrews,  with  Walter  Granger  as  palaeontologist, 
Charles  P.  Berkey  as  geologist  and  Frederick  K.  Morris  as  topographer, 
and  other  cognate  lines  of  research  may  be  taken  up  when  the  results  of 
reconnaissance  warrant  it. 

The  scientific  results  of  these  expeditions  will  be  published  in 
numbered  sequence  as  indicated  below.  The  following  reports  or  con- 
tributions have  already  been  published : 

(No.   1)   'New  Chinese  Fishes.'     By  John  Treadwell  Nichols.      Proc.  Biol.  Soc. 

Washington,  XXXI,  pp.  15-20,  May  16,  1918. 
(No.  2)  'Description  of  a  New  Species  of  Serow  from  Yiin-nan  Province,  China.' 

By  Roy  Chapman  Andrews.    American  Museum  Novitates,  No.  6,  March  24, 

1921. 
(No.  3)  'The  Birds  of  The  American  Museum  of  Natural  History's  Asiatic  Zoological 

Expedition  of  1916-1917.'    By  Outram  Bangs.    Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat,  Hist., 

XLIV,  Art.  20,  pp.  575-612,  December  30,  1921. 
(No.  4)  'Description  of  a  New  Loach  from  North-eastern  China.'     By  Henry  W. 

Fowler,  American  Museum  Novitates,  No.  38,  May  25,  1922. 

Reconnaissance  Expedition  in  Mongolia 
On  April  21,  1922,  the  Third  Asiatic  Expedition  left  Kalgan,  North 
China,  for  its  announced  reconnaissance  trip  into  Mongolia.  It  is 
planned  to  devote  the  first  three  weeks  of  the  season  to  observations  along 
the  regular  caravan  route  between  Kalgan  and  Urga,  the  capital  of 
Mongolia,  and  the  rest  of  the  season  to  points  scattered  far  to  the  west, 
perhaps  even  as  far  west  as  Ulyosutai  and  Kobdo  and  the  eastward 
extension  of  the  Altai  mountains. 

'Contribution  No.  5.     Asiatic  Expeditions  of  The  American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 


2  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  42 

The  chief  effort  of  the  present  season  is  to  be  devoted  ■  o  geology, 
palaeontology,  geography,  and  zoology,  but  other  scientific  interests  will 
be  cared  for  in  subsequent  seasons  if  the  reconnaissance  warrants  such 
expansion.  It  is  believed  that  fields  inviting  more  extended  and  detailed 
work  will  be  discovered  and  that  the  reconnaissance  will  furnish  a  basis 
for  final  plans  and  indicate  the  nature  of  the  problems  that  promise  best 
results. 

At  the  close  of  the  season  President  Henry  Fairfield  Osborn  is  ex- 
pected to  join  the  expedition  staff  at  the  headquarters  in  Peking  and  will 
take  an  important  part  in  the  conferences  in  which  plans  for  the  next  three 
years  w  11  be  formulated. 

The  scientific  staff  on  the  present  reconnaissance  includes  Roy 
Chapman  Andrews,  zoologist,  Walter  Granger,  palaeontologist,  Charles 
P.  Berkey  geologist,  and  Frederick  K.  Morris,  physiographer. 

It  is  hoped  that  there  may  be  opportunity  to  send  short  notes  of 
observations  or  discoveries  of  special  interest  directly  from  the  field  but, 
in  any  case,  a  summary  of  the  season's  results  will  be  issued  with  little 
delay  on  the  return  of  the  Expedition. 

Cretaceous  Strata  in  Eastern  Asia. — The  Third  Asiatic  Expedi- 
tion announces,  under  date  of  May  3,  1922,  that  strata  of  Cretaceous 
age,  overlain  by  two  distinct  Tertiary  formations,  have  been  discovered 
in  the  Gobi  region  of  southeastern  Mongolia. 

They  were  found  on  the  outbound  trip  from  Kalgan  to  Urga  at  a 
point  about  260  miles  northwest  of  Kalgan.  Strata  of  Cretaceous  age  are 
wholly  unknown  in  Eastern  Asia,  as  far  as  the  writers  are  aware,  and  be- 
cause of  the  apparent  importance  of  the  find,  it  was  decided  to  leave  the 
geologists  in  camp  at  this  place  while  the  rest  of  the  party  moved  on. 
Accordingly  Messrs.  Berkey,  Granger,  and  Morris  spent  a  week  in  addi- 
tional inspection  of  the  ground  and  furnish  the  notes  for  this  memoran- 
dum. 

Th  best  exposures  <>i  the  Cretaceous  formation  are  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  small  salt  marsh  lien  Dabasu,  where  a  total  thickness  of  about  150 
feet  of  nearly  horizontal  strata  is  judged  to  be  of  this  age.  Tertiary  beds 
i  ot  older  than  the  Miocene  lie  on  top  of  the  (  Yetaceous  strata  and  are 

best  e\|X)»ed  about  five  miles  south  of  Iren.   Twenty  miles  farther  south 

early  Tcrl  iary  bed*  were  found  in  essent  ially  t  he  same  relation. 

In  each  occurrence  Of  the  Tertiary  beds  only  a  single  horizon  has 

furnished  determinative  fossils,  but  in  the  Cretaceous  formation  below, 

theft  I    least   two  fossil  bone-bearing  horizons.     Fortunately    the 

fauml  evidence  ii  unmistakable,    otherwise  the  widely  different  age 


1922]       CRETACEOUS  AND  TERTIARY  IN  MONGOLIA  3 

relations  of  the  strata  would  not  be  suspected,  for  the  corresponding 
physical  breaks  are  inconspicuous  and  the  beds  are  almost  perfectly  con- 
formable. 

The  structural  basin  in  which  these  strata  lie  measures  forty  miles 
across  from  north  to  south  and  is  floored  with  ancient  slates  and  lime- 
stones of  extremely  complicated  deformation  structure.  This  is  only  one 
of  six  basins  of  similar  form  and  relation  between  Kalgan  and  Iren  but  it 
is  much  the  longest  one  and  the  only  one  in  which,  thus  far,  the  presence 
of  strata  of  Cretaceous  age  has  been  proven. 

In  the  vicinity  of  the  small  salt  lake  Iren  Dabasu,  the  Cretaceous 
beds  lie  immediately  on  the  slate  floor  of  the  basin  and  between  this  base 
and  the  first  determinable  beds  of  later  age,  in  this  case  late  Tertiary, 
about  150  feet  of  strata  are  exposed.  The  bottom  members  are  doini- 
nantly  sands  and  sandstones,  prevailingly  thin-bedded,  some  of  which 
are  strongly  cross-bedded  and  well  cemented.  The  middle  members  be- 
come finer  grained,  more  mixed  with  clay  and  more  variable  in  color. 
The  upper  beds  are  dominantly  clays  and  sandy  clays  and  very  fine  sands, 
varying  in  color  from  white  to  dark  red  and  drab  and  yellowish  green. 
No  less  than  twenty  distinct  beds  or  layers  can  thus  be  distinguished, 
all  of  which  are  regarded  as  belonging  to  a  single  geologic  formation. 

Only  the  lower  members  of  this  formation  have  been  found  to  be 
fossiliferous.    The  list  includes: 

1. — Predentate  dinosaurs,  probably  of  the  bipedal  type. 
2. — Carnivorous  dinosaurs  of  at  least  two  genera,  the  smaller  one 
being  of  the  Ornithomimus  type. 
3. — Crocodiles. 

4. — Turtles  of  the  Trionyx  type. 
5. — A  few  pelecypod  shells. 

Obretcheff,  the  Russian  geologist,  who  gives  an  account  of  a  recon- 
naissance trip  over  this  same  route  from  Ude  to  Kalgan,  describes  sedi- 
mentary beds  at  many  places,  always  referring  to  them  as  representa- 
tives of  the  Gobi  formation.  His  only  age  determination,  however,  was 
made  on  the  basis  of  a  few  fragments  of  Rhinoceros,  found  at  the  escarp- 
ment five  miles  south  of  Iren.  These  remains  were  judged  by  Eduard 
Suess,  to  whom  they  were  referred,  to  indicate  an  age  not  earlier  than  the 
Miocene.  The  Tertiary  age  of  the  rest  of  the  occurrences  mentioned  by 
him  seems  to  have  been  taken  for  granted  and  apparently  that  is  in 
general  correct,  but  it  is  evident  that  the  Gobi  formation  cannot  properly 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES 


[No.  42 


include  strata  of  both  Tertiary  and  Cretaceous  ages.  It  is  clear  also  that 
the  term  Gobi  formation  or  Gobi  series  is  properly  applied  to  the  Tertiary 
beds  instead  of  to  those  of  Cretaceous  age.  The  rinding  of  a  Cretaceous 
formation  below  makes  a  new  designation  necessary.  For  this  purpose 
nothing  seems  to  be  as  appropriate  as  the  name  of  this  locality.  We 
therefore  propose  the  term  Iren  Dabasu  formation  for  these  beds. 


Fig.  1.     Sketch  map  showing  location  of  type  sections  of  Iren  Dabasu  Formation  (Cretaceous)  1 ; 
Intin  Manila  Formation  (Eocene)  2;   Houldjin   Formation  (Miocene)  3. 


Thk  Hchuuin  Beds  (Middle  Tertiary). — For  the  late  Tertiary 
bedi  found  five  miles  farther  south  and  belonging  to  the  Gobi  Series  of 
Obreteheff  we  propose  the  term  HoiLiuiN  Beds,  taken  from  the  local 
name  of  the  upland  formed  by  these  beds.  They  are  characterized  by  the 
following  fossil  oontenl : 

1. —  A  rhinoccrid. 

2. — A  large  carnivore. 

3. — An  art  lodactyl  of  t  he  size  of  a  Virginia  deer. 

4-  An  enormOUl  mammal,  probably  a  perissodactyl  and  possibly 

relatad  to  or  identical  with  BaluchMurium,  discovered  by  Forater  Cooper 
in  Baluchiftan. 

5. — A  tortoiBeof  large  lise. 


1922]      CRETACEOUS  AND  TERTIARY  IN  MONGOLIA  5 

There  is  a  sharp  physical  change  immediately  below  this  formation 
and  only  the  coarse  sandy  conglomeratic  member  at  the  very  base  has  been 
found  to  be  fossiliferous.    The  fossil  remains  are  unusually  fragmentary. 

Irdin  Manha  Formation  (Early  Tertiary). — For  the  early 
Tertiary  beds  found  twenty-five  miles  farther  south,  also  assumed 
properly  to  belong  to  Obretcheff's  Gobi  Series,  we  propose  to  use  the 
term  Irdin  Manha  formation.  It  appears  to  lie  immediately  on  Cre- 
taceous beds,  the  Iren  Dabasu  formation,  and  again  there  is  a  sharp 
change  in  type  of  rock.  The  beds  are  cross-bedded  sandstones,  limy 
sands  and  pebbly  sandstones.  Only  the  lower  member  has  been  found  to 
be  fossil-bearing .    It  is  characterized  by  the  following  forms : 

1. — Small  Lophiodonta  of  at  least  two  species  in  great  abundance. 

2. — A  perissodactyl  about  the  size  of  the  Upper  Eocene  titanotheres 
and  possibly  related  to  this  family. 

3. — A  small  artiodactyl. 

4. — A  small  creodont. 

5. — An  abundance  of  turtles  of  both  the  hard-shelled  and  roft- 
shelled  groups. 

6. — Teleost  fishes. 


The  geologic  column  for  the  Iren  Dabasu  basin  therefore  is  essen- 
tially as  in  the  following  table. 


Recent 

Uplift  and  Erosion 

Peneplanation 

Miocene  or    Upper  barren  sands 
Later          Rhinoceros  gravels 

25'  + 
5' 

25'  + 

4' 

The  Houldjin 
Formation 

The  Gobi 

Series 

Tertiary 

Oligocene  or  Upper  barren  sand- 
Eocene                   stones 

The  Lophiodont  bed 

The  Irdin 
Manha 
Formation 

Physical  and  Faunal  Break 

Cretaceous 

Upper  barren  members,  chiefly  clays, 
marls  and  fine  sands 

Lower  or  Dinosaur  beds,  chiefly  sands 
and  sandstones 

90' 
60' 

The  Iren 
Dabasu 
Formation 

Great  unconformity 

Pre- 

Cretaceous 

The  old-rock  floor,  chiefly  slates, 
limestones  and  igneous  rocks 

Probably 

The  Nank'- 

on  Series 

6  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  42 

Vertebrate  Fossils,  Additional  Details.1 — Remains  in  all  three 
beds  are  fragmentary,  decidedly  so  in  the  Houldjin  grave's,  but  they 
are  of  unusual  interest  apparently  and  we  have  taken  everything  which 
has  any  character.  Dinosaurs  are  represented  by  one  complete  tibia, 
ends  of  femora  and  humeri,  presacral  and  caudal  centra,  many  good  foot 
bones,  including  claws  of  fore  and  hind  feet,  portions  of  a  small  carnivor- 
ous dinosaur  skull  with  two  or  three  teeth,  and  two  teeth  of  a  predentate, 
as  well  as  two  portions  of  jaw  with  the  alveoli  of  some  teeth,  also 
predentate.  Remains  of  the  small  Ornithomim ws-like  creature  are 
particularly  abundant  and  the  last  day  at  Iren  Dabasu  we  picked  up 
probably  fifty  good  foot  bones  and  centra  from  two  or  three  knolls.  We 
could  find  no  teeth  of  the  little  fellow  though — wonder  if  he  was  edenta- 
tate  like  Struthiomimns  ?  The  Cretaceous  exposures  are  very  limted  so  far 
as  we  could  see  .but  may,  of  course,  outcrop  in  other  basins  to  the  east 
or  west  of  the  road.  We  did  not  have  time  to  extend  our  work  in  either 
direction.    The  outcrops  we  did  see  will  stand  a  more  careful  going  over. 

The  Houldjin  gravels  are  exposed  as  a  rather  thin  capping  to  a  low 
bench  of  Cretaceous  which  we  followed  for  several  miles.  Things  are 
badly  broken  up  here — even  such  massive  bones  as  the  heads  of  femora 
and  humeri  were  usually  cracked  into  several  pieces  before  deposition. 
There  is  one  fine  bone — a  calcaneum  of  the  big  beast  which  would  be  a 
match  for  the  astragalus  of  Baluchitherium2  (?).  I  can  think  of  nothing 
else  to  which  it  might  belong.  It  is  as  long  as  the  great  Megatherium 
calcaneum  from  Long  Branch,  N.  J.,  but  is  not  edentate.  A  head  of  a 
femur  is  the  size  of  one's  head  and  other  limb  bone  ends  correspond. 
Some  enormous  rhinoceros  teeth  (broken)  may  belong  with  this  animal. 
Smaller  teeth  are  surely  Rhinoceros.  We  did  not  explore  the  full  length  of 
the  exposure  and  there  are  possibilities  in  excavation  at  one  or  two  points 
of  the  bluff  win-re  we  did  explore. 

The  I  rdiri  Manha  beds  offer  the  greatest  opportunity  for  future  work. 
Mammal'an  remaini  are  abundant  though  fragmentary  and  we  examined 
less  than  t  wo  miles  of  a  line  of  exposures  extending  many  miles  both  east 
and  west  of  tin-  t  rail.  A  small  lophiodont  (Hi'lah  /(.--like)  is  most  abund- 
ant and  we  got  Dumeroua  teeth  besides  two  mazillffi  (one  with  premaxiUa 
and  orbital  region)  and  a  few  lower  jaws,  also  numerous  oot  bones, 
Umb  bonei  and  Vertebra).  Next  in  abundance  is  a  pcrissodactyl,  looking 
much  like  our  hit"  Kocene  t itanotheres.    We  have  several  premolars, 

many  incomplete  tnolan  and  one  lower  jaw  with  p.(   in.,  in  fair  condition. 


i  l.\    Mi     \\  iillii  (  irimirrr.  iliilrtl  Mn.\    1  <».  I  ■  i .'  ■ 
•A  gigantic  pcrixxMlni'tyl  tlra  riliwl  t>)  '      \  ■■<   tcr  Coopi-i  from  Huluchittan, 


1922]        CRETACEOUS  AND  TERTIARY  IN  MONGOLIA        7 

Other  forms  are  curiously  rare,  a  creodont  lower  jaw  and  an  artiodactyl 
astragalus  or  two  being  the  only  things  noted.  Trionychids  are  common 
and  we  saw  a  complete  though  badly  broken  carapace  which  we  were 
hurrying  to  get  to  our  car  before  a  storm  overtook  us  the  last  day  we 
were  there.  We  made  three  trips  down  from  Iren  Dabasu  camp  but 
could  not  do  more  as  our  food  was  getting  short  and  we  had  to  join  the 
rest  of  the  party  here. 

Much  additional  detail  is  in  possession  of  the  Expedition  which 
will  appear  in  due  course,  and  it  is  expected  also  that  further  investiga- 
tion of  this  area  and  related  ones  will  be  made  at  a  later  time. 

The  Third  Asiatic  Expedition. 


\ 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES 

No.  43 


THE  SPECIES  AND   GEOGRAPHIC   RACES 
OF   STEGANUR.4 

By  James  P.  (  'hapix 


*  .4 

<  1  September  6,  1922  V^  j£ 


By  Order  of  the  Trustees 

of 

THE  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 
New  York  City 


I  \u\ty 


AMERICAN     MUSEUM     NOVITATES 

Number  43  September  6,  1922 

59.88.1S 

THE  SPECIES  AND  GEOGRAPHIC  RACES  OF  STEGANURA1 

By  James  P.  Chapin 

Despite  the  modern  tendency  toward  subdivision,  ornithologists 
have  come  to  think  of  the  paradise  whydah  as  a  single  species.  In  some 
recent  papers,  it  is  true,  a  northeast  African  subspecies  has  been  recog- 
nized, under  the  name  verreauxii,  and  some  authors,  too,  have  followed 
Professor  Oscar  Neumann2  in  calling  the  Senegal  bird  Steganura  paradisea 
aucupum.  Aside  from  the  browner  nape  of  aucupum,  the  characters  of 
these  subspecies  have  been  regarded  with  some  hesitation.  A  shorter 
wing  was  believed  to  distinguish  vernauxii  from  the  south  African 
paradisea.3 

Examination  of  the  series  of  Steganura  in  the  museums  of  Washing- 
ton, Philadelphia,  Cambridge  (Mass.),  London,  Tring,  Tervueren,  and 
Vienna,  in  addition  to  material  in  the  American  Museum,  has  confirmed 
my  view  as  to  the  existence  of  two  distinct  species;  and  in  Vienna  I  was 
surprised  to  find  a  very  broad-tailed  specimen  of  S.  aucupum,  collected 
by  Mr.  Rudolf  Grauer  at  Uvira,  on  the  north  end  of  Lake  Tanganyika. 
So  aucupum  is  not  confined  to  northwest  Africa,  but  extends,  I  find,  to 
Eritrea,  Angola,  and  even  Gazaland.  Furthermore,  its  range  is  inter- 
cepted on  the  west  by  the  great  Cameroon-Congo  forest,  where  no  para- 
dise whydah  occurs;  and  in  northeast,  east,  and  southern  Africa  its 
representatives  are  subspecifically  distinct  from  the  typical  Senegal 
bird.  S.  paradisaea  is  exclusively  east  and  south  African,  and  cannot  be 
subdivided. 

The  five  forms  of  the  genus  which  I  find  recognizable  are  shown  in 
Figure  1.  While  the  ranges  of  the  two  species  overlap  extensively,  every 
form  has  a  definite  geographic  distribution,  as  follows: 

Steganura  aucupum  twcupum    Senegal  to  Shari  River  region. 

S.  a.  loiu/icauda — Upper  I'cllc  District. 

S.  a.  nilotica — Kordofan  and  Blue  Nile  to  Eritrea. 

S.  a.  obtusa — Kenya  Colony  and  Lake  Kivu,  south  to  Gazaland  and  west  to 
Angola. 

Steganura  paradissea — Eritrea  and  Abyssinia  south  through  East  Africa  to  Cape 
Colony,  also  to  Damaraland  and  Angola  on  the  west. 

'Scientific  Results  of  the  American  Museum  Congo  Expedition.     Ornithology,  Xo.  7. 
=  1908,  Hull.  Brit.  Or.,.  CI.,  XXI,  p.  43. 
3Sclater  and  Praed.,  1918,  Ibis,  pp.  459-460. 


a  o  a  =  I. 
aa  aa  ad  ap  aa 

I   I   I   I   I 

<KOQK 


1922]  GEOGRAPHIC  RACES  OF  STEGANURA  3 

The  adult  males  differ  most  markedly  in  the  form  and  dimensions 
of  the  long  tail  feathers,  which  are  relatively  constant  in  each  subspecies 
when  once  they  have  reached  their  full  growth.  But  S.  a.  niloiica  and 
S.  paradissea  are  also  distinguished  by  their  yellower  hind-necks;  and 
S.  a.  obtusa  has  a  decidedly  longer  wing  than  any  other  form. 

My  interest  was  first  aroused  in  this  question  by  the  specimens  of 
paradise  whydah  which  Mr.  Herbert  Lang  and  I  collected  in  the  north- 
eastern corner  of  the  Belgian  Congo.  They  are  clearly  nearest  the 
Senegal  form,  though  coming  from  so  nearly  the  center  of  Africa.  They 
agree  in  the  brownish  color  of  the  nape;  but  a  far  better  character  is 
the  shape  of  the  longest  pair  of  rectrices,  which  do  not  taper  towards  the 
tip  in  aucupum,  as  in  so  many  of  the  birds  from  eastern  and  southern 
Africa.  Strangely  enough  this  distinction  was  not  even  mentioned  by 
Neumann. 

I  am  by  no  means  the  first  to  make  this  fact  known.  One  would 
think  that  Linnaeus  might  have  noticed  it,  for  his  description  of  Emberiza 
paradisxa,  in  'Systema  Naturae.'  10th  edition,  1758,  p.  178,  was  based 
on  figures  of  earlier  authors  which  showed  tails  of  both  shapes.  His 
description,  in  this  edition,  cannot  be  restricted  to  any  one  of  the  forms 
since  recognized,  and  the  habitat  was  stated  simply  as  Africa.  In  the 
12th  edition,  however,  of  1766,  p.  312,  besides  adding  one  more  reference 
(from  Brisson),  Linnaeus  improved  the  description  by  stating  that  the 
longest  tail  feathers  were  acuminate  and  falcate,  and  that  the  bird  lived 
in  Angola.  Thus  it  is  clear  that  he  meant  particularly  the  species  figured 
in  color  by  Edwards  in  'Nat.  Hist.  Birds,'  part  2, 1747,  p.  86,  PI.  lxxxvi. 

Taxonomic  importance  was  first  attributed  to  the  form  of  the  tail 
by  Cassin,  when  he  described  Vidua  verreauxii  from  Abyssinia1  with  a 
tapering  tip  to  the  tail,  and  attempted  to  fix  the  name  paradisea  on 
west  African  birds  with  broad-tipped  tails.  His  attention,  no  doubt, 
had  been  called  to  this  by  the  observant  collector,  J.  Verreaux;  and  the 
name  Vidua  sphsenura,  which  Bonaparte  proposed  for  the  same  Abys- 
sinian form  a  few  months  later,2  was  stated  to  be  a  manuscript  name  of 
Verreaux's. 

So  Verreaux  long  preceded  me  in  the  opinion  that  the  difference  in 
the  tails  is  of  more  than  subspecific  value,  and  his  view  was  adopted  by 
authors  of  some  well-known  works  on  African  birds.  Reichenbach 
accepted  paradisea  and  sphenura,3  referring  to  the  first-named  as  coming 

'1850,  Proe.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci..  Philadelphia,  V,  p.  56. 
21850, '  Consp.  Gen.  Avium,'  I,  p.  449. 
'1862, '  Die  Fortsetzung  der  Singvogel,'  p.  63. 


4  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  43 

with  certainty  only  from  Angola.  Finsch  and  Hartlaub1  called  them 
tentatively  paradisea  and  verreauxi.  Of  recent  3'ears  it  has  become  cus- 
tomary to  treat  these  at  most  only  as  subspecies.  Then  in  1908  Neumann 
showed  that  the  Senegal  bird  was  still  without  a  name,  although  it  was 
the  best-known  varietjr  in  captivity.  He  named  the  northwestern  bird  S. 
paradisea  aucupum  and  retained  the  name  verreauxi  for  northeastern 
birds;  but  the  latter  is  really  not  separable,  I  find,  from  the  form  Edwards 
described  from  Angola,  and  on  which  paradisaea  of  Linnaeus  is  based. 

What  I  have  to  propose,  therefore,  is  (1)  the  specific  distinctness  of 
aucupum  and  paradisaea;  and  (2)  the  recognition  of  three  new  sub- 
species of  aucupum,  from  regions  in  which  the  species  has  hitherto  been 
unrecorded,  but  where  two  of  them  sometimes  live  side  by  side  with 
paradisaea. 

More  complete  descriptions  follow. 

Steganura  aucupum  aucupum  O.  Neumann 

Steganura  paradisea  aucupum  O.  Xkcmann,  1908,  Bull.  Brit.  Orn.  CI.,  XXI,  p. 
43  (type  locality  Diourbel,  150  km.  E.  of  Dakar,  Senegal). 

Vidua  paradisea  Swainson,  1837,  'Birds  of  West  Africa,'  I,  p.  172  (Senegal). 

Adult  Male  in  Breeding  Dress. — The  longest  ( =  2d)  pair  of  rectrices  is  band 
or  ribbon-shaped  to  within  a  very  short  distance  of  the  tip.  Hind-neck  of  a  light 
golden-brown  color,  very  like  that  of  the  chest.  Eighteen  adult  males  give  the  fol- 
lowing measurements:  wing,  73-80;  longest  rectrices,  203-260.  Care  must  always  be 
taken  in  measuring  the  tail  to  ascertain,  by  examining  the  bases  of  the  feathers,  that 
it  is  fully  grown. 

Specimens  Examined  (adult  males  in  breeding  plumage). — Senegal: 
Diourbel,  3;  Tieli,  3;  Thtes,  1;  Kirtaona,  1;  "Senegal,"  8.  "Sene- 
gambia,"  2.  Gambia  River,  2.  "Sierra  Leone,"  1.  French  Sudan: 
Beledugu  region,  2.  Gold  Coast  Colony:  Gambaga,  2.  Northern 
Nigeria:  near  Sokoto,  2.  Lake  Chad  territory:  Zinder,  2.  Shari 
River  region:  Abarin,  1;  Gulfei,  1;  Bahr  Keta,  1.  Ubangi  region: 
Port  Sibut,  1. 

I  > i  - 1  ic 1 1 1 1  Hon. — From  Senegal  and  the  French  Sudan  eastward  to 
I^ke  Chad  ami  tin  Snari  River.  On  the  south  the  limits  appear  to  be 
fixed  by  ili<  i  the  Guinea  coast  and  the  Cameroon.    The  speci- 

men from  "Sicrru  h'one"  may  not  be  accurately  labeled.  The  eastern- 
moet  representative-,  collected  by  the  second  expedition  of  the  Duke  of 
Mecklenburg  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Shari  and  Fbangi,  are  typical 
iiiirupiitn,  for  their  longest  tail  feathers  range  from  203   mm.   (Abarin) 

'lS70,'Vac*IO»t  «4. 


1922]  GEOGRAPHIC  RACES  OF  STEGANURA  5 

to  260  mm.  (Ft.  Sibut).    Throughout  all  this  area  Steganura  paradisxa 
is  unknown. 

Steganura  aucupum  longicauda,  new  subspecies 
Type. —  <?  ad.  in  breeding  plumage,  No.  161983,    Amer.    Mas.    Xat.    Hist.; 
Faradje,  Uelle  District,  November  9,  1911  (Amer.  Mus.  Congo  Exp.). 

Measurements  of  the  Type. — Wing,  78  mm.;  longest  rectrices,  298;  exposed 
culmen,  10.5;  metatarsus,  17. 

Description  of  Type. — Coloration  exactly  as  in  the  preceding  form,  the  brown 
of  the  breast  rather  light,  and  of  small  extent,  the  feathers  of  the  hind-neck  of  the 
same  golden  brown.  The  long  rectrices  are  however  much  better  developed  than  in 
S.  aucupum  aucupum,  and  in  the  two  other  males  from  Faradje  they  measure  284 
and  295  mm.,  the  wings  being  78  and  79  mm. 

Specimens  Examined. — Upper  Uelle  district:  Faradje,  2  immature 
males,  and  3  adult  males  in  breeding  plumage. 

Distribution. — None  of  the  male  specimens  seen  in  any  other 
museum  can  be  referred  to  this  form,  so  that  for  the  present  it  is  known 
only  from  the  region  of  Faradje  on  the  Dungu  River.  I  saw  living  birds 
in  breeding  plumage,  however,  at  Niangara,  on  the  Uelle  River,  and  Aba, 
on  the  border  of  the  Lado  Enclave.  That  the  range  of  the  subspecies  is 
even  more  extensive  may  be  assumed  from  the  fact  that  it  is  somewhat 
migratory,  and  found  in  the  Upper  Uelle  only  from  early  November  to 
January.  Probably  the  rest  of  the  year  is  spent  to  the  northward  in  the 
southern  Bahr-el-Ghazal. 

Here  again  the  range  is  not  known  to  be  shared  with  S.  paradisxa, 
although  one  specimen  of  the  latter  was  collected  by  Emin  at  Lado. 

Steganura  aucupum  nilotica,  new  subspecies 
Type. —  o*   ad.   in  breeding  plumage,   No.   63579,    Museum  of  Comparative 
Zoology;  lOmilesabove  Abu  Zor,  Blue  Nile,  January  6,  1913.     (Phillips Sudan  Exp.) 
Measurements  of  the  Type. — Wing,  78  mm.;  longest  rectrices,  217;  exposed 
culmen,  10;  metatarsus,  17.5. 

Description  of  Ttpe. — Brown  of  the  chest  somewhat  darker  and  more  exten- 
sive than  in  S.  a.  aucupum  and  longicauda,  whereas  the  whole  hind-neck,  in  distinct 
contrast  to  the  chest,  is  of  a  pale  straw-yellow.1  The  tail  feathers  average  much 
shorter  than  in  either  of  the  preceding  races.  The  12  adult  males  of  nilotica  measured 
by  me  give  the  following  results:  wing,  75-80  mm.;  long  rectrices,  191-224. 

Specimens  Examined  (adult  males  in  breeding  plumage). — Eritrea: 
Mai  Uassen,  1;  Scetel,  1.  "Abyssinia,"  1.  Sennar:  Abu  Usher,  1; 
Roseires,  5;    10  miles  above  Abu  Zor,  1;  Abu  Haraz,  1;   "Sennar,"  1. 


•Wear  and  bleaching  through  exposure,  in  the  other  races  of  aucupum,  sometimes  cause  the  nape 
to  become  unusually  yellow. 


6  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  43 

White  Nile:  Jebelein,  4;  "White  Nile,"  1.  Kordofan:  Barra,  near  El 
Obeid,  1;  "Kordofan,"  3.  "Sudan"  (probably  Kordofan),  1.  "Babr- 
el-Ghazal,"  1.     "Northeast  Africa,"  1. 

Distribution. — From  Eritrea  to  the  Blue  and  White  Niles, 
Kordofan,  and  perhaps  the  northern  Bahr-el-Ghazal.  The  eastern  edge 
of  its  range  is  shared  with  S.  paradissea,  but  nilotica  is  either  very,  rare  or 
altogether  wanting  in  Abyssinia. 

Steganura  aucupum  obtusa,  new  subspecies 

Type. —  d*  ad.  in  breeding  plumage,  No.  25812,  collection  of  Mr.  J.  H.  Fleming, 
Toronto;  from  Luchenza,  Nyasaland  (collected  by  Nisbet). 

Measurements  of  the  Type. — Wing,  82  mm.;  longest  rectrices,  200;  exposed 
culmen,  10;   metatarsus,  14. 

Description  of  Type. — The  brown  of  breast  is  as  dark  as  in  paradissea,  and 
consequently  much  more  marked  than  in  any  other  race  of  aucupum.  There  is, 
moreover,  much  the  same  contrast  between  the  nape  and  chest  as  in  paradissea, 
for  the  hind-neck  is  yellow  with  very  little  trace  of  brown.  On  the  other  hand  the 
long  rectrices  differ  more  than  ever  from  those  of  paradissea,  for  they  are  shorter  and 
broader  than  in  the  other  races  of  aucxiptim.  In  the  type  these  feathers  measure  35 
mm.  in  width,  and  of  course  do  not  dwindle  in  size  till  close  to  the  tip. 

Measuring  the  width  of  the  longest  rectrices  in  a  number  of  examples 
of  each  race  of  aucupum,  I  obtained  the  following  figures:  aucupum,  25- 
27;  longicauda,  29-32;  nilotica,  24-30;  obtusa,  35-37.  There  is  much 
the  same  difference  in  the  width  of  the  median  pair  of  rectrices,  for  in  the 
type  of  aucupum,  I  found  them  23  mm.  broad,  and  in  a  specimen  of 
obtusa  from  Angola  35  mm.  This  median  pair  of  tail  feathers  is  usually 
entirely  hidden  by  the  second,  greatly  lengthened  pair.  Figures  of  the 
birds  often  show  them  too  plainly,  and  this  is  equally  true  of  the  figure 
accompanying  the  present  paper.  It  seemed  desirable  tb  indicate  their 
length,  Otherwise  Only  the  upper  borders  and  the  hair-like  tips,  at  most, 
should  have  been  visible. 

Then-  is  a  good  ileal  of  variation  in  the  color  of  the  hind-neck  of 

obtuii      In  some  skins,  like  the  type,  it  is  as  yellow  as  in  many  paradissea, 

but  in  others  a  distinct  brownish  wash  is  perceptible,  probably  when  the 

therein  fresbssl     The  dark  brown  of  the  chest,  often  a  deep  chest  nut, 

in  combination  with  the  broad,  stubby  tail  feathers,  makes  it   easy  to 

oiss. 

The  :;d  iduh  msJsfl  I  have  measured  have  longer  wings  than  any 
other  group  In  the  genus,  80  89  mm.  Their  tails  were  from  170  to  21G 
mm  in  length. 

The  dhTersnee  in  length  of  wing  which  Sclater  and  I'raed1  pointed 


1922]  GEOGRAPHIC  RACES  OF  STEGANURA  7 

out  between  paradise  whydahs  from  southern  and  from  northeastern 
Africa  is  to  be  explained  as  follows:  in  the  British  Museum  there  are 
many  specimens  of  S.  a.  obtusa  from  the  south,  especially  from  Nyasa- 
land,  and  these  would  bring  up  the  average  very  considerably,  even  were 
the  southern  paradisaea  included  with  them. 

Specimens  Examined  (adult  males  in  breeding  plumage). — Kenya 
Colony:  Escarpment,  1.  Kivu  district:  Kibati,  1;  Uvira,  1.  "Tan- 
ganyika," 1.  Manyema  district :  Munie  Mboka,  1;  Lubilu,  1;  Dogodo, 
1;  Niembo,  1.  Katanga  district:  Funda  Biabo,  3;  Lualaba  River,  1; 
Kaluli  River,  1.  Northern  Rhodesia:  Petauke,  1.  Nyasaland :  Luchen- 
za,  1;  Mlanji,  3;  Chiradzulu,  1;  Mpimbi,  1;  Namaramba  Lake,  1; 
Ntondwe,  1;  Fort  Lister,  1;  Zomba,  2;  Lake  Shirwa,  1;  "Nyasaland,"  1. 
Northern  Gazaland,  1.  Loanda:  Pungo  Andongo,  1.  Mossamedes: 
Gambos,  1;  Tuandiva,  1;  Kasinga  River,  1. 

Distribution.— The  most  northerly  record  known  to  me  is  that  of  a 
male  collected  by  Doherty  at  Escarpement,  Kikuyu  Mts.,  Kenya  Colony, 
but  the  bird  must  be  uncommon  in  that  part  of  East  Africa.  It  has  also 
been  taken  at  Kibati,  just  north  of  Lake  Kivu,  by  Pilette,  and  by  Grauer 
at  Uvira,  on  Lake  Tanganyika.  Southeast  of  the  Congo  forest  it  be- 
comes more  common ;  Pilette  secured  four  more  males  in  the  Manyema 
district  between  Tanganyika  and  Kasongo,  and  they  have  been  taken  in 
the  Katanga  by  Neave  and  by  de  Baillet-Latour.  In  Nyasaland  this  is 
the  common  paradise  whydah,  and  numbers  have  been  collected  by 
Sharpe  and  Whyte.  Angola  has  both  obtusa  and  verreauxii,  as  shown  by 
the  collections  made  by  Ansorge  for  Lord  Rothschild.  He  obtained 
obtusa  at  Tuandiva,  Gambos,  and  Pungo  Andongo.  A  specimen  of  van 
der  Kellen's  is  from  the  Kasinga  River.  In  southeast  Africa  the  species 
extends  even  farther  than  Lake  Shirwa,  for  Swynnerton  has  taken  a 
specimen  in  northern  Gazaland. 

Steganura  paradisaea  (Linmeus) 

lunberiza  paradisaea  Linnaeus,  1758,  'Systema  Naturae,'  10th  Ed.,  p.  178  (type 
locality  Africa,  restricted  in  12th  Ed.  to  Angola). 

Vidua  verreauxii  Cassix,  1850,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  V,  No.  3, 
p.  56  (Abyssinia). 

Vidua  sphaenura  Bonaparte,  1850,  'Consp.  Gen.  Avium,'  I,  p.  449  (Abyssinia). 

Stegatnini  paradiaea  aiistmlis  Hecglix,  1861,  'Forschungen  iiber  die  Fauna  des 
Rothen  Meeres  und  der  Sonmli-Kuste,'  Petermann's  Mittheilungen,  VII,  p.  24 
(Abyssinia,  Danakil,  and  Somali  coasts). 

Vidua  paradisea  orieittalis  Hei(;lix.  1871,  'Orn.  Nordost-Afrikas,'  I,  p.  583 
(Northeast  Africa  \. 


8  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  43 

Adult  Male  en  Breeding  Dress. — The  elongated  second  pair  of  rectrices  has  a 
characteristic  outline,  broad  at  the  base  but  beginning  to  taper  at  less  than  one-half 
the  length,  and  extending  out  as  thin,  pointed  streamers.  Their  length  is  more 
variable  than  is  usual  in  S.  aucupum,  but  there  the  variation  is  not  geographic.  The 
brown  of  the  breast  is  dark,  and  contrasts  strongly  with  the  straw-yellow  of  the  hind- 
neck. 

To  make  sure  that  northern  and  southern  birds  of  this  species  were 
not  separable,  I  have  carefully  compared  their  measurements.  In  24 
adult  males  from  north  of  the  equator  (Eritrea  to  Kenya  Colony)  I  find: 
wing,  76-81;  long  rectrices,  245-344.  For  21  from  south  of  the  equator 
(Transvaal  and  Angola  to  Tanganyika  Territory):  wing,  76-83;  long 
rectrices,  270-336. 

Specimens  Examined  (adult  males  in  breeding  plumage). — Eritrea: 
Salamona,  1.  Somaliland:  Raia  Wachali,  1 ;  Smith  River,  1.  Abys- 
sinia: Tadejemulka,  1;  Koomeglee,  2;  Dire  Daoua,  3;  Ourso,  12; 
Tertale,  3;  Goura,  1;  Furza,  1;  DireEla,  3;  Karaba,  1;  Galla  countries, 
4;  Darro  Mts.,  1;  "Abyssinia,"  3.  Anglo-Egyptian  Sudan:  Sennar,  1; 
Mongalla,  9;  Lado,  1.  Kenya  Colony:  Baringo,  1;  Muressi  (Turkwell 
R.),  1;  MutiasMumomi,  1;  Kerio  River,  1 ;  Manda  Island,  1;  Lamu,  1; 
Athi  River,  1;  S.  E.  Mt.  Kenia,  near  Tana  R.,  1;  Kitui,  1;  Kibwesi,  1. 
"British  E.  Africa,"  1.  Tanganyika  Territory:  Morogoro,  1;  Ukami, 
1;  Ugogo,  2;  Dar-es-Salaam,  1;  "Tanganyika,"  1.  Mozambique: 
Tette,  4.  Angola:  Loanda,  1.  Mossamedes:  Tuandiva,  1;  Cavallana, 
1;  Catequero,  1;  Chahivi,  2.  Damaraland:  Omaloko,  1.  Southern 
Rhodesia :  Bulawayo,  4;  Nonyonko  (?),  1;  Tati,  1.  Transvaal:  Rusten- 
berg,  5.  Zululand :  Etchowe,  2.  Natal :  Port  Natal,  1.  "  South  Africa," 
1.  (One  specimen  of  paradisaea  in  the  British  Museum  is  labelled  "R. 
Gambia,  Whitely,"  but  surely  in  error.  The  only  specimen  taken  with 
certainty  west  of  the  White  Nile  is  one  collected  at  Lado  by  Emin  Pasha.) 

Distribution. — From  Eritrea  across  Abyssinia  to  Mongalla  and 
\ju\o  on  the  Upper  White  Nile,  and  to  the  coast  of  Kenya  Colony. 
Thence  southward  to  Tanganyika  Territory,  Southern  Rhodesia, 
Angola,  the  Transvaal,  and  eastern  Cape  Colony.  Thus  in  the  north- 
Mftt  it-  range  overlaps  that  of  S.  aucupum  nilotica,  and  on  the  east  and 
south  to  some  extent  with  that  of  8.  aucupum  obtusa.  It  is  possible  that 
the  two  ipcKJCI  have  -lightly  different  preferences  as  to  haunts  or  food; 
hut  it  i-  worth  mentioning  that  at  Tuandiva,  in  Mossamedes.  Ansorge 
collected  |  male  of  each,  hoth  in  breeding  plumage,  on  the  same  day, 
M.-.m-I,  16,  MKJ6. 

It   will  he  noted  that    I  have  ft] if ndmird  Cassin's  name  vcrrcauxii, 


1922]  GEOGRAPHIC  RACES  OF  STEGANURA  9 

which  is  a  synonym  of  paradisaea.  It  is  perfectly  clear  that  it  cannot  be 
confused  with  S.  a.  nilotica,  for  I  have  examined  Cassin's  type  of  ver- 
reauxii,  in  the  Philadelphia  Academy.  In  case  there  may  be  any  doubt  as 
to  the  importance  of  the  shape  of  the  tail  feathers,  I  may  call  attention  to 
the  fact  that  I  have  yet  to  see  them  of  a  shape  intermediate  between 
aucupum  and  paradisaea.  Dr.  A.  G.  Butler,1  to  be  sure,  does  say  that 
"The  tail-plumes  decrease  in  breadth,  but  increase  in  length  with  age." 
Fortunately  he  tells  us  just  how  much  the  increase  was,  48  mm.  in  four 
annual  molts;  this  is  not  as  great  as  the  variation  I  show  for  the  sub- 
species of  aucupum.  If  the  shape  of  the  feather-tip  depended  merely 
upon  growth,  then  the  paradisaea  form  should  be  found  in  northwest 
Africa.  In  other  parts  of  the  continent,  where  two  forms  do  inhabit  the 
same  territory,  one  varies  geographically,  the  other  does  not. 

Nor  it  is  probable  that  the  two  forms  are  Mendelian  in  character, 
interbreeding,  yet  preserving  their  distinctness.  Far  more  probably  the 
females  will  be  found  to  show  points  of  difference  as  well.  In  any  event, 
the  males  in  the  eclipse  plumage  assumed  each  year  do  appear  to  be 
distinguishable.  By  comparing  several  specimens  of  aucupum  in  this 
plumage  from  Senegal  and  Zinder  with  others  from  parts  of  the  continent 
where  paradisaea  alone  has  been  found  (southern  Abyssinia  especially), 
I  found  that  paradisaea  males  in  eclipse  differ  from  those  of  aucupum  in 
being  generally  darker  above,  the  blackish  markings  predominating  more 
over  the  rufous  and  buff.  The  light  median  crown-stripe  is  narrower  in 
paradisaea,  4  mm.  (as  against  6-7.5  in  aucupum),  the  black  streaking  on 
the  back  is  much  coarser,  the  upper  tail  coverts  more  blackish,  and  the 
middle  pairs  of  rectrices  apparently  blacker  and  broader.  The  breast  of 
paradisxa  is  even  deeper  cinnamon  than  that  of  aucupum,  and  it  appears 
to  be  always  more  streaked.  There  are  short  triangular  or  arrow-shaped 
spots  of  blackish  extending  all  across  the  chest . 

This  opinion  as  to  the  eclipse  plumage  of  paradisaea  is  strengthened 
by  Edwards'  plate,  which  shows  the  same  captive  specimen  of  paradisaea 
in  breeding  and  eclipse  plumage.  The  spotted  chest  is  very  noticeable  in 
the  latter,  whereas  in  undoubted  males  of  aucupum  there  are  only  the 
faintest  traces  of  spots.  About  the  differences  between  females  I  cannot 
be  so  confident,  but  am  inclined  to  think  that  here,  too,  paradisaea  is 
more  spotted  on  the  chest.  Most  of  the  brown  birds  in  collections  are 
either  females  or  young  males,  rarely  adults  in  eclipse. 

1 1894,  'Foreign  Finches,  in  Captivity.'  pp.  282,  283. 


10 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES 


[No.  43 


Now  let  us  see  whether  any  explanation  can  be  offered  for  the  origin 
and  present  distribution  of  these  five  forms  of  paradise  whydah.  I  shall 
not  attempt  to  offer  final  proof,  but  simply  a  plausible  hypothesis.  From 
what  I  know  of  these  birds  in  the  wild  state,  they  abhor  rain-forest.  Liv- 
ing on  grass  seeds,  burdened  with  enormous  tail  feathers  during  a  large 


_'      Approximate  areas  occupied  by  the  subspecies  of  Steganura  aucupum. 

A. — S.  a.  aucujtum:  B. — S.  a.  longicauda;  C. — 8.  u.  nilotica;  D. — S.  a.  obtusa.    The  ranges  of  the 
fir»i  three,  however  .will  probably  be  found  to  meet  in  the  region  north  of  the  llningi  liiver. 

part  of  the  year,  they  are  most  at  home  in  a  short-grass  plain,  with  a  few 
trees  as  lookouts  for  tin-  wary  males.  This  is  sufficient  not  only  to  show 
why  they  arc  found  only  in  .-avannns  and  steppes,  but  even  to  give  US  a 
hint  M  to  the  probable  inception  of  the  two  species.  <  )ne  cannot  avoid 
Ix-intf  impressed  by  the  importance  of  isolation  in  the  past  evolution  of 
bird  mon-  thnii  .in  \  other  influence,  .-ecu  is  to  have  facilitate!  I  |  he 

origin  ot  new  forms,  whethei  species,  or  genera.     I  do  not 

say  "caused,"  for  the  cause  may  be  something  quite  different. 


1922] 


GEOGRAPHIC  RACES  OF  STEGANURA 


11 


The  probable  reason  for  the  isolation  of  the  paradise  whydahs  was 
the  greater  extension  of  the  equatorial  forest  at  some  time  in  the  past,  in 
eastern  Africa.  Many  botanists  hold  this  to  be  extremely  likely.  It  is 
my  belief  that  Steganura  aucupum  was  then  restricted  to  the  grasslands 
north  of  the  forest,  where  it  still  monopolizes  more  than  half  the  width  of 


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Fig.  3.     Approximate  distribution  of  Steganura  paradissea. 

the  continent,  and  that  S.  paradissea  occupied  those  of  the  south.  Then 
came  the  reduction  of  the  forest  to  the  east,  but  the  two  species  were 
already  so  differentiated  that  when  aucupum  extended  southward,  and 
paradissea  northward  into  Abyssinia,  they  did  not  interbreed.  There  is 
no  longer  complete  segregation,  and  yet  we  still  see  the  same  influences 
at  work  in  the  case  of  S.  aucupum,  with  its  widely  scattered  populations. 
They  stretch  over  a  vast  area,  and  are  still  partially  isolated  by  the 
Congo  forests,  with  the  result  that  slight  differences  in  coloration,  and 
in  the  dimensions  of  the  wing  and  tail,  have  already  begun  to  appear. 


12  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  43 

Steganura  paradisaea  is  still  homogeneous;  even  wing-length  will  not 
distinguish  northeastern  specimens  from  southern.  A  glance  at  the  map 
will  show  how  much  less  the  Congo  forest  intercepts  its  distribution.  If 
my  assumption  is  correct,  that  aucwpwn  and  paradisaea  no  longer 
interbreed,  it  will  be  a  good  example  of  the  slight  external  characters  that 
suffice  to  hold  allied  species  apart.  Such  differences  in  the  shape  of  the 
tail  may  well  have  arisen  by  mutation,  but  their  extension  to  a  species 
as  a  whole  must,  I  feel  sure,  be  favored  by  this  sort  of  isolation. 

In  some  similar  manner,  in  the  more  remote  past,  the  related  genera 
Tetrdenura,  Linura,  and  Vidua  may  have  had  their  beginning,  first  as 
allied  species — even  now  they  are  scarcely  valid  genera — under  the  in- 
fluence of  some  condition  affecting  intercommunication.  Once  differ- 
ences bad  been  established  that  would  forestall  interbreeding,  the  birds 
might  again  spread  into  one  another's  areas.  Why  the  stocks,  once 
isolated,  should  tend  to  diverge  is  a  question  far  beyond  the  scope  of  this 
paper;  but  I  believe  it  to  be  the  case. 


AMERICAN   MUSEUM   NOVITATES 

No.  44 


DESCRIPTION   OF  A   NEW    RACE   OF   THE 

LESSER    BLACK-BACKED    GULL, 

FROM    THE  AZORES 

By  Jonathan  Dwmjht 


Issued  September  6,  1922 


By  Order  of  the  Trusti 
of 

THE  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 

New  York  City 


•  ( 

AMERICAN    MUSEUM     NOVITATES 

Number  44  September  6,  1922 


59.84,2(469.9) 

DESCRIPTION  OF  A  NEW  RACE  OF  THE  LESSER  BLACK- 
BACKED  GULL,  FROM  THE  AZORES 

By  Jonathan  Dwight 

A  series  of  seventeen  gulls  from  the  Azores,  recently  acquired  for 
The  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  has  been  kindly  placed  at  my 
disposal  by  Dr.  L.  C.  Sanford.  I  am  also  indebted  to  Mr.  Outram  Bangs 
of  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  for  the  loan  of  two  other  gulls 
from  the  Canary  Islands.  These  birds  are  strikingly  different  from  any 
of  the  hitherto  described  races  of  Larusfuscus  and,  as  the  dates  of  capture 
range  from  August  22  to  March  10,  it  is  probable  that  they  represent  a 
form  resident  upon  these  islands  and  upon  others  off  the  African  coast. 
For  this  reason  I  have  named  them  after  the  fabled  island  or  islands  of 
Atlantis. 

Larus  fuscus  atlantis,  new  subspecies 

Subspecific  Characters. — Similar  to  Larus  fuscus  affinis  but  larger,  the  legs, 
feet  and  bill  heavier,  and  the  mantle  a  paler  "light  neutral"  gray,  instead  of  "deep 
neutral  gray." 

Measurements.— Male:  wing,  427;  tail,  175;  tarsus,  68;  toe  without  claw, 
58;  claw,  10;  culmen,  55;  depth  of  bill  at  base,  19.5;  at  angle,  20.5. 

Type.— No.  14304,  collection  of  L.  C.  Sanford;  rf1  ad.;  March  10,  1922;  Fayal 
Azores;  J.  G.  Correia. 

Specimens  Examined 
Larusfuscus  atlantis,  Azores,  8  cf,  6  9,3  juv.;  Canary  Islands,  1  d",  1  juv. 
Larus  fuscus  fuscus,  6  cf ,  3  9,  2  juv.;  Onotsexed. 
Larus  fiiscus  affinis,  5  cf ,  4  9,1  juv.;  5  not  sexed. 
Larus  fuscus  taimyrensis,  1  9. 

Compared  with  affinis,  the  nearest  race  both  in  color  and  in  distribu- 
tion, the  mantle  of  atlantis  is  a  clearer,  paler,  bluer  gray  without  any  of 
the  brownish  tinge  that  marks  all  the  other  races  even  in  perfectly  fresh 
plumage,  and,  furthermore,  when  adult  males  are  compared  with  males, 
and  females  with  females,  the  average  larger  size  is  obvious. 

Larus  fuscus  fuscus  is  a  dark  neutral  gray  often  quite  fuscous, 
browner  with  wear,  almost  as  dark  as  Larus  marinus;  the  race  affinis  is  a 
deep  neutral  gray,  very  slightly  brown-tinged,  and  of  the  same  shade  as 
Larus  occidentalis  livens;  the  race  taimyrensis  seems  to  be  merely  a  large 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES 


[No.  44 


affinis;  while  atlantis  is  the  palest  gray  of  any  and  similar  in  shade  to 
Lotus  occidental  is  occidentalis. 

One  may  well  wonder  if  this  new  race  does  not  represent  the  birds 
that  Godman  years  ago  called  argeniatus  in  listing  those  of  the  Canaries 
and  Madeira  (Ibis,  1872,  p.  222),  having  seen  them  in  June  on  the  Azores 
(Ibis,  1866,  p.  103).  Later  writers  have  referred  such  birds  to  cachinnans 
(leucophseus) ,  among  them  Ogilvie-Grant  (Ibis,  1890,  p.  444)  and  Lowe 
('British  Birds/  VI,  1912-13,  p.  5);  but  without  examination  of  actual 
specimens,  I  should  be  loth  to  exclude  this  species  from  the  Atlantic 
fauna  where  it  has  been  repeatedly  recorded  by  a  number  of  reliable 
observers. 

Like  fuscus  and  its  races,  cachinnans  when  adult  has  yellow  feet, 
but  the  wing-pattern  is  quite  different;  argeniatus  and  its  races  have 
flesh-colored  feet,  but  again  the  wing-pattern  is  different  from  that  of 
either  fuscus  or  cachinnans.  Those  who  have  available  specimens  would 
do  well  to  settle  the  question  whether  cachinnans,  a  species  of  more  eastern 
distribution,  breeds  much  west  of  the  Black  Sea  region. 


Toe 

Toe 

Bill 

Bill 

Wing 

Tail 

Tarsus 

With- 
out 
Claw 

With 
Claw 

Culmen 

Depth 
at 
Base 

Dept 

at 
Angle 

Type  No.  14304 

<f 

427 

175 

68 

58 

68 

55 

19.5 

20.5 

14305 

d" 

»2.s 

178 

68 

58 

68 

57 

18 

19 

14307 

d" 

422 

171 

67 

54 

65 

57 

18.5 

20 

14306 

d" 

420 

175 

65 

56 

65 

54 

18.5 

20.5 

14309 

<? 

425 

164 

66 

54 

64 

56 

18 

19 

14308 

cT 

420 

162 

66 

56 

65 

56 

19 

20 

14310 

c? 

422 

168 

66 

55 

65 

53 

18 

19.5 

14811 

d" 

ua 

171 

67 

57 

66 

54 

18 

19 

M.C.Z.  No.  69036 

J 

12* 

167 

67 

56 

66 

54 

19.5 

20.5 

Aimfi 

133  7 

169.8 

66  6 

56.0 

65.8 

55.1 

18.5 

19.8 

1 1819 

9 

II  Ml 

165 

66 

53 

60 

54 

18 

19 

i  ISIS 

9 

KM 

164 

61 

52 

61 

48 

17 

18.5 

i  i.i  i 

9 

m 

164 

60 

51 

59 

49 

16 

18 

B<  udoiii  (  'o||.-k<- 

9 

id.-, 

170 

59 

51 

60 

48 

17 

18 

1  ISM 

9 

158 

62 

62 

50 

16.5 

is 

inn; 

9 

8M 

i:,s 

62 

54 

61 

53 

17 

is 

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101   0 

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52  3 

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is  :; 

Bp—hn«o  numbwtwff  to  tin  urban  othinriM  aotod    Vfw 

urrrrirM-  nr<-  m  iinllirix  t< 


v\ 


AMERICAN   MUSEUM   NOVITATES 

No.  45 


THE  ANTS   OF  TRINIDAD 


By  William  Morton  Wheeler 


Issued  September  7,  1922 


By  Order  of  the  Trcptk 

of 

THE  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 
New  York  City 


I 


AMERICAN    MUSEUM     NOVITATES 

Number  45  September  7,  1922 

59.57,96(729.8) 

THE  ANTS  OF  TRINIDAD1 

By  William  Morton  Wheeler 

Since  the  publication  of  my  paper  (Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  LX,  1916, 
pp.  323-330,  1  fig.)  on  the  ants  collected  in  Trinidad  by  Prof.  Roland 
Thaxter  I  have  seen  considerable  additional  material  from  the  same 
locality.  Dr.  F.  E.  Lutz  has  recently  sent  me  for  study  a  series  of  speci- 
mens taken  by  Mr.  P.  B.  Whelpley  and  contributed  to  The  American 
Museum  of  Natural  History,  and  Mr.F.  W.  Urich  has  sent  me  several 
interesting  forms,  among  them  a  singular  cave-ant  which  proves  to  belong 
to  an  undescribed  genus.  I  have  also  found  some  species  hitherto  un- 
recorded from  the  island  in  a  vial  of  miscellaneous  sweepings  received 
from  Prof.  Thaxter.  During  July  1920,  while  on  my  way  to  British 
Guiana,  I  was  able,  through  the  courtesy  of  Mr.  W.  G.  Freeman,  Direc- 
tor of  Agriculture,  Department  of  Trinidad  and  Tobago,  to  collect  a 
number  of  species  in  the  Botanical  Garden  near  Port  of  Spain  and  at 
Caroni  and  Diego  Martin.  After  studying  this  additional  material  it 
seems  advisable  to  list  the  Formicidse  known  to  occur  in  the  island.  I 
have  therefore  included  all  the  older  records  of  species  taken  by  Mr. 
Urich  and  Prof.  Forel,  who  collected  at  Port  of  Spain  while  on  his  voy- 
age to  Colombia  in  1896.  The  nearly  150  different  forms  taken  to  date 
furnish  additional  proof,  if  it  were  needed,  that  the  ant  fauna  of  Trini- 
dad, unlike  that  of  the  various  Windward  Islands  and  Tobago,  is  in 
great  part  identical  with  and  probably  quite  as  rich  as  that  of  the  adja- 
cent Venezuelan  coast. 

FORMICID.S 

Dorylinse 

Eciton  burchelli  West  wood.— Port  of  Spain,  (R.  Thaxter),  2t,  8;  Diego 

Martin,  (Wheeler),  Qi,  S  . 
Eciton  burchelli  var.  urichi  Forel.— Trinidad,  (Urich) ;   Port  of  Spain, 

(R.  Thaxter),  a,  g  ;  Caparo  and  Port  of  Spain,  (P.  B.  Whelpley), 
8. 
Eciton  (Labidus)  crassicorne   F.   Smith. — Matura,   (Urich);    Port  of 

Spain,  (R.  Thaxter);  Caparo  and  Port  of  Spain,  (P.  B.  Whelpley), 

a. 


Contributions  from  the  Entomological  Laboratory  of  the  Bussev   Institution,  Harvard  Univer- 
sity.   No.  207. 


2  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOV  IT  ATE  S  [No.  45 

Eciton  (Acamatus)  pilosum  F.  Smith. — Aripa  Savanna,  (R.  Thaxter) ; 
Port  of  Spain,  (P.  B.  Whelpley),  S  . 

Eciton    Acamatus    adnepos,  new  species1 

Worker. — Length,  1.5-1.7  mm. 

Practically  monomorphic.  Head  subrectangular,  nearly  one-third  longer  than 
broad,  slightly  broader  in  front  than  behind,  its  sides  very  feebly  and  evenly  convex, 
its  posterior  border  broadly  and  deeply  excised,  its  posterior  corners  rounded.  Eyes 
represented  by  minute  white  spots  at  the  middle  of  the  sides.  Mandibles  short,  nar- 
row, their  apical  borders  not  very  oblique,  straight,  somewhat  acute  at  the  tip  but 
toothless.  Clypeus  very  short  and  depressed,  its  anterior  border  very  feebly  sinuate 
in  the  middle.  Antennae  stout,  scapes  reaching  the  middle  of  the  head,  incrassate 
apically;  first  funicular  joint  a  little  longer  than  broad,  succeeding  joints,  especially 
the  basal,  strongly  transverse,  the  ninth  and  tenth  nearly  as  long  as  broad,  the 
terminal  twice  as  long  as  broad  and  blunt  at  the  tip.  The  three  last  joints  really 
form  a  club.  Thorax  narrow,  laterally  compressed;  the  pro-  and  mesonotum  together 
three  times  as  long  as  the  base  of  the  epinotum,-  very  feebly  and  evenly  convex,  the 
pronotum  with  a  strong  transverse  carina  just  behind  the  neck.  Mesoepinotal 
constriction  feeble  but  distinct;  epinotum  small,  its  base,  apart  from  the  constriction, 
continuing  the  dorsal  curve  of  the  pro-  and  mesonotum  and  separated  on  each  side 
from  the  short  and  concave  declivity  by  a  small  angle;  the  sides  of  the  declivity  sub- 
marginate.  Petiole  about  one  and  one-half  times  as  long  as  broad,  very  convex  above, 
with  a  large  blunt  protuberance  at  its  anterior  ventral  end.  Postpetiole  slightly 
broader  than  long,  but  little  broader  than  the  petiole  and  less  convex  above,  with  a 
small,  acute,  transverse  anteroventral  projection.  Gaster  smaller  than  the  head, 
elongate-elliptical.    Legs  rat  her  stout;  tarsal  claws  simple. 

Very  smooth  and  shining,  except  the  meso-  and  metapleurae  which  are  very  finely 
punctate  and  slightly  opaque.  Mandibles  sparsely  and  finely  punctate,  piligerous 
punctures  on  the  remainder  of  the  body  very  minute  and  scattered. 

Hairs  pale  yellow,  uneven,  rather  short,  coarse,  moderately  abundant,  erect 
or  sabered  both  on  the  body  and  appendages. 

Bead  and  thorax  yellowish  red;  mandibles  and  meso-  and  metapleune  darker; 
petiole,  postpetiole,  faster,  antenna-  and  legs  yellow. 

Described  from  15  specimens  taken  from  a  small  army  which  I 
found  traversing  tin  threshold  of  one  of  the  fern-houses  in  the  botanical 
garden  at  Port  of  Spain. 

Tin-  minute  ipecies  is  quite  distinct  from  any  known  to  me  in  nature 
or  from  descriptions  in  the  shape  of  the  head,  mandibles,  pedicel,  etc. 

PONERINJE 

Platythyrea  angusta  PoreL    Trinidad  (type-locality),  a  . 
Prionopelta  punctulata  Muvi   subsp.  antillana  Forel. — Savanna,  (A. 
Porsl  i.  9 . 

'Typ«s< 


1922]  THE  ANTS  OF  TRINIDAD  3 

Ectatomma  tuberculatum  Olivier. — Port  of  Spain  and  Sangre  Grande, 

(R.  Thaxter),  8  ;  Botanical  Garden,  Port  of  Spain,  (Wheeler),    5  . 
Ectatomma  ruidum  Roger. — Port  of  Spain,  (R.  Thaxter),   8  ;  Chagu- 

anas,  (Urich),  8  ;  Botanical  Garden,  Port  of  Spain,  (Wheeler),  S  . 
Ectatomma  (Gnamptogenys)  concinnum  F.  Smith. — Caparo,  (P.  B. 

Whelpley),  9  . 
Ectatomma  (Holcoponera)  brasiliense  Emery. — Port  of  Spain,  (P.  B. 

Whelpley),  8  . 
Ectatomma  (Holcoponera)  striatulum  Mayr  var.  pleurodon  Emery. — 

Trinidad,  (Urich),  8  . 
Neoponera  obscuricornis  Emery  var.  latreillei  Forel. — Caura,  (Urich), 

B. 
Neoponera  unidentata  Mayr. — Port  of  Spain,  (R.  Thaxter),  8  . 
Pachycondyla  crassinoda  Latreille. — Port  of  Spain,  (R.  Thaxter),  5,9; 

Caparo,  (P.  B.  Whelpley),  $  . 
Pachycondyla  harpax  Fabricius. — Port  of  Spain,  (R.  Thaxter),  8  . 
Pachycondyla   impressa    Roger. — Port   of   Spain,    (R.   Thaxter),     8  ; 

Botanical  Garden,  (Wheeler),   8  . 
Euponera  (Mesoponera)  constricta  Mayr. — Trinidad,  (A.  Forel),    $  ; 

Port  of  Spain,  (R.  Thaxter),  8,9;  Montserrat,  (Aug.  Busck),   9  . 

Euponera  (Mesoponera)  laevigata  F.  Smith  variety  whelpleyi,  new  variety 
A  single  worker  taken  by  P.  B.  Whelpley  at  Caparo  seems  to  repre- 
sent a  distinct  variety  of  this  rare  ant.  Each  side  of  the  petiole  has  a  large 
and  conspicuous  patch  of  parallel  striae  like  those  on  the  sides  of  the 
epinotum  but  slanting  from  above  downwards  and  backwards.  I  find  no 
mention  of  these  striae  in  Smith's  original  description  or  in  Emery's  re- 
description  of  the  typical  form  under  the  name  of  Pachycondyla  gagatina. 

Euponera  (Trachymesopus)  stigma  Pabr. — Port  of  Spain,  (R.  Thaxter), 

S,   9- 
Ponera  opaciceps  Mayr. — Aripa  Savanna,  (R.  Thaxter),  8  . 

Ponera trigona  Mayr  var.  opacior  Forel. — Port  of  Spain,  (R.  Thaxter), 

8 ,  in  sweepings. 
Leptogenys  unistimulosa  Roger  var.  trinidadensis  Forel. — Trinidad, 

(Urich),  type  locality,  8  .  . 
Anochetus  inermis  Em.  Andre. — Trinidad,  (A.  Forel),  8  ,  d". 
Anochetus  inerm'.s  var.  meinerti  Forel. — Chaguanas,  (Urich),  8  ;  Port 

of  Spain,  (R.  Thaxter),  8  ,  9  ,  d\ 
Anochetus  targionii  Emery. — Caparo,  (P.  B.  Whelpley),  8  . 
Anochetus  (Stenomyrmex)  emarginatus  Fabr. — Trinidad,  (Urich),  8  ; 

Port  of  Spain,  (R.  Thaxter),  8  ;  Ariopita  Valley,  (B.  D.  Chipman), 

8. 


4  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  45 

Odontomachus  haematoda  L. — Port  of  Spain,   Gasparee  Island  and 

Sangre  Grande,  (R.  Thaxter),   8,9;   Botanical  Garden,  Port  of 

Spain,  (Wheeler),  8  . 
Odontomachus  haematoda  subsp.  insularis  Guerin  var.  hirsutiusculus 

F.  Smith.— Port  of  Spain,  (R.  Thaxter),  8  . 
Odontomachus  haematoda  L.  subsp.  meinerti  Forel. — Port  of  Spain, 

(R.  Thaxter),    8  . 

Pseudomyrminse 
Pseudomyrma  championi  Forel  var.  paulina  Forel. — Port  of  Spain, 

(Aug.  Busck;  R.  Thaxter),  8. 
Pseudomyrma  elegans  F.  Smith  subsp.  breviceps  Forel. — Savanna,  (A. 

Forel),  type-locality,    8  ;    Trinidad,   (A.  Busck),    8  ;    Botanical 

Garden,  Port  of  Spain,  (Wheeler),  8  . 
Pseudomyrma  elongata  Mayr. — Trinidad,  (A.  Forel),  8;  Port  of  Spain, 

(P.  B.  Whelpley),  8  . 
Pseudomyrma  flavidula  F.  Smith. — Port  of  Spain,  (P.  B.  Wlielpley),  8  . 
Pseudomyrma  gracilis  Fabr. — Port  of  Spain,   (P.  B.  Whelpley),    8  ; 

Botanical  Garden,  Port  of  Spain,  (Wheeler),  8  . 
Pseudomyrma  culmicola  Forel. — Trinidad,  (A.  Forel),   type-locality, 

8. 
Pseudomyrma   excavata   Mayr. — Port   of   Spain,    (R.   Thaxter),     8  ; 

Botanical  Garden,  Port  of  Spain,  (Wheeler),  8  . 
Pseudomyrma  filiformis  Fabr. — Trinidad,  (Urich),  8  . 
Pseudomyrma  kuenckeli  Emery. — Trinidad,  (Urich);  Botanical  Gar- 
den, Port  of  Spain,  (Wheeler),  9  . 
Pseudomyrma  nigropilosa  Emery  subsp.  laticeps  Forel. — Trinidad,  (A. 

Forel),  type-locality,  8 . 
Pseudomyrma  pallida  F.  Smith. — Aripa  Savanna,  (R.  Thaxter),    8  ; 

Trinidad,  (Urich),  8  . 

Pseudomyrma  icterica,  new  species 

\\  iiiiKKii.      Length,  nearly  fl  mm. 

Hi  i  ibreetanguUr,  fbottl  006-fifth  longer  than  broad,  as  broad  in  front  as 
behind,  with  feebly  convex  Bides  ami  feebly  ami  broadly  excised  posterior  border;  in 
profile  eiinve\  ah..\e  and  below.  Mandibles  moderately  convex,  with  two  larger 
oral  minute  basal  teeth.  <  'lypeus  bluntly  earinate  behind,  its  border 
broadly  sinuate  <>n  each  side,  u  nli  a  distinct  rectangular  lobe,  rounded  at  the  corners, 
una-  small,  closely  approximated;  frontal  groove  feeble.  Eyes  moderately 
large  and  convex,  about  two-fifths  the  lengtli  of  the  sides  of  the  head.  Antennal 
Scapes  read  ma'  the  middle  of  the  b« ...  I ;  In  i  funicular  joint  a  little  longer  than  broad, 
Second  broader  than  long,  remaining  joints  slight  I  v  longer  than  broad,  terminal  joint 
longer  Thorax  rathei  narrow  ;  the  pro-  and  mesonotUDQ  together  a  little  longer  than 
the  epmotum;    the  BMSOCpmotal  constriction  abrupt,  rather  long  and  dee)),  its  im- 


1922]  THE  ANTS  OF  TRINIDAD  5 

pressed  surface  longitudinally  striated.  Pronotum  as  long  as  broad,  with  rather 
flattened  sides,  rounded  above  and  at  the  humeri.  Mesonotum  semicircular,  broader 
than  long.  Epinotum  with  the  base  sloping  backward,  twice  the  length  of  the  de- 
clivity into  which  it  passes  through  a  rounded  obtuse  angle.  Petiole  stout,  with  short 
peduncle  and  thick  node,  the  latter  rising  rather  abruptly  in  front.  Seen  from  above 
it  is  as  broad  as  long,  with  rounded  sides  and  posterior  border  and  straight  anterior 
border;  the  sides  almost  submarginate,  the  ventral  surface  with  a  very  small  acute, 
downwardly  directed  spine  near  its  anterior  end.  Postpetiole  nearly  a  third  again  as 
broad  as  the  petiole,  broader  than  long,  narrowed  and  constricted  anteriorly,  its 
sides  posteriorly  and  its  dorsal  surface  convex  and  rounded.  Gaster  rather  large,  of 
the  usual  shape.  Fore  femora  dilated  and  somewhat  flattened  and  rhomboidal; 
hind  femora  somewhat  swollen. 

Mandibles  opaque,  striatopunctate  apically,  smoother  at  the  base;  remainder 
of  the  body  smooth  and  shining;  anterior  half  of  head  finely  and  rather  densely 
punctate  and  subopaque,  punctures  on  the  remainder  of  the  body  sparse  and  very 
fine. 

Hairs  pale  yellow,  very  sparse,  erect,  rather  evenly  scattered  over  the  head, 
thorax  and  abdomen;  pubescence  very  fine  and  dense  on  the  gaster  but  apparently 
lacking  elsewhere. 

Yellow;  teeth  and  borders  of  mandibles,  postpetiole,  and  gaster,  except  at  last 
segment,  brown ;  the  second  and  third  segments  of  the  gaster  darker.  Legs  somewhat 
paler  than  the  head  and  thorax. 

A  single  specimen  taken  by  Mr.  August  Busek  at  Port  of  Spain.  I 
describe  this  and  the  following  species  as  new  because  they  are  distinctly 
different  from  any  of  the  forms  of  which  I  have  seen  specimens  or  descrip- 
tions. 

Pseudomyrma  auripes,  new  species 

Female  (dealated). — Length,  about  8  nun. 

Head  subrectangular,  about  one-sixth  longer  than  broad,  slightly  narrowed  in 
front,  with  rounded  sides  and  posterior  corners  and  nearly  straight  jx>sterior  border,  in 
profile  somewhat  flattened  in  the  frontal  region.  Mandibles  stout,  flattened,  with  a 
pronounced  protuberance,  or  knee,  in  the  outer  border  near  the  base;  apical  border 
with  two  strong  terminal  and  no  basal  teeth.  Clypeus  carinate  in  the  middle,  broadly 
notched  on  each  side,  the  median  lobe  long  and  narrow  with  acute  corners.  Frontal 
carina?  rather  long  and  not  closely  approximated;  frontal  groove  very  fine  and  in- 
distinct. Eyes  rather  flat,  only  about  one-third  as  long  as  the  sides  of  the  head. 
Antennal  scapes  short,  thickened  distally,  reaching  only  to  the  margins  of  the  cheeks 
when  placed  transversely;  first  funicular  joint  one  and  one-half  times  as  long  as 
broad,  remaining  joints,  except  the  last,  twice  as  broad  as  long,  except  the  second  joint 
which  is  less  abbreviated.  Thorax  long,  narrower  through  the  wing-insertions  than 
the  head.  Epinotum  in  profile  with  the  base  but  little  longer  than  the  declivity. 
Petiole  short,  scarcely  twice  as  long  as  broad,  the  peduncle  very  indistinct,  the  node 
evenly  rounded,  broadest  just  behind  the  middle,  bluntly  submarginate  above  on 
the  sides  below  and  anteriorly  with  a  large,  flattened,  hook-like,  downwardly  and 
backwardly  directed  spine.  Postpetiole  about  one-fourth  broader  than  the  petiole, 
broader  than  long,  hemispherical,  not  constricted  anteriorly  but  evenly  convex  and 
rounded  dorsally  and  laterally.    Its  ventral  surface  is  also  convex  and  bears  a  small, 


6  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  45 

acute  tooth  at  the  anterior  end.  Gaster  elongate,  the  pygidium  pointed,  the  hypopy- 
gium  laterally  compressed.    Legs  stout. 

Smooth  and  shining;  the  mandibles  coarsely  rugose-punctate.  Anterior  portion 
of  head  very  finely  and  superficially,  the  remainder  of  the  body  much  more  sparsely 
punctate. 

Hairs  pale  yellowish,  pubescence  whitish;  the  former  sparse  and  erect,  short  on 
the  head,  longer  and  more  abundant  on  the  pedicel  and  gaster.  Pubescence  very 
dilute  and  indistinct,  except  on  the  sides  of  the  epinotum  where  it  is  sufficiently  dense 
to  give  the  surface  a  pruinose  appearance. 

Black;  mandibles,  sides  of  clypeus  and  borders  of  cheeks  castaneous;  antennae, 
wing-insertions,  tips  of  femora,  tibise,  tarsi,  spine  on  ventral  surface  of  petiole,  and 
ventral  and  lateral  borders  of  gastric  segments,  yellow;  antennal  scapes  and  median 
portions  of  middle  and  hind  tibia;  brown. 

Described  from  a  single  specimen  which  I  found  running  on  a  tree- 
trunk  in  the  Botanical  Garden  near  Port  of  Spain.  This  species  is  appar- 
ently related  to  the  series  of  plant-inhabiting  Pseudomyrmas  comprising 
Ps.  arboris-sanctx  Emery,  latinoda  Mayr,  tachigalise  Forel,  damnosa 
Wheeler,  triplaridis  Forel,  etc. 

MyrmicinsB 
Pheidole  biconstricta  Mayr  subsp.  socrates  Forel. — Trinidad,  (Urich), 

Ql,    8. 
Pheidole  cornutula  Emery. — Botanical  Garden,  Port  of  Spain,  (Wheeler), 

9. 
Pheidole  subarmata  Mayr  var.   borinquenensis   Wheeler. — Botanical 

Garden,  Port  of  Spain,  (Wheeler),  oi. 
Pheidole  fallax  Mayr  subsp.  jelskii  Mayr. — Trinidad,  (Urich,  Forel), 

a,  8. 
Pheidole  fallax  subsp.  jelskii  Mayr  var.  antillensis  Forel. — Botanical 

( larden,  Port  of  Spain,  (Wheeler),  oi,  8  . 
Pheidole  flavens  Roger  subsp.  gracilior  Forel. — Trinidad,  (A.  Forel), 

9,    8. 
Pheidole  flavens  subsp.  sculptior  Forel. — Trinidad,  (Urich),  at,  8  . 
Pheidole  susanneB  Forel  subsp.  obscurior  Forel. — Trinidad,  (A.  Forel). 

Pheidole  lacerta,  new  species 

Length,  2J  linn 

fly  related  to  /'//.  himruin  Forel  of  Panama.  Head  about  one-fifth  longer  than 

broad,  as  broad  in  front  as  behind,  its  anterior  angles  small  and  very  acute,  the  sides 

feebl  erfcn  bordei  rather  deeply  excised,  hut  tin-  occipital  groove 

short  mid  -h.dlnw  ;  ilie  I'n.nt.il  groove  absent.    Eyes  rathe?  small  and  feebly  oonvex, 

at  (lie  anteii. ,r  fourth  of  the  sides.  Quit  111  I'mnt  with  two  ] imminent  teeth. 
Mandil.l'  ■■miIi   tWO  larger  apical  and    two    minute    basal    teeth. 

(  h  ■pen-  -111,11  nd  leariaate,  iti  am  end  border  nearly  straight  in  the  middle. 

•  reel  and  prominent,  Imi  not  acule,  forming  the  inner  borders 
of  di.Htuict,  though  flattened  depressions.       Antenna'  small  and    slender; 


1922]  THE  ANTS  OF  TRINIDAD  7 

scapes  not  incrassated  and  not  reaching  to  the  middle  of  the  sides  of  the  head;  club 
as  long  as  the  remainder  of  the  funiculus;  joints  2-8  very  short,  transverse  and  sub- 
equal.  Pro-  and  mesonotum  together  forming  a  subhemispherical  mass  with  indistinct 
humeri;  the  declivity  of  the  mescnotum  with  a  very  feeble  indication  of  a  transverse 
torus  behind;  mesoepinotal  constriction  pronounced.  Epinotum  small,  longer  than 
broad,  the  base  in  profile  horizontal  and  distinctly  longer  than  the  sloping  declivity, 
the  spines  short  and  acute,  directed  upward  and  outward  and  slightly  backward. 
Petiole  from  above  scarcely  broader  behind  than  in  front,  the  node  with  a  transverse, 
entire  border.  Postpetiole  about  half  again  as  broad  as  the  petiole,  broader  than  long 
and  broadest  in  front  where  its  sides  are  bluntly  angular.  Gaster  elongate-elliptical, 
as  large  as  the  head.    Legs  rather  short  and  not  very  robust. 

Mandibles  and  clypeus  smooth  and  shining,  the  former  with  small  scattered, 
elongate  punctures.  Head  and  thorax  subopaque,  the  head  transversely  rugose  above, 
more  reticulate-rugose  laterally  and  in  the  occipital  region,  the  scrobes  finely  and 
densely  punctate.  The  gula  is  also  reticulate  but  more  loosely  and  finely  and  its 
sides  are  smooth  and  shining.  Thorax  and  petiole  very  finely  and  densely  punctate, 
the  pronotum  also  transversely  rugulose  above.  Postpetiole,  gaster  and  legs  smooth 
and  shining,  with  fine,  sparse,  piliferous  punctures. 

Hairs  yellowish,  delicate,  short  and  suberect  on  the  head  and  moderately  abund- 
ant, erect  and  much  longer  on  the  thorax,  pedicel  and  gaster,  very  short  and  appressed 
on  the  appendages. 

Ferruginous  red;  antennae  and  legs  yellow. 

A  single  specimen  swept  from  foliage  near  Port  of  Spain  by  Prof. 
Roland  Thaxter. 

This  species,  though  closely  related  to  Ph.  bicornis  Forel,  seems, 
nevertheless,  to  be  sufficiently  distinct.  The  Central  American  species  is 
considerably  larger  (3.2-3.3  mm.),  its  clypeus  is  carinate,  its  frontal 
carina?  are  pointed  as  in  Ph.  comulula,  the  humeri  of  the  pronotum  are 
more  pronounced,  the  petiolar  node  is  emarginate  at  the  summit,  the 
sculpture  is  coarser,  especially  on  the  thorax,  and  the  color  is  paler. 

Pheidole  tenerescens,  new  species 

Soldier. — Length,  2.2  mm. 

Allied  to  Ph.  minutula  Mayr.  Head  large,  rectangular,  scarcely  longer  than 
broad,  as  broad  in  front  as  behind,  with  straight,  parallel  sides,  the  posterior  border 
somewhat  more  deeply  excised  than  in  minutula,  the  dorsal  and  gular  surfaces 
decidedly  less  convex.  Occipital  groove  very  short  and  shallow;  frontal  groove 
absent.  Gula  anteriorlv  with  two  small,  acute  teeth.  Mandibles  convex,  with  two 
distinct  apical  teeth.  Clypeus  moderately  convex  in  the  middle  but  ecarinate,  the 
anterior  border  straight.  Eyes  small  and  rather  flat,  nearly  circular,  near  the  anterior 
fourth  of  the  head.  Frontal  area  large,  shallow,  subelliptical.  Frontal  carinas  short, 
diverging.  There  are  no  scrobes  nor  scrobe-like  depressions  for  the  antennae.  The 
latter  are  slender;  scapes  reaching  nearly  to  the  middle  of  the  sides  of  the  head;  the 
funiculi  long,  the  club  as  long  as  the  remainder  of  the  funiculus,  joints  2-8  small, 
distinctly  shorter  than  long.  Thorax  shaped  much  as  in  minutula;  the  pro-  and 
mesonotum  together  forming  a  large  hemispherical  mass,  with  distinct  though  blunt 
humeral  angles;    the  mesonotum  descending  behind  abruptly  to  the  mesoepinotal 


8  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  45 

constriction.  Epinotum  subcuboidal,  as  broad  as  long,  its  base  as  long  as  the 
declivity,  the  spines  small,  short  and  acute,  directed  upward,  not  half  as  long  as  the 
distance  between  their  bases.  Petiole  small,  less  than  twice  as  long  as  broad,  the 
node  blunt  and  rounded,  not  compressed  anteroposteriorly.  Postpetiole  scarcely 
broader  than  the  petiole,  a  little  broader  than  long,  its  sides  and  dorsal  surface 
rounded.    Gaster  smaller  than  the  head,  broadly  elliptical.    Legs  rather  short. 

Smooth  and  shining;  the  anterior  half  of  the  head  longitudinally  rugulose,  the 
rugules  being  faint  and  not  very  dense;  the  posterior  half  of  the  head  with  very  sparse, 
piligerous  punctures.  Epinotum  superficially  and  densely  punctate  or  finely  reticu- 
late. 

Hairs  white,  very  fine,  rather  short,  suberect,  moderately  abundant  on  the  body, 
finer  and  more  appressed  on  the  legs;  scapes  with  a  few  erect  longer  hairs  on  their 
anterior  surfaces. 

Honey-yellow;  head  and  mandibles  a  little  darker. 

A  single  specimen  taken  bjr  Prof.  Thaxter  near  Port  of  Spain  in 

sweepings. 

This  form  is  sufficiently  distinct  from  Ph.  minutula  in  the  more 

flattened  and  much  more  feebly  sculptured  head,  the  smaller  eyes,  less 

compressed  petiolar  node,  shorter  and  sparser  pilosity,  paler  coloration, 

etc. 

Pheidole  (Macropheidole)  fimbriata  Roger. — Port  of  Spain,  (R.  Thaxter), 
Qi,  8  ;  Caparo,  (P.  B.  Whelpley),  Qi,  8  ,  9  . 

Pheidole  (Decapheidole)  decern  Forel. — Trinidad,  (A.  Forel),  type- 
locality,  %. 

Crematogaster  brevispinosa  Mayr  var.  minutior  Forel. — Botanical 
Garden,  Port  of  Spain,  (Wheeler),  8  .  Nesting  in  accumulations  of 
carton  around  spines  of  two  trees  of  Acacia  cornigera. 

Crematogaster  (Orthocrema)  brasiliensis  Mayr. — Aripa  Savanna  and 
Sangre  Grande,  (R.  Thaxter),  8  . 

Crematogaster  (Orthocrema)  limata  F.  Smith. — Port  of  Spain,  (R. 
Thaxter),  8  ,  in  sweepings. 

Crematogaster  (Orthocrema)  limata  subsp.  parabiotica Forel. — Trini- 
<l:nl.  (Urich),  8  ;  Porl  of  Spain  and  Gasparee  Island,  (R.  Thaxter), 
8  ;  Botanical ( tarden,  Port  of  Spain,  (Wheeler),  8  . 

Monomorium  floricola  .lei < Ion.     Trinidad,  (Urich),    8  ;    Port  of  Spain, 
i;  Thaxter),  8 . 

Magalomyrmex  bituberculatus  Forel.— Arima,  (Urich),  8  ;  Port  of 
Spain,  |  \i.  Thaxter),  8  . 

Tranopelta  gilva  Mayr.     Porl  of  Spain,  (Aug.  Busok),  9   d\ 

Solenopsis  altinodis  l'<>r«i.  Trinidad,  (Urich),  8;  Port  of  Spain,  (R. 
Thaxter),  9  ,  in  ■weepings. 

Solenopsis  basalts  Forel  var.  urichi  Forel.  Trinidad,  (Urich),  type- 
locality,  8,9. 


1922]  THE  ANTS  OF  TRINIDAD  9 

Solenopsis  tenuis  Mayr- Port  of  Spain,  (R.  Thaxter),  8  . 
Solenopsis  minutissima  Emery. — Trinidad,  (R.  Thaxter),  S  . 
Solenopsis  geminata  Fabr. — Port  of  Spain,  (R.  Thaxter),  S;  Chaguanas 

(Urich),  S;  Port  of  Spain,  (P.  B.  Whelpley),  S;   Botanical  Garden, 

Port  of  Spain,  (Wheeler),  8  . 

SPELiEOMYRMEX,    Ilt'W  genUS 

Worker. — Very  small,  monomorphic.  Head  moderately  large,  with  convex 
sides  and  concave  posterior  border.  Mandibles  narrow,  their  apical  borders  very 
oblique,  with  a  few  large  teeth.  Clypeus  very  short,  except  in  the  middle,  where  it 
extends  back  between  the  frontal  carina?,  the  anterior  border  sinuous  in  the  middle 
and  on  each  side  with  a  broad  tooth,  and  with  two  carina?  which  curve  outwards 
anteriorlv  and  form  sharp  borders  for  the  antennal  sockets.  Frontal  groove  and  area 
absent;  frontal  carina?  small,  short  and  lobular.  Eyes  minute,  in  front  of  the  middle 
of  the  head;  ocelli  absent.  Antennae  11-jointed,  the  funiculi  with  a  very  distinct  2- 
jointed  club,  as  long  as  the  remainder  of  the  funiculus,  the  terminal  joint  very  long, 
the  first  joint  also  long  and  stout  compared  with  joints  2-8,  which  are  small  and 
shorter  than  broad.  Thorax  rather  slender,  with  very  distinct  mesoepinotal  constric- 
tion, angular  humeri  and  the  epinotum  armed  with  spines.  There  is  no  promesonotal 
suture.  Petiole  small,  elongate,  pedunculate,  with  a  conical  node,  the  ventral  surface 
unarmed.  Postpetiole  with  a  very  low  node.  Gaster  much  smaller  than  the  head, 
the  first  segment  very  large,  truncated  anteriorly,  the  remaining  segments  small  and 
short.  Legs  long,  the  femora  and  tibiae  slender  basally,  clavate  distally,  the  middle 
and  hind  tibia?  without  spurs;  tarsal  claws  simple. 

Genotype. — S.  urichi,  new  species. 

Spelaeomyrmex  urichi,  new  species 
Figure  1 

Worker. — Length,  1.5  mm. 

Head  scarcely  longer  than  broad,  as  broad  in  front  as  behind,  with  evenly  convex 
sides  and  broadly  excised  posterior  border;  in  profile  somewhat  more  flattened  above 
than  below.  Mandibles  moderately  large,  with  convex  external  borders  and  the 
oblique  apical  borders  furnished  with  four  large,  subequal  teeth.  Clypeus  steep  and 
convex  in  the  middle,  depressed  on  the  sides.  Eyes  consisting  of  only  a  few  minute, 
indistinct,  pigmented  facets,  placed  at  the  anterior  third  of  the  head.  Antennae  rather 
long,  their  scapes  reaching  to  about  half  the  distance  between  the  eyes  and  the  pos- 
terior corners  of  the  head.  Basal  joint  of  the  funiculus  fully  twice  as  long  as  broad 
and  much  longer  than  joints  2-7,  which  are  fully  twice  as  broad  as  long,  the  eighth 
joint  nearly  as  long  as  broad;  basal  joint  of  club  longer  than  broad,  terminal  joint 
three  times  as  long  as  the  basal  and  rather  pointed  at  the  tip.  Thorax  much  narrower 
than  the  head,  the  pro-  and  mesonotum  depressed  and  very  feebly  rounded  above  in 
profile,  the  humeri  distinctly  angular,  the  inferior  angles  of  the  pronotum  blunt. 
Mesoepinotal  constriction  abrupt  and  rather  long.  Epinotum  much  narrower  than 
the  pronotum,  subrectangular,  broader  than  long,  its  base  longer  than  broad,  the 
spines  flattened,  triangular,  somewhat  longer  than  broad,  acute,  shorter  than  their 
distance  apart  at  the  base  and  directed  upward  and  backward.  Petiole  twice  as  long 
as  broad,  broadened  behind,  the  conical  node  circular  when  seen  from  above  and 
rising  rather  abruptly  from  the  peduncle,  the  ventral  surface  of  the  segment  feebly 


10 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES 


[No.  45 


convex  anteriorlj'.  Postpetiole  in  profile  but  little  more  convex  dorsally  than  ven- 
trally,  from  above  trapezoidal,  about  twice  as  broad  behind  as  in  front,  with  straight 
anterior,  posterior  and  lateral  borders.  Gaster  elliptical,  its  anterior  border  straight 
and  transverse,  angulate  at  the  sides.  Basal  halves  of  femora  slender,  apical  halves 
incrassated;  tibiae,  especially  the  middle  and  hind  pairs,  of  similar  shape. 

Subopaque;  mandibles  coarsely  rugose-punctate;  sides  of  clypeus  and  the 
cheeks  longitudinally  rugose;  remainder  of  head,  thorax,  petiole,  and  postpetiole 
reticulate-rugose;   middle  of  clypeus,  a  large,  elongate  area  just  behind  the  frontal 


■  I  rnmurm<r  uruh w  kciius  and  new  species.  Worker.    A,  dorsal;  B,  lateral  aspect. 

• ; i r 1 1 1 : i  .  the  nodes  of  the  petiole  and  postpetiole,  the  gaster  :i nd  appendages  very 
Smooth  and  shining,  with  minute,  sparse,  piligerous  punctures.  The  meshes  of  the 
i  <  i  iriil.it  i  • .  1 1  mi  the  p.  .-i  »•(<  .-l.i  t  it  .il  portions  of  the  head  and  on  the  pronotum  are 
looser  ami  more  longitudinal  than  00  the  cpinotimi  and  the  ventral  portions  of  the 
petiole  and  |x>Ht|>et iole 

I  l.u  1 1  pah  foDowish,  bristly,  erect,  rather  abundant,  uneven,  covering  the  body 
and  app<  n-l.-ie.  i"'i   l\   lone,  on  the  clypeus,  lagS,  (faster  and  nodes  of  petiole 

and  pffet  petiole,     PubeSOMlOC  absent. 

I  I  nrufpnou  the  imteniiie,  legs,  gastOT  and  nodes  of  the  petiole  and  postpetiole 
m  How. 


1922]  THE  ANTS  OF  TRINIDAD  11 

Described  from  eleven  specimens  found  by  Mr.  F.  M.  Urich  living 
in  the  guano  of  the  fat-bird  {Steatornis  caripensis  Humboldt)  in  the 
Guacharo  Cave  of  Trinidad.  The  pale  color,  very  minute  eyes  and  long 
bristty  pilosity  indicate  that  this  is  a  true  cavernicolous  ant.  It  evidently 
runs  down  to  the  tribe  Pheidologetini  Emery  in  our  tables  and  is  very 
closely  related  to  Erebomyrma  Wheeler,  but  differs  markedly  in  a  number 
of  characters,  notably  in  the  much  larger  size  of  the  head,  the  angulate 
humeri,  the  shape  of  the  petiole,  postpetiole  and  legs  and  the  much 
greater  size  of  the  first  gastric  segment.  The  discovery  of  the  probably 
very  large  male  and  female  phases  will  probably  show  that  we  are  con- 
cerned either  with  a  very  distinct  genus  or  a  highly  aberrant  species  of 
Erebomyrma.  Perhaps  the  Texan  E.  lonyi  Wheeler,  which  is  certainly 
subterranean  and  has  been  taken  only  once  (during  a  nuptial  flight),  is 
really  a  cavernicolous  ant.  At  any  rate  search  should  now  be  made  for 
it  in  the  bat-guano  which  often  accumulates  in  great  masses  in  many  of 
the  caves  of  Texas. 

Leptothorax  (Goniothorax)  asper  Mayr. — Port  of  Spain,  (P.  B.  Whelp- 
ley),  B  • 

Leptothorax  (Goniothorax)  tristani  Emery. — Port  of  Spain,  (R.  Thax- 
ter),  B  ,  in  sweepings. 

Wasmannia  auropunctata  Roger. — Trinidad,  (A.  Forel),  2,  d"; 
Port  of  Spain,  (R.  Thaxter),  £  ,  9  ;  Botanical  Garden,  Port  of 
Spain,  (Wheeler),  8  ;  Guacharo  Cave,  (Urich),  in  nesting  materials 
of  guacharo  (Steatornis  caripensis  Humb.),  £  . 

Procryptocerus  spiniperdus  Forel. — Trinidad,  (Urich),  type-locality,  (J  ; 
Port  of  Spain,  (P.  B.  Whelpley),  fi  ,  9  .    ' 

The  female  measures  nearly  7  mm.  and  is  very  similar  to  the 
worker  but  with  the  pronotum  coarsely  and  evenly  reticulate-rugose 
and  the  longitudinal  ruga?  on  the  mesonotum  and  base  of  epinotum 
coarser.    The  epinotal  spines  are  stouter  and  proportionally  shorter. 

Cryptocerus  maculatus  F.  Smith. — Trinidad,  (R.  Thaxter),  S  . 

Cryptocerus  maculatus  subsp.  nanus  Forel. — Savanna,  (A.  Forel) 
type-locality,  S  ;  Port  of  Spain,  (P.  B.  Whelpley),  8  ;  same  locality 
(R.  Thaxter),  £  ,  in  sweepings. 

Cryptocerus  umbraculatus  Fabr. — Port  of  Spain,  (P.  B.  Whelpley),   8  . 

Cryptocerus  pusillus  Klug—  Aripa  Savanna,  (R.  Thaxter),  g  . 

Cryptocerus  spinosus  Mayr.— Botanical  Garden,  Port  of  Spain, 
(Wheeler),   g  . 

Cryptocerus  (Zacryptocerus)  clypeatus  Fabr. — Sangre  Grande,  (R. 
Thaxter),  8  ;  Port  of  Spain,  (U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.),  8  . 


12  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  45 

Cephalotes  atratus  L. — Trinidad,  (A.  Forel),  §  ;    Port  of  Spain,  (R. 

Thaxter,  P.  B.  Whelpley,  Wheeler),  S  . 
Strumigenys  eggersi  Emery. — Verdant  Vale,  (Urich),  8  ;  Port  of  Spain, 

(R.  Thaxter),  S  ,  in  sweepings. 
Strumigenys  saliens  Mayr. — Port  of  Spain,  (R.  Thaxter),  9  . 

Strumigenys  trinidadensis,  new  species 

Worker. — Length,  nearly  3  mm. 

Closely  related  to  S.  saliens  Mayr  but  smaller.  Head  and  mandibles  of  the 
same  shape  and  proportions  but  the  occipital  excision  deeper  and  the  mandibles 
flatter.  The  teeth  are  of  the  same  number  and  in  the  same  position  but  differ  in 
length;  the  denticle  at  the  base  of  the  apical  tooth  is  much  smaller  and  the  two  on  the 
inner  border  of  the  mandibles  are  very  short  and  acute,  the  proximal  shorter  than  the 
distal.  Antennal  scapes  slender,  reaching  to  the  beginning  of  the  occipital  lobes  as  in 
saliens;  first  funicular  joint  as  long  as  joints  2  and  3  together,  which  are  subequal  and 
distinctly  longer  than  broad;  joint  4  nearly  as  long  as  joints  1  to  3  together  and 
scarcely  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  terminal  joint.  Thorax  shaped  as  in  saliens, 
but  pro-  and  mesonotum  with  a  slender,  sharp  median  carina.  Epinotum  with  both 
superior  and  metasternal  spines,  the  former  somewhat  longer  than  the  latter  and 
about  half  as  long  as  the  base  of  the  epinotum,  without  membranous  expansion 
below.  Petiole  and  postpetiole  similar  to  those  of  saliens  but  the  peduncle  of  the 
former  passing  much  more  gradually  into  the  distinctly  lower  node.  Postpetiole 
broader  than  in  saliens,  being  nearly  twice  as  broad  as  the  petiolar  node.  The  spongi- 
form masses  arranged  much  as  in  saliens  but  less  developed  along  the  ventral  surface 
of  the  petiole. 

Opaque;  finely  and  densely  punctate,  postpetiole  and  ventral  and  apical  por- 
tions of  the  gaster  smoother  and  more  shining;  head  more  coarsely,  pronotum  more 
finely  rugose,  the  rugae  irregular  and  longitudinal.  Gaster  very  finely  and  indistinctly 
shagreened,  its  extreme  base  with  a  regular  row  of  radiating  rugules. 

Hairs  whitish;  those  on  the  anterior  border  of  scapes  curved  and  clavate  and  in  a 
regular  series.  There  are  a  few  erect  clavate  hairs  on  the  head  and  thorax  and  the 
head  has  also  more  numerous  small,  scattered  appressed  and  rather  indistinct  scale- 
like hairs;  those  on  tin-  petiole,  postpetiole  and  gaster  are  fine,  long,  erect,  abundant 
and  flexuous;  mandibles  and  legs  with  short,  delicate,  appressed  hairs. 

Veil. .wish  brown;  mandible*,  legs  and  gaster  more  yellowish;  the  teeth  on  Mr- 
inner  borders  of  the  mandiblei  black. 

Described  from  a  single  specimen  swept  from  foliage  near  Port  of 
Spain  by  Prof.  Roland  Thaxter. 

This  ant  is  readily  distinguished  from  S,  saliens  by  its  considerably 
smaller  nse,  paler  color,  shorter  mandibular  teeth,  earinate  pro-  and 

mesonotum,  more  finely  punctate  and  more  coarsely  rugose  head  and 
pronotum,  lower  petiolar  node  and  different  abdominal  pilosity.    It  is 

<\\   related  to  S.  silrfslrii  Emery,  which  is  much  smaller,  paler, 
with   much   le-~  de.-ph    r\cisrd   head  and  lacks  the  metasternal  spines, 

though  the  arrangement  of  the  mandibular  teeth  is  similar. 


1922]  THE  ANTS  OF  TRINIDAD  13 

Codiomyrmex  thaxteri  Wheeler. — Port  of  Spain,  (R.  Thaxter),  type- 
locality,  8  ,  in  sweepings. 

Sericomyrmex  urichi  Forel. — Trinidad,  (Urich),  type-locality,  8  ; 
Botanical  Garden,  Port  of  Spain,  (Wheeler),  S  . 

Apterostigma  mayri  Forel. — Trinidad,  (Urich),  type-locality,  8  ;  Diego 
Martin,  (Wheeler),  g  ,  9 ,  d",  fungus  gardens  under  logs  in  cacao 
plantation. 

Apterostigma  urichi  Forel. — Trinidad,  (Urich),  type-locality,  g  ; 
Caparo,  (R.  Thaxter),  S  . 

Apterostigma  wasmanni  Forel. — Four  Roads,  Port  of  Spain,  (R.  Thax- 
ter), S. 

Myrmicocrypta  squamosa  F.  Smith. — Port  of  Spain,  (A.  Forel),  d\ 

Mycocepurus  smithi  Forel. — Diego  Martin,  (Urich),  8  ;  Botanical 
Garden,  Port  of  Spain,  (Wheeler),  S  . 

Cyphomyrmex  rimosus  Spinola. — Botanical  Garden,  Port  of  Spain, 
(Wheeler),  8,  9,  d". 

Cyphomyrmex  rimosus  subep.  minutus  Mayr. — Botanical  Garden,  Port 
of  Spain,  (Wheeler),  fi  . 

Trachymyrmex  cornetzi  Forel  variety  bivittatus,  new  variety 

Worker. — Differing  from  the  typical  form  from  Colombia  in  having  the  pale- 
brownish  cloud  on  each  side  of  the  first  gastric  segment  replaced  by  a  very  definite 
dark-brown  band,  which  reaches  to  the  base  of  the  segment  and  is  continued  as  a 
band  of  the  same  color  on  the  side  of  the  postpetiole.  There  is  no  infuscation  of  the 
pronottim,  but  the  antennal  club,  except  the  tip  of  its  last  joint,  is  dark  brown. 

Numerous  workers  from  two  colonies  which  I  found  in  the  Botanical 
Garden,  Port  of  Spain  (type-locality)  and  at  Coroni.  In  both  places  the 
nests  were  in  clay  banks  and  resembled  those  of  our  North  American  T. 
septentrionalis  McCook.  I  have  taken  the  typical  cornetzi  at  Kartabo  in 
British  Guiana.  Forel  has  described  from  Colombia  a  variety,  naranjo, 
which  is  more  reddish  and  with  an  even  feebler  development  of  the 
brown  clouded  areas  than  in  the  typical  form  of  the  species. 
Trachymyrmex  humilis  Wheeler. — Gasparee  Island  and  Port  of  Spain, 

(R.  Thaxter),  type-locality,   S  ;   Botanical  Garden,  Port  of  Spain, 

(Wheeler),   $  . 
Trachymyrmex  urichi    Forel. — Trinidad,    (Urich),    type-locality,     8  ; 

Ariopita   Valley,    (B.    D.    Chipman),     8  ;    Gasparee   Island,    (R. 

Thaxter),  8  ;  Botanical  Garden,  Port  of  Spain,  (Wheeler),  S  . 
Acromyrmex    octospinosus    Reich. — Trinidad,     (Giinther,    Urich,    A. 

Forel),    8,    9,  cf;    Gasparee  Island,  (R.  Thaxter),    8;    Ariopita 

Valley,  (B.  D.  Chipman),  8  ;  Port  of  Spain,  (P.  B.  Whelpley),  8  ; 

Botanical  Garden,  Port  of  Spain,  (Wheeler),  8  . 


14  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  45 

Atta  cephalotes  L. — Port  of  Spain  and  Sewa  Valley,  (R.  Thaxter),    8  ;• 
Taberguilla  and  Port  of  Spain,  (P.  B.  Whelpley),  8  . 

Dolichoderinae 
Dolichoderus  attelaboides  Fabr. — Arima,  (Urich),    8";    Port  of  Spain, 

(R.  Thaxter),  8. 
Dolichoderus  decollatus  F.  Smith. — Port  of  Spain,  (R.  Thaxter),   8  . 
Dolichoderus  (Monacis)  bispinosus  Olivier. — Port  of  Spain,  (R.  Thaxter), 

8  ,  9  ,  o";  Erin,  (Urich),  8  ;  Caparo,  (P.  B.  Whelpley),  8  ;  Caroni 
and  Botanical  Garden,  Port  of  Spain,  (Wheeler),  8  . 

Dolichoderus  (Monacis)  debilis  Emery. — Matura,  (Urich),  8  ;  Sangre 

Grande,  (R.  Thaxter),  8  . 
Dolichoderus  (Hypoclinea)  bidens  L. — Tamana,  (Urich),  8  ;  Botanical 

Garden,  Port  of  Spain,  (Wheeler),  8  . 
Dolichoderus  (Hypoclinea)  bidens  var.  spurius Forel.— Trinidad,  (Urich), 

type-locality,   8  . 
Dolichoderus    (Hypoclinea)   championi   Forel  var.  tseniatus  Forel. — 

Savanna,  (A.  Forel),  Port  of  Spain,  (R.  Thaxter),    8  ;    Botanical 

Garden,  Port  of  Spain,  (Wheeler),  8  . 
Dolichoderus  (Hypoclinea)  championi  subsp.   trinidadensis   Forel. — 

Trinidad,  (Urich),  type-locality,   8  ;   Port  of  Spain,  (R.  Thaxter), 

8. 
Dolichoderus  (Hypoclinea)  lutosus  F.  Smith. — Savanna,  (A.  Forel),  8  . 
Iridomyrmex  dispertitus  Forel  subsp.  micans  Forel. — Port  of  Spain, 

(R.  Thaxter),  8  . 
Azteca  alfaroi  Emery  subsp.  lucidula  Forel. — Trinidad,  (Urich),  8,9, 

d";    Caroni  and  Botanical  Garden,  Port  of  Spain,  (Wheeler),    8, 

9  ,  in  internodea  of  Cecropia  peltata. 

Azteca  barbifex  Forel. — Port  of  Spain,  (R.  Thaxter),  8  . 

Azteca  bicolor  Eknery  subsp.  belti  Eknery. — Botanical  Garden,  Port  of 

Spain.  |  Wheeler),  8  ,  running  on  trunks  of  Cecropia  peltata. 
Azteca  chartifex  Forel. — Trinidad,  (Urich),  type-locality,    8  ;    Arima, 

•    (Urich). 
Azteca  chartifex  subsp.  decipiens  Pore!  var.  lanians  Forel. — Arima, 

(Urich),   8,  9;   Botanical  Garden,  Port  of  Spain,  (Wheeler),    8, 

from  large,  pendent,  carton  nests  on  rubber  trees. 
Azteca  constructor  Bmery.    Botanical  ( larden,  Port  of  Spain,  (Wheeler), 

8,9,  netting  in  internodea  of  ( 'ecropia  peltata. 
Azteca  delpini    Pore)    Bubtp.  trinidadensis  Forel.     Trinidad,  (Urich), 

type-locality,  8,9;  Caronij  (Wheeler),  nesting  in  internodea  of 
i  pdtata. 


1922]  THE  ANTS  OF  TRINIDAD  15 

A 

Azteca  foreli  Emery  subsp.  ursina  Forel. — Trinidad,  (Urich),  type- 
locality,  8,  cf;  Chatham,  (Urich),  8. 

Azteca  jelskii  Emery. — Trinidad,  (Urich),  8,9. 

Azteca  trigona  Emery  subsp.  mathildae  Forel  var.  spuria  Forel. — Botan- 
ical Garden,  Port  of  Spain,  (Wheeler),  8  . 

Azteca  trigona  subsp.  mediops  Forel. — Port  of  Spain,  (R.  Thaxter),  8  ; 
Ariopita  Valley,  (H.  D.  Chapman),  9  . 

Azteca  velox  Forel. — Arima,  (Urich),  8  . 

Azteca  velox  Forel  var.  nigriventris  Forel. — Port  of  Spain,  (R.  Thaxter), 
9. 

Azteca  xanthochroa  Roger. — Caroni,  (Wheeler),  8  ,  nesting  in  internodes 
of  Cecropia  peltata. 

Tapinoma  melaiiocephalum  Fabr. — Aripa  Savanna,  (R.  Thaxter),  8  ; 
Port  of  Spain,  (P.  B.  Whelpley),  8  . 

Tapinoma  ramulorum  Emery  var.  saga  Forel. — Trinidad,  (Urich), 
type-locality,  8,9. 

Tapinoma  ramulorum  subsp.  irrectum  Forel  var.  cearense  Forel. — 
Trinidad,  (Urich),  8,  cF. 

Formicinse 

Brachymyrmex  heeri  Forel. — Port  of  Spain,  (R.  Thaxter),  8  ,  in  sweep- 
ings. 

Brachymyrmex  minutus  Forel. — Trinidad,  (Urich),  8  . 

Prenolepis  (Nylanderia)  longicornis  Latr. — Sangre  Grande,  (R.  Thaxter), 
8. 

Prenolepis  (Nylanderia)  c»cili»  Forel. — Caparo,  (P.  B.  Whelpley),  8  . 

Prenolepis  (Nylanderia)  steinheili  Forel. — Port  of  Spain,  (P.  B.  Whelp- 
ley), 8  • 

Prenolepis  (Nylanderia)  vividula  Xyl. — Port  of  Spain,  (R.  Thaxter),  8  . 

Prenolepis  (Nylanderia)  vividula  subsp.  guatemalensis  Forel  var.  itin- 
erans  Forel. — Trinidad,  (Urich),   8  . 

Camponotus  (Dinomyrmex)  agra  F.  Smith. — Platanal,  (Urich),  8  ; 
(  aparo,  (P.  B.  Whelpley),  8  . 

Camponotus  (Myrmothrix)  abdominalis  Fabr. — Trinidad,  (A.  Forel); 
Port  of  Spain,  (R.  Thaxter,  P.  B.  Whelpley),  8  ;  Ariopita  Valley, 
(B.  D.  Chipman),  8  ;  Botanical  Garden,  Port  of  Spain,  (Wheeler), 
8,  9.     • 

Camponotus  (Myrmothrix)  femoratus  Fabr. — Port  of  Spain,  (R. 
Thaxter),   8  . 

Camponotus  (Myrmosphincta)  urichi  Forel. — Trinidad,  (Urich), 
type  locality,   8  . 


16  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOV  I  TAT  ES  [No.  45 

Camponotus  (Mynnobrachys)  auricomus  Roger. — Botanical  Garden, 

Port  of  Spain,  (Wheeler),  §  . 
Camponotus  (Myrmobrachys)  beebei  Wheeler. — Near  Port  of  Spain, 

(R.  Thaxter),  8. 
Camponotus  (Myrmobrachys)  brettesi  Forel. — Trinidad,  (A.  Forel),  8  . 
Camponotus  (Myrmobrachys)  canescens   Mayr. — Botanical    Garden, 

Port  of  Spain,  (Wheeler),  8  . 
Camponotus  (Myrmobrachys)   excisus    Mayr. — Port    of    Spain,    (R. 

Thaxter),    S. 

Camponotus  (Myrmobrachys)  godmani  Forel  variety  palliolatus,    new 

variety 

Six  minor  workers  taken  near  Port  of  Spain  by  Prof.  R.  Thaxter 
agree  closely  with  Forel's  description  of  the  types  from  Mexico  and 
Central  America,  except  that  the  tibiae,  upper  surfaces  of  the  femora  and 
upper  surface  of  the  thorax  are  dark  brown;  the  pigment  on  the  pro- 
notum  being  aggregated  in  two  large,  rather  indefinite  spots.  The  pos- 
terior portion  of  the  head  seems  also  to  be  more  extensively  infuscated 
than  in  the  typical  form. 

Camponotus  (Myrmobrachys)  lindigi   Mayr. — Gasparee   Island,    (R. 

Thaxter),  8  . 
Camponotus  (Myrmobrachys)   senex  F.  Smith. — Port  of  Spain,    (R. 

Thaxter,  P.  B.  Whelpley),  8. 
Camponotus    (Myrmobrachys)    zoc     Forel. — Trinidad,     (A.     Forel); 

Ariopita  Valley,  (B.  D.  Chipman),  8  . 
Camponotus  (Myrmamblys)  novogrenadensis  Mayr. — Botanical  Gar- 
den, Port  of  Spain,  (Wheeler),  8  . 
Camponotus  (Myrmocladoecus)  rectangularis  Emery  var.  setipes  Forel, 

— Trinidad,  ( I  i ich  i,  type-locality,  8  . 
Camponotus  (Myrmocladoecus)  latangulus  Roger. — Port  of  Spain,  (R. 

Thaxter),    8. 
Camponotus  (Myrmocladoecus)  bidens  Mayr. — Port    of    Spain,     (R. 

Thaxter),    S. 
Camponotus  I  Pseudocolobopsis )  claviscapus  Forel. — Trinidad,  (Urich), 

type-locality,  tl ,  cf. 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES 

No.  46 


A  NEW  GENUS  AND  SUBGENUS  OF 
MYRMICIN^E   FROM  TROPICAL  AMERICA 

By  William  Morton  Wheeler 


Issued  September  7,  1922 


fOz 

h 

Vy 


By  Order  of  the  Trustees 

OF 

THE  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 
New  York  City 


Ti|[j  i1  i*i  ] 

''  * 

AMEPiCAN 

■MUSEUM 

•PRESS 

*    1 

AMERICAN    MUSEUM     NOVITATES 

Number  46  September  7,  1922 

S9.57.96M  (729) 

A  NEW  GENUS   AND  SUBGENUS   OF  MYRMICIN.E  FROM 
TROPICAL  AMERICA1 

By  William  Morton  Wheeler 

Myrmecinella,  new  genus 

Worker. — Small,  monomorphic,  with  hard  integument.  Head  somewhat  flat- 
tened, moderately  large.  Mandibles  convex,  subtriangular,  with  well-developed, 
dentate  apical  border.  Clypeus  with  a  convex  and  projecting,  subrectangular,  bi- 
carinate,  median  lobe,  the  sides  depressed  and  feebly  emarginate;  the  median  portion 
not  extending  far  back  between  the  frontal  carinae.  Eyes  rather  small,  well  in  front 
of  the  middle  of  the  head;  ocelli  absent.  Frontal  area  distinct;  frontal  groove  absent; 
frontal  carinae  short  and  lobular.  Antennas  11-jointed;  the  funiculi  with  a  large 
basal  joint  and  a  large  3-jointed  club,  the  terminal  joint  of  which  is  very  large;  joints 
2  to  5  very  short  and  transverse.  Thorax  small,  considerably  narrower  than  the  head; 
the  pro-  and  mesonotum  convex  and  rounded  above  and  at  the  humeri,  without  pro- 
mesonotal  suture  above;  mesoepinotal  constriction  deep  and  selliform;  epinotum  un- 
armed. Petiole  very  small,  epedunculate,  subcuboidal,  without  a  node,  unless  a 
strong  and  prominent,  anterior,  transverse  ridge,  terminating  in  a  tooth  on  each  side 
be  regarded  as  such.  Postpetiole  very  small,  rounded.  Gaster  elliptical,  nearly  as 
large  as  the  head,  the  first  segment  forming  about  half  its  surface.  Legs  with  incras- 
sate  femora  and  tibiae,  the  middle  and  hind  tibiae  without  spurs;  tarsal  claws  simple. 

Female  and  Male. — Unknown. 

Genotype.— .1/.  /xuuunana,  new  species. 

Myrmecinella  panamana,  new  species2 

Figure  1 

Worker. — Length,  2  mm. 

Head  a  little  longer  than  broad,  slightly  narrower  in  front  than  behind,  with 
rounded  sides  and  posterior  corners  and  feebly  sinuate  posterior  border;  the  dorsal 
surface  on  each  side  and  posteriorly  slightly  impressed  for  the  accommodation  of  the 
antennae  but  scarcely  scrobe-like.  Eyes  flattened,  near  the  anterior  third  of  the  head. 
Mandibles  apparently  5-toothed,  the  two  apical  teeth  large,  the  others  small  and 
rather  indistinct.  Clypeal  lobe  feebly  notched  in  the  middle,  with  marginate  sides 
and  rather  sharp  corners.  The  two  clypeal  carinae  are  continued  back  a  short  distance 
onto  the  front  between  the  frontal  carina?.  Frontal  area  small,  triangular,  not  im- 
pressed. Antennal  scapes  not  reaching  the  posterior  corners  of  the  head;  funicular 
joints  2-7  small,  subequal,  much  broader  than  long;    joint  8  larger  and  about  as 


Contributions  from  the  Entomological  Laboratory,  Bussey  Institution,  Harvard  University. 
No.  208.  »  4 

-Types  of  new  species  described  in  this  paper  will  be  deposited  in  The  American  Museum  of  Nat- 
ural History. 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES 


[No.  46 


broad  as  long  but  much  smaller  than  the  second  joint  of  the  club,  which  is  distinctly 
longer  than  broad;  terminal  joint  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  preceding  joint.  The 
whole  club  is  slightly  longer  than  the  remainder  of  the  funiculus.  Promesonotum 
somewhat  longer  than  broad,  subhemispherical  in  profile;  epinotum  narrower  than 
the  promesonotum,  longer  than  broad,  its  base  in  profile  straight  and  horizontal, 
6lightly  lower  than  the  promesonotum  and  as  long  as  the  rather  abrupt  declivity 
into  which  it  passes  through  a  distinct  angle.    Petiole  from  above  nearly  square,  the 


Fig.   1.     MyrmecinM*  pan&mana,  new  genus  and  new  aperies.     Worker.     A,  dorsal;    B,  lateral 


feebly  concave,  tli  •  posterior  corners  nearly  as  sharp  as  the  anterior  corners 
which  are  formed  by  the  ends  of  the  peculiar,  straight,  transverse  ridge;  ventral 
(surface  with  a  l:irn<\  triangular,  downwardly  directed  tooth,    Foatpetiole  as  broad 

|  <■  petiole  Inil   much   shorter,  nearly   twice  as  broad  as  long,   very  convex  and 

rounded  above.    <  luster  ratlier  Mattel ied.    Legs  robust,  with  the  femora,  especially  (lie 

Od  hind  pairs,  conspicuously  thickened. 

M  and  iblcH  shining,  sparsely   punctate;     head,    thorax,    petiole  and   post  pel  lole 

•  |>ai|iie.     ('Ivpeii     with  a   lew   sharp  longitudinal  rUgO).      front   and  sides  of  head 

punctate  and  Imelv,  longitudinally  rUguloOC;    the  Inngit  udinal  mid-dorsal  third,  from 

the  fnmt  to  tin- occiput  \<i\    mooth  and  shining,  with  verj  minute,  sparse,  piliger- 


1922]         MYRMIC1N.E  FROM  TROPICAL  AMERICA  3 

ous  punctures.  Thorax,  petiole  and  postpetiole  very  evenly  and  finely  reticulate- 
rugose.    Gaster,  antennal  scapes  and  legs  smooth  and  shining. 

Hairs  white,  very  delicate,  sparse,  subappressed,  short  and  inconspicuous  on  the 
head,  thorax  and  appendages,  longer  on  the  gaster. 

Castaneous  brown;  mandibles,  antennae,  pedicel  and  legs  slightly  paler,  more 
yellowish  brown. 

Described  from  two  specimens  which  I  found  running  on  the  bark 
of  a  living  tree  at  Colon,  Panama. 

The  genus  Myrmecinella  evidently  belongs  in  Emery's  tribe  Myrme- 
cinini,  the  type  genus  of  which  is  Myrmecina,  represented  by  several 
species  in  the  Palearctic,  Oriental,  Papuan,  Australian  and  Nearctic 
Regions.  To  the  same  tribe  Emery  assigns  nine  other  genera, 
namely,  Podomyrma,  Lordomyrma,  Atopomyrmex,  Dilobocondyla,  Tera- 
taner,  Atopula,  Pristomyrmex,  Acanthomyrmex  and  Dacryon,  all  of  which 
are  confined  to  the  Ethiopian,  Oriental,  Papuan  and  Australian  Regions. 
Myrmecinella  is  therefore  the  only  genus  of  the  tribe  that  has  come  to 
light  in  tropical  America.  In  its  very  small  size  and  other  characters  it 
may  be  easily  distinguished  f  om  any  of  the  above-mentioned  Old  World 
genera. 

Pheidole  subgenus  Hendecapheidole,  new  subgenus 

While  writing  the  description  of  Pheidole  tachigalia,  recently  pub- 
lished in  'Zoologica'  (Vol.  3,  1921,  pp.  148-150),  an  ant  which  occurs 
in  the  leaf-petioles  of  Tachigalia  paniculata  Aublet  and,  as  I  have  re- 
cently found,  also  in  the  stem-swellings  of  Cordia  nodosa  Lam.  var. 
hispidissima  Fres.,  I  "ailed  to  count  the  antennal  joints.  I  now  find  the 
number  to  be  11  in  the  soldier  (Fig.  2A),  worker,  and  female.  The  male 
is  unknown,  but  Mr.  Alfred  Emerson  has  recently  sent  me  another  closely 
related  undescribed  species,  represented  by  worker  (Fig.  2B),  female  and 
male  specimens.  The  male  (Fig.  2C)  also  has  11-jointed  antennae,  though 
the  third  funicular  joint  is  long  and  shows  a  slight  constriction  in  the 
middle  on  one  side,  indicating  a  fusion  of  two  joints.  It  thus  becomes 
necessary  to  place  these  two  species  in  a  new  subgenus,  which  I  will  call 
Hende  apheidole,  intermediate  between  Pheidole,  sensu  stricto,  with  12- 
jointed  antennae  in  the  soldier,  worker  and  female  and  13-jointed  anten- 
nae in  the  male,  and  the  subgenus  Decapheidole  Forel,  which  has  10- 
jointed  antennae  in  the  soldier  and  worker.  The  male  Decapheidole  is 
unknown.  The  species  of  both  of  the  subgenera  are  very  small  in  all  four 
phases  compared  with  the  species  of  Pheidole,  sensu  stricto.  I  regard 
Pheidole  tachigalia  as  the  type  of  the  subgenus  Hendecapheidole.  A 
description  of  the  undescribed  species,  taken  by  Mr.  Emerson  and  dedi- 
cated to  him,  is  appended. 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES 


No.  46 


Pheidole  (Hendecapheidole)  emersoni,  new  species 

Worker. — Length,  1.3-1.6  mm. 

Head  subrectangular,  as  broad  as  long,  scarcely  narrower  in  front  than  behind, 
with  nearly  straight  lateral  and  feebly  emarginate  posterior  borders.  Apical  borders  of 
mandibles  with  numerous  minute,  uneven  teeth.  Clypeus  moderately  convex,  with 
entire,  transverse  anterior  border.  Frontal  area  distinct,  elongate;  frontal  groove 
absent;  frontal  carina?  very  small  and  short.  Eyes  moderately  convex,  situated 
just  in  front  of  the  middle  of  the  head,  their  ommatidia  large  and  rather  few  in  number. 
Antennal  scapes  almost  reaching  the  posterior  corners  of  the  head;  first  funicular 
joint  fully  twice  as  long  as  broad;  second  joint  as  long  as  broad,  joints  3-7 
shorter,  club  longer  than  the  remainder  of  the  funiculus,  its  two  basal  joints  distinctly 


Fig.  2.  A,  Pheidole  (.Hendecapheidole)  tachigalise  Wheeler,  head  of  soldier;  B,  Pheidole  (Hende- 
capheidole)  emertoni,  new  specie*;  C,  antenna  of  male  of  same  species;  D,  antenna  of  male  of  Phei- 
dole pili/era  Roger. 


longer  than  broad,  together  slightly  shorter  than  the  largo  terminal  joint.  Thorax 
similar  to  that  of  the  Inrhignliap  worker,  the  pro-  and  mosonotum  forming  a  single 
convex  mass,  without  suture  or  transverse  welt,  but  the  humeri  are  rounded  and  not 

prominent  as  in  laekigotitf.    Mesoepinotal  constriction  short  and  deep;  epinotum 

small,  the  lii-c  convex  in  profile,  not  longer  than  the  declivity,  the  spines  straight, 
acute,  longer  than  broad  at  their  liases  hut  shorter  than  their  distance  apart,  directed 
upward,  outward  and  backward,  Petiole  small  and  slender,  fully  twice  M  long  as 
broad  and  scarcely  broader  behind  than  in  front,  its  sides  straight  and  subparallol 
the  node  rather  loi  but  somewhat  compressed  anteroposterior!}-,  its  border  blind  and 
entit  Hole  small,  only  slightly  broader  than  the  petiole,  broader  than  long, 

evenly  rounded  doi-nally  and  laterally,  (luster  oval,  convex  above,  the  anterior  border 
of  the  first  Segment  straight  and  transverse  in  the  middle.     Ix'gsof  the  usual  shape. 


1922]         MYRMICIN/E  FROM  TROPICAL  AMERICA  5 

Mandibles  smooth  and  shining;  clypeus,  head,  thorax,  petiole  and  ventral  por- 
tion of  postpetiole  opaque,  densely,  finely  and  evenly  punctate,  or  reticulate-rugulose ; 
postpetiolar  node,  gaster,  legs  and  antennal  scapes  smooth  and  shining. 

Hairs  whitish,  long,  erect  and  moderately  abundant  both  on  the  body  and 
appendages. 

Brown;  first  gastric  segment  castaneous;  head  darker  than  the  thorax  and 
pedicel;  mandibles,  antennae  and  legs  brownish  yellow. 

Female  (dealated). — Length,  2.3  mm. 

Head  shaped  like  that  of  the  worker,  but  with  more  pronounced  posterior  corners 
and  feeble  scrobe-like  impressions  for  the  antennae.  Mandibles  large  and  convex. 
Clypeus  convex,  with  straight  anterior  border.  Frontal  area  small,  transverse,  im- 
pressed. Eyes  decidedly  longer  than  their  distance  from  the  anterior  margin  of  the 
head;  gula  with  two  acute  teeth  on  its  anterior  border.  Antennal  scapes  reaching 
only  to  about  two-thirds  the  distance  from  the  anterior  to  the  posterior  corners  of 
the  head.  Thorax  narrower  than  the  head;  broadly  elliptical,  the  mesonotum  and 
scutellum  much  flattened,  the  epinotal  spines  short,  stout  and  acute.  Petiole  re- 
sembling that  of  the  worker,  but  the  anterior  slope  of  the  node  is  much  less  concave; 
postpetiole  fully  a  third  broader  than  the  petiolar  node,  broader  than  long  and  broad- 
est through  the  anterior  corners,  which  are  acute  and  projecting.  Gaster  elongate- 
elliptical,  fully  twice  as  long  as  broad;  its  anterior  border  concave. 

Mandibles  smooth  and  shining;  clypeus,  head,  thorax,  petiole  and  postpetiole 
opaque,  finely  and  densely  punctate,  the  scutellum  and  postpetiolar  node  smooth 
and  shining.  Clypeus  indistinctly  rugulose  on  the  sides;  head  longitudinally  rugulose, 
except  on  the  scrobes,  which  are  merely  punctate.  Gaster  shining,  with  distinct, 
scattered,  piligerous  punctures.  Similar  punctures  occur  also  on  the  scutellum  and 
among  the  fine  punctures  of  the  mesonotum. 

Hairs  grayish  and  more  abundant  but  in  other  respects  much  as  in  the  worker. 

Castaneous;  mandibles  and  clypeus  red;  antennae  and  legs  brownish  yellow. 

Male.— Length,  2.2-2.3  mm. 

Head,  excluding  the  eyes,  longer  than  broad,  broadly  elliptical,  not  narrower  in 
front  than  behind,  flattened  above.  Eyes  large,  very  close  to  the  anterior  border, 
less  than  half  as  long  as  the  head.  Mandibles  small,  spatulate,  edentate.  Clypeus 
feebly  and  evenly  convex,  with  straight  anterior  border.  Antennae  short,  11-jointed; 
scape  very  short,  scarcely  longer  than  the  swollen,  elliptical  first  funicular  joint; 
third  funicular  joint  twice  as  long  as  the  second,  with  a  transverse  impression  in  the 
middle  on  one  side;  two  succeeding  joints  each  a  little  longer  than  the  second  fun- 
icular, the  more  apical  joints  longer,  the  last  twice  as  long  as  the  penultimate.  Thorax 
long,  broader  than  the  head  through  the  mesonotum  which  is  convex  anteriorly  and 
flattened  behind,  without  Mayrian  furrows.  Epinotum  small,  convex,  its  base  and 
declivity  scarcely  distinct.  Petiolar  node  very  low,  the  postpetiole  a  little  broader,  as 
long  as  broad,  not  convex  above  and  with  rather  straight  sides.  Gaster  elongate- 
elliptical,  with  very  distinct  cerci.  Legs  slender.  Wing  venation  as  in  typical  Pheidole. 

Opaque;  very  finely  and  densely  punctate;  gaster,  mesopleurae,  mandibles, 
antennae  and  legs  smooth  and  shining;  nodes  of  petiole  and  postpetiole  also  rather 
smooth. 

Pilosity  grayish  and  similar  to  that  of  the  female  but  shorter.  Wings  also 
minutely  hairy  throughout,  their  posterior  borders  with  long  cilia. 


6  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  46 

Head  and  mesonotum  black;  remainder  of  body  piceous,  except  the  mandibles, 
antenna?,  legs  and  genitalia,  which  are  smoky  yellowish.  Mouth-parts  whitish. 
Wings  infuscated,  with  brown  veins  and  pterostigma,  the  latter  darker. 

Described  from  numerous  workers,  a  female  and  eight  males  taken 
by  Mr.  Alfred  Emerson  from  a  single  colony  nesting  in  a  small  cell  within 
a  termite  nest  at  Kartabo,  British  Guiana.  The  species  is  close  to  tachi- 
galix,  but  the  females  can  be  readily  distinguished  by  striking  differences 
in  size,  color,  sculpture,  and  the  development  of  the  antennal  scrobes. 
The  worker  emersoni  is  much  darker  than  that  of  tachigalix  and  has  the 
promesonotum  more  rounded  above  and  with  much  less  prominent 
humeri. 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES 

No.  47 


TWO    NEW   SUBGENERA    OF    NORTH 
AMERICAN    BEES 

By  T.  D.  A.  < 'ot  Ki.KELL 


Issued  September  8,  1922 


By  Order  of  the  Trustees 

of 

THE  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 
New  York  City 


AMERICAN    MUSEUM     NOVITATES 

Number  47  September  8,  1922 

59.57,99(7) 

TWO  NEW  SUBGENERA  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  BEES 
By  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell 

Perdita  Smith 

Although  bees  have  been  collected  for  many  years  in  the  vicinity 
of  Boulder,  Colorado,  it  has  remained  for  Dr.  Frank  E.  Lutz  to  discover 
one  of  the  most  interesting  and  peculiar  forms  which  exists  in  this  region. 
On  June  5,  1922,  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  White  Rocks,  not  far  from 
Boulder,  Dr.  Lutz  observed  that  the  flowers  of  Opuntia  greenei  evidently 
contained  some  insects,  revealed  by  the  movements  of  the  stamens. 
Expecting  to  find  beetles,  he  parted  the  masses  of  stamens,  and  extracted 
numbers  of  small  bees.  Others  of  the  same  species  were  caught  flying 
around.  On  June  13,  the  spot  was  revisited,  and  Mrs.  Cockerell,  Dr. 
Lutz,  and  his  son  obtained  an  additional  supply  of  these  bees.  Both 
sexes  were  represented  in  about  equal  numbers.  On  making  micro- 
scopical mounts,  cleared  in  caustic  potash,  it  was  found  that  both  males 
and  females  had  eaten  large  quantities  of  Opuntia  pollen,  which  could 
be  seen  in  the  abdomen. 

The  bees  belong  to  the  genus  Perdita,  in  the  broad  sense,  but  are  so 
peculiar  that  they  must  be  considered  typical  of  a  new  subgenus  which, 
according  to  the  views  of  some  authors  should  rather  rank  as  a  full  genus. 
In  dealing  with  the  segregates  from  Perdita,  one  meets  with  very  excellent 
characters  which  appear  to  be  of  generic  value,  but  they  are  modified 
and  combined  in  various  ways,  so  that  it  becomes  difficult  to  know  how 
to  define  and  limit  the  possible  series  of  genera.  Either  we  must  recognize 
a  number  of  small  or  monotypic  genera  for  aberrant  species,  or  we 
must  apparently  divide  the  group  into  somewhat  arbitrarily  defined 
units,  into  which  certain  forms  will  fit  with  difficulty.  No  doubt  the 
tendency  will  be  to  recognize  more  genera  at  the  expense  of  the  old 
aggregate  Perdita  and,  if  the  present  insect  is  then  considered  to  typify 
a  distinct  genus,  no  great  harm  will  be  done. 

Lutziella,  new  subgenus 
Bees  of  the  genus  Perdita,  peculiar  in  the  following  characters,  or  combination  of 
characters.    Mandibles  simple  in  both  sexes,  but  longer  and  more  curved  in  the  male. 
Labial  palpi  four-jointed,  the  first  much  longer  than  the  other  three  combined.  Maxil- 
lary palpi  six-jointed,  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  blade;  second  joint  longest. 


2  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  47 

Stigma  narrow  and  lanceolate.  Marginal  cell  long  for  Perdita,  obliquely  truncate. 
First  recurrent  nervure  ending  some  distance  before  first  intercubitus.  Claws  with  an 
inner  tooth  in  both  sexes.  Spurs  on  middle  and  hind  legs  pectinate,  curved  at  end, 
in  both  sexes.  Second  ventral  segment  of  male  with  a  broad  thickening  on  apical 
margin.  Margin  of  fifth  dorsal  segment  of  male  with  a  series  of  stout  finely  pubescent 
spine-like  structures,  actually  modified  bristles.  Apex  of  male  abdomen  with  a  pair 
of  widely  separated  elongate  lobes,  which  are  actually  on  the  sixth  segment.  Sting 
palpi  well  developed,  with  long  plumose  hairs  at  end,  but  apparently  the  sting  is  not 
functional,  as  it  is  short  and  not  very  acute;  the  sheath  is  narrow  and  elongate, 
emarginate  at  apex. 

Type. — Perdita  (Lutziella)  opuntix,  new  species. 

The  details  of  the  genitalia  will  be  discussed  at  another  time,  in 
connection  with  a  more  general  study  of  the  Panurgidae.  The  figures 
drawn  by  Miss  Elizabeth  McKay,  from  dissections  made  by  her,  bring 
out  other  interesting  structural  characters. 

Perdita  (Lutziella)  opuntiae,  new  species 
Figures  1  to  10 
d\  (Type). — Length  5.5  mm.;  robust,  with  broad  abdomen;  head  very  large 
and  broad,  quadrate,  the  eyes  diverging  below;  the  broad  and  low  clypeus  (except 
minute  dots  and  slightly  reddish  lower  margin),  lateral  face-marks  filling  the  broad 
space  between  clypeus  and  eye  and  sending  a  dentiform  process  a  short  distance  up 
orbits,  labrum,  and  mandibles  except  reddened  apex,  all  cream-color;  head  otherwise 
black,  the  front  and  vertex  dullish,  the  occiput  and  cheeks  shining;  antennae  rather 
short,  pale  reddish  below,  dark  above;  ocelli  small;  head  and  thorax  with  thin  white 
hair;  thorax  black,  the  tubercles  brownish;  mesothorax  polished,  extremely  finely 
punctured;  mesopleura  dullish;  metathorax  fringed  on  each  side  with  white  hair,  its 
surface  mainly  dull,  but  the  upper  corners  of  the  truncation  swollen  and  shining; 
tegulse  reddish;  wings  hyaline,  nervures  and  stigma  pale  brown;  stigma  narrow  and 
lanceolate;  marginal  cell  large,  unusually  long  for  a  Perdita,  broadly  obliquely  trun- 
cate; basal  nervure  falling  very  far  short  of  nervulus;  first  recurrent  nervure  ending 
some  distance  before  first  intercubitus;  femora  dark,  but  coxae  and  trochanters  red- 
dish; UbuBdark,  the  anterior  ones  light  reddish  in  front;  tarsi  pale  reddish ;  abdomen 
entirely  very  bright  ferruginous,  a  large  dusky  spot  at  each  side  of  first  segment  sub- 
basally;  surface  of  abdomen  polished  and  shining;  apex  with  a  pair  of  widely 
separated  long  dentiform  lobes;  second  ventral  segment  with  the  margin  thickened 
and  somcuh.it  bflobed  in  middle. 

9.—  Similar  to  tin-  niali-,  hut  with  the  abdomen  duller,  without  the  Special  struc- 
tural features,  tin-  apex  with  a  dark  reddish  sharply  pointed  pygidial  plate;  head 
ordinary,  the  fare  and  labrum  entirely  black,  but  mandibles  feiTUginOUS,  becoming 
whitish  basally  and  darkened  at  apc\;  scape  dark;  legs  black,  the  tarsi  brownish; 
first  abdominal  segment  with  large  black  areas. 

The  mandible  ait  simple,  and  the  claws  dentate  in  both  sexes.  The 

maxillary  palpi  •iiv  lix-jOinted,  tin-  second  joint  longest  ;  the  palpi  much 
limn-  than  half  the  length  of  the  maxillary  blade,  whereas  (hey  are  much 
l<--  than  half  the  length  in  /'.  hdlirloiihs  Smith,  the  type  of  the  genus. 


1922] 


NEW  SUBGENERA  OF  BEES 


Figures  1  to  10. — Structures  of  Perdita  (Lulziella)  opuntise,  new  species. 

1,  Mandible  of  Male.  2,  Mandible  of  Female.  3,  Mouth-parts  of  Male.  4,  Second  Ventral 
Abdominal  Segment  of  Male.  5,  Sixth  Dorsal  Abdominal  Segment  of  Male,  showing  the  Spine-like 
Structures  at  the  end  of  the  Abdomen.  6,  Fifth  Dorsal  Abdominal  Segment  of  Female.  7,  Sixth 
Dorsal  Abdominal  Segment  of  Female.  8,  Fifth  Ventral  Abdominal  Segment  of  Female.  9,  Sixth 
Ventral  Abdominal  Segment  of  Female.     10,  Sting,  with  Sheath  and  Sting-palpi. 


4  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  47 

The  labial  palpi  are  four-jointed,  the  first  joint  much  longer  than  the 
other  three  combined;  the  third  longer  than  the  fourth,  and  the  second 
than  the  third. 

The  male  of  the  Californian  P.  niacrostoma  Cockerell,  by  the  red 
abdomen  bilobed  at  apex,  resembles  P.  opuntiae,  but  it  has  the  second 
ventral  segment  unmodified,  the  head  and  thorax  green,  and  the  first 
recurrent  passing  beyond  the  first  intercubitus.  It  also  has  a  supra- 
clypeal  band,  lacking  in  P.  opuntiae,  and  distinct  dog-ear  marks,  repre- 
sented by  very  small  spots  in  P.  opuntise.  The  stigma  of  P.  macrostoma 
is  much  larger.  The  stigma  of  P.  opuntiae  resembles  that  of  Macroteropsis 
latior  (Cockerell),  but  the  marginal  cell  is  not  so  obliquely  truncate,  and  the 
maxillary  palpi  are  quite  different.  The  mandibles  also  are  quite  differ- 
ent in  Macroteropsis,  being  bifid  apically.  The  mandibles  and  face- 
markings  of  male  P.  opuntiae  closely  resemble  those  of  P.  crassiceps 
Cockerell,  but  that  has  the  abdomen  dark  brown. 

In  Annals  and  Magazine  of  Natural  History,  December  1899,  p. 
414,  there  is  given  a  table  showing  the  relation  between  the  lengths  of  the 
first  and  remaining  joints  of  the  labial  palpi  in  species  bf  Perdita.  At 
that  time  the  measurements  of  P.  halictoides,  the  type  of  Perdita,  could 
not  be  given,  but  we  now  know  that  the  first  joint  is  about  544 n,  and 
the  other  three  combined  about  224 /x,  the  latter  about  41%  of  the  former. 
In  P.  opuntiae  the  first  joint  is  about  832  /x,the  last  three  together  480/i, 
the  latter  about  58%  of  the  former.  Thus,  in  respect  to  the  labial  palpi, 
P.  opuntiae  resembles  the  species  of  the  subgenus  Perditella,  though  it 
differs  in  most  other  respects,  the  venation,  for  example,  being  extremely 
different.  In  the  Argentine  there  is  a  Panurgid,  Camptopoeum  opun- 
tiarum  Joergensen,  which  appears  to  be  oligotropic  upon  Opuntia.  It 
has  no  resemblance  to  the  Colorado  bee. 

From  the  Opuntia  flowers  at  White  Rocks,  June  13,  Mrs.  Cockerell 
also  took  a  male  Lithurgus  apicalis  Cresson,  a  female  Agapostemon 
texanus  Cresson,  and  a  female  Colletes.  There  were  also  specimens  of 
Epicauta  on  the  cacti,  and  a  single  specimen  of  Moneilema,  which  I  :im 
unable  to  identify  with  any  of  the  species  indicated  by  Casey. 

Exomalopsis  Spinola 
Pachycerapis,  new  subgenus 
Mali-  :i  nt  <'ii  n:r  w  ith  *  I  *  ■  -  (land  In  in  greatly  thickened,  I  lie  middle  portion  dentate  or 
■  iiaN-  beneath;   clypeiw  and  lahrurn  of  male  yellow;  three  Rubnuurgi&Al  ''ells;  In  mi 

til.iaof  male  \ii  <  iil\  -unllen,  their  tarsi  with  very  lonii  white  hair;  hind  maiums  of 
abdominal  He-men tw  with  broad  hand-  of  t omentum.  The  hind  femora  are  quite 
<. rd  in.  i\ ,  and  the  hind  tarni  are  not  dentate.    The  stigma  is  small  and  short,  and  the 


1922]  NEW  SUBGENERA  OF  BEES  5 

marginal  cell  is  not  sharply  pointed. 

Type. — Exomalopsis  {P achy cer apis)  cornigera,  new  species. 

Related  to  the  genus  or  subgenus  Anthophorula  Cockerell,  but  easily- 
known  by  the  peculiar  antennae.  The  swollen  tibiae  and  some  other  char- 
acters remind  one  of  Ancylosceles,  but  there  is  no  close  affinity.  So  far  as 
I  can  determine  from  the  description,  E.  serrata  Friese,  from  Orizaba, 
.Mexico,  is  also  a  species  of  Pachycerapis. 

Exomalopsis  (Pachycerapis)  cornigera,  new  species 

d\ — Length  about  5  mm.;  black,  with  the  clypeus  and  labrum  yellow  (red- 
dened by  cyanide  in  type) ;  mandibles  ferruginous;  face  (especially  sides),  lower  part 
of  cheeks,  and  pleura  with  white  hair;  occiput  and  thoracic  dorsum  with  very  pale 
yellowish-tinted  hair;  front  polished  and  shining,  with  a  deep  median  groove;  ocelli 
in  a  line;  scape  yellow,  long  and  rather  thick;  flagellum  strongly  incrassate,  pale 
orange-yellow,  joints  10  to  12  more  or  less  dusky  above,  middle  joints  dentiform  be- 
neath, apical  joint  flattened  and  curved;  mesothorax  and  scutellum  shining,  with  fine 
punctures;  tegula?  dark  rufous;  wings  pale  brownish,  stigma  and  nervures  dusky 
reddish;  extreme  base  of  wings  clear  ferruginous;  legs  black,  small  joints  of  tarsi 
rufescent;  all  the  tibiae  swollen,  but  the  hind  ones  greatly  so;  abdomen  closely  and 
quite  strongly  punctured,  first  segment  hairy  all  over,  segments  2  to  5  with  broad 
bands  of  grayish  tomentum;  apex  with  no  special  armature. 

Sabino  Basin,  Sta.  Catalina  Mts.  Arizona,  32°  22'  X.,  110°  46.5'  W.;  about  3800 
feet  above  sea-level ;  July  8-20,  1916;  (Lutz). 

Easily  known  from  E.  serrata  Friese,  the  latter  being  densely  ful- 
vous-haired, with  yellowish-white  mandibles.  There  can  be  little  doubt, 
however,  that  the  two  are  closely  allied.  E.  serrata  is  larger  than  E. 
cornigera,  being  7  to  8  mm.  long. 

Exomalopsis  solani  Cockerell 
This  is  a  typical  Exomalopsis,  but  its  known  distribution  is  greatly 
extended  by  the  American  Museum  materials,  collected  by  Dr.  Lutz. 

Colorado. — 1  9  ;  Pueblo;  August  9,  1920;  on  a  vacant  lot  in  town.  This  is  the 
first  Exomalopsis,  serisu  stricto,  from  Colorado. 

Texas. — 5  9  ;  Marathon,  Brewster  County;  July  1-2,  1916;  at  Cassia. 

Arizona. — 1  9  ;  north  side  of  Kits  Peak,  Baboquivari  Mts.,  Pina  County,  32° 
N.,  111°  36'  W.;  about  3650  ft.  alt.;  August  7-9,  1916.  1  unusually  small  9  ;  west 
side  of  Santa  Rosa  Valley,  near  the  Comobabi  Mts.;  about  3425  ft.  alt.;  August  9-10, 
1916. 

In  New  Mexico,  it  is  known  to  occur  in  the  Middle  Sonoran  zone, 
from  Mesilla  to  Albuquerque. 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES 

No.  48 


NEOTROPICAL  ANTS  OF  THE  GENERA 
CAREBARA,  TRANOPELTA  AND 
TRANOPELTOWES, 
NEW  GENUS 


By  William  Morton  Wheeler 


Issued  October  lt>,  1922 


By  Order  of  the  Trustees 

of 

THE  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 
New  York  City 


AMERICAN    MUSEUM     NOVITATES 

Number  48  October  16,  1922 

59.57,96(801) 

NEOTROPICAL  ANTS  OF  THE  GENERA  CAREBARA, 
TRANOPELTA  AND  TRANOPELTOIDES,  NEW  GENUS1 

By  William  Morton  Wheeler 

Our  knowledge  of  most  of  the  subterranean,  or  hypogaeic  myrrnicine 
ants  of  the  American  tropica  is  still  very  meager.  Of  the  seven  genera 
of  the  Ethiopian  and  Indomalayan  Regions  (Solenopsis,  Carebara,  Phei- 
dologeton,  Aneleus,  Oligomyrmex,  Aeromynnu  and  Liomyrmex)  and  the 
same  number  of  neotropical  genera  (Solenopsis,  Carebara,  Carebarella, 
Erebomyrma,  Spelseomyrmex,  Tranopelta  and  Tranopeltoides)  only  two, 
Solenopsis  and  Carebara,  are  represented  in  both  hemispheres.  The 
South  American  species  of  Allomerus,  which  have  minute  yellow  workers 
and  large,  dark-colored  males  and  females,  and  would  therefore  seem 
to  belong  among  the  genera  just  mentioned,  inhabit  the  cavities  of  liv- 
ing plants,  as  I  shall  show  in  another  publication,  and  cannot  be  regarded 
as  hypogseic.  While  the  genus  Solenopsis  is  represented  by  the  greatest 
number  of  species  in  South  America,  Carebara  was  not  known  to  occur 
beyond  the  confines  of  the  Ethiopian  and  Indomalayan  regions  till  ten 
years  ago,  when  Santschi  described  the  female  and  male  of  a  species 
from  French  Guiana.  The  discovery,  on  my  recent  trip  to  British 
Guiana,  of  all  three  phases  of  a  closely  allied  species  and  of  the  workers 
of  the  true  Tranopelta  gilva  Mayr,  together  with  a  study  of  certain  forms 
which  must  be  referred  to  a  new  but  closely  allied  genus,  has  led  me  to 
undertake  the  following  brief  revision  of  the  South  American  species  of 
Carebara,  Tranopelta  and  Tranopeltoides. 

Carebara  Westwood 
Carebara  bicarinata  Santschi 

Carebara  bicarinata,  Santschi,  1912,  Bull.  Soc.  Ent.  France,  p.  139,  2  figs.,  tf  9  ; 
Wheeler,  1922,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  XLV,  p.  170. 
According  to  Santschi,  the  female  of  this  species,  taken  by  Le 
Moult  in  French  Guiana,  measures  12-12.8  mm.  and  is  pale  brownish 
yellow,  with  slightly  infuscated  wings.  The  male  measures  9.3  mm. 
and  is  described  as  testaceous  yellow,  with  the  sides  of  the  mesonotum, 
and  in  some  cases  the  terminal  gastric  segments,  more  or  less  reddish 

Contributions  from  the  Entomological  Laboratory  of  the  Bussey  Institution,  Harvard  L'niversity, 
No.  210. 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES 


[No.  48 


brown.  The  males  were  found  to  be  variable  and  Santschi  was  not 
sure  that  they  belonged  to  the  same  species  as  the  female.  He  also 
mentions  one  male  from  Goya,  Brazil  (J.  de  Gaulle)  as  measuring  10.5 
mm.  The  uncertainty  of  the  specific  identity  of  his  males  and  females 
is  increased  by  the  occurrence  of  more  than  one  species  of  Carebara  in 
the  Guianas  and  the  Amazon  valley. 


Carebara  winifredse,  new  species 

Worker  (Fig.  1). — Length,  2.3-2.5  mm. 

Head  subrectangular.  slightly  longer  than  broad,  as  broad  in  front  as  behind, 
with  nearly  straight,  subparallel  sides  and  slightly  concave  posterior  border.  Man- 
dibles rather  convex,  with  somewhat  oblique,  4-toothed  apical  borders.  Clypeus 
longitudinally  concave  in  the  middle,  bluntly 
bicarinate,  each  carina  terminating  in  a  blunt 
tooth  on  the  anterior  border;  the  sides  narrow 
and  depressed.  Frontal  area  obsolete;  frontal 
groove  short  and  rather  deep;  frontal  carina? 
small.  Eyes  absent.  Antenna?  9-jointed;  scapes 
two-thirds  as  long  as  the  head;  first  funicular 
joint  twice  as  long  as  broad;  joints  2-4  nearly 
twice  as  broad  as  long;  joints  5  and  6  longer  but 
distinctly  transverse;  the  large  two-jointed  club 
much  longer  than  the  remainder  of  the  funiculus, 
the  basal  joint  longer  than  broad,  half  as  long 
as  the  terminal  joint.  Thorax  rather  small,  the 
pro-  and  mesonotum  somewhat  flattened  above, 
the  humeri  and  sides  rounded;  thepromesonotal 
suture  obsolescent.  Mesoopinotal  constriction 
short  and  acute;  epinotum  as  long  as  broad, 
narrowed  behind,  in  profile  rounded  and  sloping, 
the  declivity  abrupt,  longitudinally  concave  in 
the  middle,  delieatelv  marinate  on  each  side. 
Petiole  with  a  short,  slender  peduncle,  the  node 
abrupt,  rounded,  from  above  transversely  ellip- 
tieal.  fully  twice  as  hroad  as  long.  I'ostpetiolo 
imilar  and  scarce' f  broader,  but  in  profile 

distinctly  lower  than    the  petiolar  node     (iaster 

>oine\\hat  larger  than  thohead,  broadly  elliptical, 

the  anterior  border  eoneave;  first  segment  forming 
about  two-thirds  of  its  Surface,  be^s  rather 
■hort;    joiHtl  2    I  "I   lore  and  middle  tarsi  not  shorter  than  long. 

Mandible-    shining;    the  remainder  of  the  body  only   moderately  so,  the   inner 
bordei  •  Oi  the  ma  nibbles  with  Several  small,  sharp  punctures.     Head,  t  hora\,  pedicel 

and  faster  even!}  sad  find)  punctate,  the  punctures  6n  the  head  more  distinct,  on 
i in-  appendages  much  finei  and  more  superficial. 


Vili.    1.      Carebara  winifrediv.   new 

|..'  Im  ...    W  ..i  kci .    dOTMl    view;    //, 

llmi:i\  am!    |..-.luel    ..I    HUBS    in    profile. 


1922]  NEOTROPICAL  ANTS  3 

Hairs  and  pubescence  pale  yellow,  the  former  short  and  confined  to  the  clypeus 
and  tip  of  gaster,  the  pubescence  very  short,  fine  and  appressed,  arising  from  the 
punctures  and  scarcely  more  distinct  on  the  body  than  on  the  appendages. 

Pale  yellow;  the  legs,  pedicel  and  gaster  paler  and  more  whitish;  mandibles 
reddish  with  black  teeth.    Sides  of  clypeus  and  mesoepinotal  constriction  brownish. 

Female. — Length,  10-10.5  mm.;  wings,  13.5  mm. 

Head,  including  the  eyes,  distinctly  broader  than  long,  broader  behind  than  in 
front,  with  nearly  straight  posterior  border  and  slightly  concave,  subparallel  cheeks. 
Eyes  moderately  convex,  half  as  long  as  the  sides  of  the  head;  ocelli  large,  close 
together,  in  subconfluent  depressions.  Mandibles  large,  their  apical  borders  broad, 
8-toothed,  the  four  basal  teeth  small  and  rather  indistinct.  Clypeus  bluntly  bicari- 
nate,  concave  in  the  middle,  the  anterior  border  rounded,  somewhat  projecting, 
slightly  sinuate  in  the  middle.  Frontal  groove  deep,  extending  from  the  pointed, 
backwardly  projecting  median  portion  of  the  clypeus  to  the  anterior  ocellus.  Antennae 
slender,  10-jointed,  the  scapes  reaching  to  the  posterior  orbits;  second  and  third 
funicular  joints  a  little  broader  than  long,  the  fourth  and  fifth  as  long  as  broad;  the 
remaining  joints  longer  than  broad,  the  terminal  being  as  long  as  the  two  preceding 
subequal  joints  together.  Thorax  rather  long  and  narrow,  scarcely  as  broad  as  the 
head  through  the  eyes,  the  mesonotum  one  and  one-half  times  as  long  as  broad, 
convex  above,  as  is  also  the  scutellum,  the  epinotum  short,  its  base  sloping,  much 
shorter  than  the  abrupt  declivity  which  is  very  feebly  concave  in  the  middle  and  in- 
distinctly marginate  on  the  sides.  Petiole  similar  to  that  of  the  worker  but  with 
broad,  stout  peduncle  and  less  convex  node;  the  postpetiole  from  above  more  de- 
pressed, subcresct'iit i<\  with  rather  strong  posterior  border.  Gaster  large,  suboblong, 
somewhat  shorter  than  the  remainder  of  the  body;  the  first  segment  forming  less 
than  half  of  its  surface,  the  fourth  segment  large,  blunt  and  rounded.  Legs  rather 
slender.    Wings  long;   radial  cell  closed. 

Smooth  and  shining;  mandibles  striate  at  the  base,  towards  the  tips  coarsely 
striatopunctate,  the  two  areas  separated  by  a  small,  smooth  space.  Clypeus  smooth 
in  the  middle,  coarsely  punctate  on  the  sides.  Remainder  of  body  evenly  punctate, 
the  punctures  sharper  on  the  head,  much  sparser  on  the  pro-  and  mesonotum,  which 
are  more  shining;  cheeks,  gula,  mesopleurae  and  epinotum  very  finely  longitudinally 
striate. 

Hairs  yellow,  very  short,  present  only  on  the  clypeus,  gula  and  tip  of  gaster; 
pubescence  also  very  short,  appressed  and  dilute,  arising  from  the  punctures. 

Pale  castaneous;  clypeus,  mandibles  and  posterior  portion  of  gaster  darker; 
legs  paler,  yellowish  brown;  wing-membranes  opaque,  fuliginous;  veins  and  ptero- 
stigma  yellow,  with  strong  black  borders. 

Male. — Length,  7-7.5  mm.;  wings,  7  5-8  mm. 

Head,  including  the  eyes,  nearly  twice  as  broad  as  long,  convex  behind  in  the 
ocellar  region.  Eyes  very  large  and  convex,  taking  up  the  whole  of  the  sides  of  the 
head;  ocelli  large  and  prominent.  Mandibles  with  a  large  apical  tooth  and  three 
or  four  minute  basal  teeth.  Clypeus  concave  behind  and  laterally,  with  a  large  con- 
vex tubercle  in  the  middle,  the  anterior  border  rounded  and  entire.  Antenna?  13- 
jointed;  long  and  filiform;  scapes  somewhat  compressed,  shorter  but  stouter  than 
the  second  funicular  joint ;  first  funicular  joint  a  little  longer  than  broad;  remaining 
joints  cylindrical,  subequal,  except  the  second  and  last,  which  are  longer  than  the 
others.  Thorax  similar  to  that  of  the  female,  but  shorter;  petiole  also  similar,  but 
the  node  less  elevated  and  concave  in  the  middle;  postpetiole  campanulate,  broader 
than  the  petiole.    Gaster  elongate  elliptical.    Legs  slender. 


4  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOV  IT  AT  ES  [No.  48 

Subopaque;  gaster  and  mesonotum  more  shining;  head  more  opaque,  especially 
behind,  where  it  is  sharply  reticulate-rugulose.  Mandibles  opaque,  punctate. 
Mesonotum  and  scutellum  distinctly,  pleurae  very  indistinctly,  gaster  finely  and 
superficially  punctate. 

Pilosit}'  and  pubescence  much  as  in  the  female,  but  the  pubescence  longer  on 
the  upper  surface  of  the  gaster. 

Pale  brownish  yellow;  legs  clearer  yellow;  posterior  half  of  head  black;  meso- 
notum with  a  long  anteromedian  and  two  long  lateral,  dark  brown  stripes;  anterior 
half  of  head,  wing-insertions  and  metanotum  brown;  wings  colored  as  in  the  female; 
but  the  dark  borders  of  the  veins  narrower. 

Described  from  numerous  workers,  four  females  and  six  males, 
which  were  brought  to  me  in  a  living  condition  August  5,  1920,  by  Mr. 
Alfred  Emerson,  who  took  them  from  the  depths  of  a  large  termitarium 
of  Syntermes  dirus  Klug,  under  the  roots  of  a  huge  moro  tree  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Cuyuni  River,  near  Kartabo,  British  Guiana.  The  species 
is  dedicated  to  Mrs.  Winifred  J.  Emerson.  It  is  evidently  very  close  to 
bicarinata,  but  both  the  male  and  female  are  smaller  and  the  coloration 
of  the  body  and  wings  of  the  female  is  much  darker.  Perhaps  winifredse 
is  merely  a  subspecies  of  Santschi's  species,  but  the  latter  may  prove 
to  be  based  on  the  sexual  phases  of  C.  anophthalma  (vide  infra). 

The  finding  of  C.  winifredse  in  the  nest  of  Syntermes  dirus,  which 
Mr.  Emerson  informs  me  is,  of  all  South  American  termites,  the  most 
like  the  African  species  now  referred  to  the  genus  Termes  (sensu  stricto) 
and  hence  like  the  species  with  which  the  African  carebaras  live,  is  of 
unusual  interest  in  connection  with  the  zoogeographical  hypothesis  of 
a  former  land-connection  between  Africa  and  South  America.  It  is 
certain,  however,  that  the  termites  once  had  a  much  wider  range  than 
at  present,  since  we  find  them  in  the  Miocene  of  Florissant,  Colorado, 
and  in  the  Baltic  amber  of  Lower  Oligocene  age.  It  is  not  improbable, 
therefore,  that  the  genus  Carebara  may  also  have* had  a  circumpolar 
distribution  in  the  northern  hemisphere  during  the  early  and  middle 
Tertiary.  Hence  we  are  not  compelled  to  regard  the  occurrence  of 
('.  mnifrediv  with  Syntermes  dims  as  proof  positive  of  the  former  exis- 
tence of  von   Hiding's  "  Aichihelenis "  or  of  similar  constructions. 

Carebara  anophthalma  (Emery) 
()li(/<ll,,i/ri/ir.r  anopkthalmiix  Kmkio.  MX»f>,  Hull.  Boo.  Ent.  Ital.,  XXXVII,  p.  188, 

note,    tf. 
(anhiini    iiimplilhiilimi    \\  ill  i  i  i;n.    1932,    BOH.    A  nut.    Mils     N  .it.    Hist.,    XL  V,    p. 

170,   tf. 

W..KM  |  -  I  minimis  pale  yellow,  sinning,  with  moderately  dense,  pubigerous 
piini  tu.itx  ii ;  the  whorl  puheHcenee  apparently  adherent,  and  there  are  no  erect 
linirs,  |>n  l/.d.l\  owing  to  the  defective  preservation  of  the  specimen  (fur  1  feel  eer- 


1922]  NEOTROPICAL  ANTS  5 

tain  that  there  should  be  a  few  small  hairs,  at  least  on  the  clypeus).  Head  a  little 
longer  than  broad,  broader  behind,  feebly  concave  at  the  posterior  border.  Mandi- 
bles with  4  teeth.  Clypeus  strongly  elevated  in  the  middle,  but  edentate.  Frontal 
carinas  very  short.  No  traces  of  eyes.  Antennae  short  and  thick;  9-jointed;  the 
scape  only  slightly  surpassing  the  middle  of  the  length  of  the  head;  second  joint 
as  long  as  the  three  following;  joints  3-7  transverse;  the  two  last  forming  a  club, 
the  last  joint  as  long  as  the  whole  remainder  of  the  funiculus,  less  its  basal  joint. 
Thorax  feebly  impressed  between  the  mesonotum  and  epinotum;  the  latter  curvi- 
linear in  profile.  Nodes  of  petiole  and  postpetiole  transversely  oval,  as  broad  as 
the  epinotum.  Legs  short  and  robust ;  joints  2-5  of  the  fore  and  middle  tarsi  broader 
than  long.    Length,  1.6  mm. 

Ega,  on  the  Amazon;   a  single  specimen  from  the  collection  of  F.  Smith,  with 
the  label  "new  genus,  9  joints  in  antenna."  (Emery) 

In  all  probability  the  specimen  was  taken  by  H.  W.  Bates. 

As  this  description  applies  rather  closely  to  the  worker  of  C.  wini- 
fredae,  described  above,  I  sent  Professor  Emery  specimens  of  the  latter 
to  compare  with  the  type  of  anophthalma.  He  wrote  me  that  they  are 
specifically  distinct  and  kindly  sent  camera  lucida  sketches  of  the  head, 
thorax  and  pedicel  of  the  Brazilian  species.  The  head  of  this  species  is 
somewhat  longer,  more  narrowed  anteriorly;  the  epinotum  is  decidedly 
smaller  and  proportionally  much  shorter,  and  the  postpetiolar  node  is 
broader  in  comparison  with  the  petiolar  node.  As  already  suggested, 
this  species  may  be  the  worker  of  the  form  described  by  Santschi  as 
('.  bicarinata. 

Carebara  mayri  (Forel) 

Tntnopelta  mayri  Forel,  1901,  Mitth.  Naturhist.  Mus.  Hamburg,  XVIII,  p.  61,  d". 
Carebara  mayri  Swim  hi,  1912,  Bull.  Soc.  Ent.  France,  p.  140,  d". 

According  to  Santschi,  this  species,  described  by  Forel  as  a  Trano- 
pelta,  from  a  specimen  taken  by  Captain  Jexrmann  in  Paraguay,  is  a 
Carebara.  Forel's  description  is  very  brief,  but  von  Brunn,  who  com- 
pared the  venation  of  the  type  in  the  Hamburg  Museum  with  that  of 
the  male  C.  bicarinata  sent  him  by  Santschi,  found  it  to  be  the  same  in 
both  species.  Forel  gives  the  length  of  mayri  as  9  mm.  I  refer  to  this 
species  a  single  male  measuring  8.5  mm.  and  taken  by  Dr.  Roman  at 
Apipica  on  the  Rio  Autaz,  Brazil  (Royal  Museum  of  Stockholm).  It 
differs  from  the  male  of  Winifred*  in  its  larger  size  and  in  the  following 
characters:  the  body  is  more  brownish  yellow;  the  median  dark  brown 
stripe  on  the  mesonotum  is  lacking;  the  wings  are  much  paler;  the 
scapes  of  the  antenna1  are  more  swollen  and  more  convex  anteriorly; 
the  node  of  the  petiole  is  not  impressed  in  the  middle  and  the  pubescence 
on  the  thorax  and  antenna?  is  longer,  denser  and  more  conspicuous. 


6 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES 


[No.  48 


Tranopelta  Mayr 
Tranopelta  gilva  Mayr 
Tranopelta  gilva  Mayr,  1866,  Sitzb.  Akad.  Wiss.  Wien,  LIU,  p.  514,  9  d";  Emery, 
1890,  Bull.  Soc.  Ent.  Ital..  XXII,  p.  53,  d" ;  Dalla  Torre,  1893  'Cat.  Hymen.,' 
VII,  p.  74,  9  d";  Forel,  1899-1900,  'Biol.  Centr.  Amer.,'  'Hymen.,'  p.  79,  9 
d";  Forel,  1912,  Mem.  Soc.  Ent,  Belg.,  XX,  p.  3,  9  d";  Emery,  1919,  Bull. 
Soc.  Ent.  France,  p.  61,  9  d1;  Wheeler,  1922,  Amer.  Mus.  Novitates,  No. 
45,  p.  8,   9    d\ 

Worker     (undescribed,    Fig.    2). — 
Length,  2.3-3.2  mm. 

Very  feebly  polymorphic.  Head  sub- 
rectangular,  as  broad  as  long,  very  slightly 
narrower  in  front  than  behind,  with 
straight  sides  and  concave  posterior  border. 
Eyes  minute,  reduced  to  about  8-12  facets, 
situated  at  the  middle  of  the  sides  of 
the  head.  Mandibles  moderately  large 
and  convex,  their  apical  borders  oblique, 
with  four  subequal  teeth,  or  sometimes 
five  in  small  individuals.  Clypeus  rather 
convex  in  the  middle,  without  carina?,  its 
anterior  border  rounded  and  entire.  Fron- 
tal carinas  small ;  frontal  area  and  frontal 
groove  absent.  Antenna?  11-jointed, 
rather  slender,  the  scapes  extending  a  little 
beyond  the  middle  of  the  head  in  large, 
proportionally  longer  in  smaller  individ- 
uals; first  funicular  joint  fully  as  long  as 
the  t hree succeeding  joints  toget  her,  second 
joint  nearly  as  long  as  broad;  joints 
3-7  distinctly  broader  than  long;  the  last 
three  joints  forming  a  club,  which  is  longer 
than  the  remainder  of  the  funiculus;  the 
two  basal  joints  longer  than  broad  and 
together  a  little  shorter  than  the  en- 
larged  terminal  joint.  Thorax  rather  small, 
much  broader  through  the  pronotum 
than  through  the  epinotum;  promesenotal 
suture  extremely  faint  or  obsolete,  the 
dorsal  surf ace  of  the  pro- and  inesonotuin, 
flattened,  nearly  straight  in  profile;  the  mesonotum  narrowed  behind  to  the  short, 
acute  and  not   very  deep  meSOtpinota]  eons)  riet  ion.     Kpinot  urn  from  above  B  little 

longer  than  broad,  slightly  concave  In  the  middle;  in  profile  with  the  base  and  de- 
clivity tubeqtml  and  meeting  obtuse  angle;  the  former  continuing  the  dor- 
ratline  of  the  pto-  and  meeonotum,    Epi  not  a  I  stigmata  large  and  circular.    Petiole 

with  a  ver\   distinct  peduncle,  which  is  swollen  at  the  stigmata;    the  node  abrupt, 

•  dike,    with    lather  '•harp   anterior    border   al>o\e.    its   anterior   surface 


Pig  %     Truiiiiiiiiiii  i/i/r.i  Mayr    a, Worker 
(A  tin-  lypi'-al  form  "i  the  ■pocioj,  .I"i-:<|  view; 

/-,  thorax  unci  |>«-t i«»!.-  ..f  -mum-  hi  profile 


1922]  NEOTROPICAL  ANTS  7 

flattened,  its  posterior  surface  more  convex,  from  above  transversely  elliptical,  about 
twice  as  broad  as  long;  the  ventral  surface  convex  in  the  middle,  anteriorly  with  a 
small,  acute,  downwardly  directed  tooth.  Po'stpetiole  rounded,  lower  than  the  petio- 
lar  node  and  slightly  broader,  about  one  and  one-half  times  as  broad  as  long,  its 
anteroventral  border  in  profile  acute  and  tooth-like.  Gaster  broadly  elliptical,  some- 
what flattened  dorso  vent  rally,  the  first  segment  forming  about  half  its  surface. 
Legs  slender  and  moderately  long;  joints  2-4  of  the  fere  tarsi  broader  than  long. 

Smooth  and  shining;  mandibles  striatopunctate;  body  sparsely  punctate,  the 
punctures  on  the  head  sharper  and  more  conspicuous;  neck,  mesopleurse  and  sides 
of  epinotum  subopaque  and  very  finely  striate;  peduncle  of  petiole  finely  reticulate- 
rugulose. 

Hairs  pale  yellow,  rather  abundant,  erect,  coarse  and  uneven  on  the  body; 
shorter,  denser  and  more  reclinate  on  the  appendages.  The  hairs  on  the  vertex, 
thorax  and  pedicel  longer  than  elsewhere.  Pubes<  ence  undeveloped,  except  on  the 
gula  and  sides  of  the  head,  where  it  is  long  and  subappressed. 

Yellow;  legs  and  gaster  paler,  more  whitish;  mandibles  reddish,  their  teeth, 
the  anterior  border  of  the  clypeus  and  the  articulations  of  the  funicular  joints  dark 
brown. 

The  gynetypes  and  androtypes  of  this  species  were  from  Venezuela 
(C.  A.  Dohrn),  and  males  and  females  have  been  recorded  also  from 
Colombia;  Para,  Brazil  (Goeldi);  Alajuela  and  Juan  Vifias,  Costa  Rica 
(A.  Alfaro);  and  the  Volcan  de  Chiriqui,  Panama  (Champion).  I  have 
seen  specimens  from  Port  of  Spain,  Trinidad  (Aug.  Busck),  Belem,  near 
Para,  Brazil  (W.  A.  Schulz),  Lassance,  Minas  Geraes,  Brazil  (J.  C. 
Bradley),  Bartica,  British  Guiana  (Win.  Beebe),  Barakara  and  Kar- 
tabo,  British  Guiana  (Wheeler).  The  males  and  females  are  common 
at  lights  and  the  foregoing  records  are  undoubtedly  from  such  speci- 
mens. The  description  of  the  worker  is  drawn  from  specimens  from  two 
colonies  containing  also  many  females  and  males.  One  colony  was 
taken  at  Kartabo,  August  3,  1920,  while  Mr.  Alfred  Emerson  and  I 
were  excavating  a  large  colony  comprising  more  than  500  workers  of  the 
formidable  stinging  ponerine,  Paraponera  clavata  Fabr.  The  Trano- 
pelta  were  occupying  small  chambers  one  to  one  and  one-half  feet  below 
the  surface  of  the  soil  and  communicating  with  the  galleries  of  the  Para- 
ponera. In  this  case  the  smaller  species  was  evidently  behaving  as  a 
thief-ant.  On  August  1  I  found  the  stomach  of  a  four-toed  ant-eater 
(Tamandua  tetradactyla)  to  contain  no  less  than  14  species  of  ants,  a 
large  proportion  of  which  consisted  of  hundreds  of  workers  and  dozens 
of  males  and  winged  females  of  Tranopdta  gilva.  The  ant-eater  must 
have  unearthed  and  devoured  a  very  flourishing  colony  of  this  ant. 
July  15  I  found  at  Barakara,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mazaruni  River, 
a  large  colony  of  gilra,  comprising  hundreds  of  workers  but  no  sexual 
forms,  under  the  bark  of  a  living  tree.  On  the  surface  of  the  wood  the 


8  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  48 

ants  were  attending  numerous  snow-white  coccids  which  have  been 
recently  described  by  Mr.  Harold  Morrison  as  Riper sia  subcorticis. 
There  is  nothing  to  indicate  that  T.  gilva  occurs  with  termites.  Mr. 
Alfred  Emerson,  who  has  carefully  studied  the  termites  of  British 
Guiana  and  has  conscientiously  preserved  all  the  ants  and  other 
organisms  which  he  has  found  with  them,  has  never  taken  T.  gilva  in  or 
near  the  nests.  It  would  seem,  therefore,  that  this  ant  sometimes  leads 
an  independent  life  and  that  when  it  behaves  as  a  thief-ant  prefers 
to  associate  with  other  Formicidae. 

Tranopelta  gilva  variety  amblyops  (Emery) 

Monomorium  a?nblyops  Emery,  1894,  Bull.  Soc.  Ent.  Ital.,  XXVI,  p.  148,  S;  Fokel, 

1911,  Deutsch.  Ent.  Zeitschr.,  p.  299,  Q. 
Tranopelta  gilva  var.  brunnea  Forel,  19C9,  Deutech.  Fnt.  Zeitschr.,  p.  259,  £  d"   9  . 
Tranopelta  gilva  var.  brunnea  Forel,  1909,  Deutsch   Ent.  Zeitschr.,  p.  259,  S    9  cT. 
Tranopelta  amblyops  Emery,  1919,  Bull.  Soc.  Ent.  France,  p.  61,  S   9   &. 

According  to  Emery,  Forel's  T.  gilva  var.  brunnea,  originally  de- 
scribed from  San  Bernardino,  Paraguay  (K.  Fiebrig),  is  a  synonym  of 
his  Monomorium  amblyops,  described  from  Matto  Grosso,  Brazil.  An 
examination  of  male,  female  and  worker  cotypes  of  Forel's  form,  and  a 
female  and  several  males  recently  taken  by  Dr.  J.  C.  Bradley  at  Las- 
sance,  Minas  Geraes,  Brazil,  shows  that  they  represent  merely  a  variety 
of  gilva.  The  worker  and  male  are  very  close  to  the  corresponding 
phases  of  the  typical  form.  In  the  worker  amblyops  the  eyes  are  perhaps 
a  trifle  smaller,  the  antenna?  somewhat  short  er,  the  median  funicular 
joints  slightly  more  transverse.  In  the  male  the  body,  and  especially 
the  head  and  thorax,  arc  of  a  more  brownish-yellow  color.  In  the  female 
the  surface  of  the  body  is  decidedly  more  shining  and  much  less  densely 
pubescent,  the  mandibles,  head,  thorax  and  pedicel  are  of  a  castaneous- 
brown  color,  inueh  darker  than  in  the  typical  gilva]  the  wings  are  also 
darker,  and  the  ventral  surface  of  the  petiole  is  not  provided  with  an 
acute,  downwardly  directed  spine.     This  spine  is  apt   to  be  absent   also 

in  the  male. 

Tranopelta  gilva  variety  albida  (Mann) 
Tranopdta  gilva  var.  albida  Mann,  1016,  Hull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  I.X,  p.  448,  9. 
'Tranopelta  gtiea  Embrt,  1919,  Hull.  Soc  Ent,  France,  i>.  61,  8. 

My  OOtypei  of  this  form,  taken  by  Dr.  Mann  on  the  Madeira- 
Mamorc  \{.  I{.,  in  Mat  to  Grosso,  Brazil,  show  thai  it  is  a  (list  inet  variety, 

I  pot  the  worker  of  the  typical  gilva,   The  specimens 
mallei    I  .">  2  mm.)  and  decidedly  paler,  being  whitish;  the  antenna  I 

lit  tli-  loi  '_■'  i.   the  anterior  bonier  of  the  peliolar  node  is  a 

Little  moi.'  acute,  and  tii«  i  i  ven  smaller  than  in  the  var.  amblyops, 


1922]  NEOTROPICAL  ANTS  9 

Tranopelta  heyeri,   (Forel) 

Monomorium  heyeri  Forel,  1901,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Belg.,  XLV,  p.  389,  S. 
Tranopelta  heyeri  Forel,  1913,  Bull.  Soc.  Vaud.  Sc.  Nat.,  (5)  XLIX,  p.   17,  8; 

Emery,  1919,  Bull.  Soc.  Ent.  France,  p.  61,  8. 

A  dimorphic  species,  the  major  worker  resembling  a  Pheidole,  but  grading  into 
the  minor  forms. 

Worker  major. — Length,  4-4.2  mm.  Mandibles  thick,  smooth,  shining,  with 
scattered  punctures,  a  few  stria-  towards  the  tips  and  about  four  teeth.  Clypeus 
slightly  convex,  without  teeth  or  carina?,  but  feebly  notched  in  the  middle  of  its 
anterior  border,  slightly  impressed  behind  the  notch  and  slightly  or  scarcely  convex 
in  the  middle  portion,  which  presents  a  suggestion  of  the  two  carina'  seal  in  the  other 
species.  Head  large,  square,  as  broad  as  long,  slightly  narrowed  anteriorly,  feebly 
concave  behind,  resembling  that  of  a  soldier  I'iu  iduli ,  with  a  feeble  but  rather  dis- 
tinct occipital  furrow,  disappearing  on  the  vertex.  Frontal  area  triangular.  A 
median  pit  on  the  front  of  the  vertex  in  place  of  the  anterior  ocellus.  The  eyes, 
situated  a  little  in  front  of  the  middle  of  the  sides  of  the  head,  are  very  small  and 
flat,  composed  of  about  a  dozen  partly  atrophied  facets.  Antenna? short;  11-jointed; 
club  of  three  joints,  about  as  long  as  the  rest  of  the  funiculus,  thick,  with  the  last 
joint  at  least  as  long  as  the  two  preceding  united;  the  other  joints,  except  the  first, 
broader  than  long.  Frontal  carina'  short;  frontal  groove  short  and  indistinct. 
Promesonotal  suture  almost  obsolete;  pronotum  large,  robust,  almost  shouldered. 
Mesoepinotal  suture  deeply  impressed,  but  without  a  constriction  properly  so-called, 
forming  only  a  short  interruption  in  the  thoracic  dorsum,  which  is  feebly  convex 
and  scarcely  higher  in  front  than  at  the  basal  face  of  the  epinotum.  The  latter  is 
slightly  longer  than  the  declivity  into  which  it  passes  insensibly,  with  two  feeble 
longitudinal  swellings,  separated  by  a  concavity  or  shallow  longitudinal  groove. 
Petiolar  node  pedunculate  anteriorly  and  abruptly  surmounted  behind  by  a  large, 
scale-shaped  node  with  straight  superior  border,  lower  and  broader  than  in  (Mono- 
morium)  latastei,  less  thickened  and  broader  than  in  amblyop*.  Postpetiohu  node 
transverse,  more  or  less  rectangular  but  rounded  and  narrower  at  the  anterior  corners, 
much  broader  than  long.     Legs  rather  short. 

Smooth  and  very  shining,  with  scattered,  fine,  often  brownish,  piligerous  punc- 
tures. Antennal  fossa*,  frontal  carina)  and  sides  of  clypeus  longitudinally  and  some- 
what obliquely  striated.  Sides  of  niesonotum  reticulate-punctate  and  more  or  less 
opaque. 

An  erect.  yellowish,  rather  fine  pilosity  is  everywhere  rather  uniformly  dis- 
tributed, somewhat  oblique  on  the  tibia)  and  antenna',  where  it  is  shorter  and  a  little 
more  abundant.     Pubescence  almost  absent. 

Entirely  pale  yellow;  even  the  abdomen  very  pale.  Mandibles  and  sides  of 
clypeus  reddish.    Articulations  of  appendages  slightly  infuscated. 

WoKkKK  minor. — Length,  2.7-2.9  mm.  Like  the  major,  but  the  head,  though 
large,  square  and  at  least  as  broad  as  long,  is  much  smaller,  without  occipital  furrow 
and  scarcely  concave  behind.  The  clypeus,  though  not  bicarinate,  has  nevertheless, 
indications  of  the  two  carina'  of  the  genus  (Monomorium).  lives  with  only  4  to  6 
facets.  Petiolar  node  slightly  thicker  and  narrower.  In  other  respects  like  the  worker 
major,  but  the  sides  of  the  niesonotum  are  subopaque,  more  feebly  reticulate  and 
the  color  is  even  paler. 

A  single  worker  media  is  intermediate  (3.3  mm.). 


10  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  48 

St.  Leopoldo,  Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  Brazil,  living  only  with  termites,  where  it  was 
discovered  by  Mr.  Heyer.    Received  from  Mr.  Wasmann.     (Forel) 

The  species  is  also  recorded  by  Forel  from  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil,  where 
it  was  taken  by  von  Ihering. 

Tranopelta  heyeri  variety  columbica  (Forel) 
Tranopelta  heyeri  var.  columbica  Forel,  1912,  Mem.  Soc.  Ent.  Belg.,  XX,  p.  3,  §. 
fTranopelta  gilva  Emery,  1919,  Bull.  Soc.  Ent.  France,  p.  61,  S. 

This  form  is  doubtful.  It  may  be  the  same  as  the  one  later  described 
by  Mann  as  T.  gilva  var.  albida  or  it  may  be,  as  Emery  suggests,  the 
minor  worker  of  the  typical  gilva.    The  following  is  Forel's  description. 

Worker. — Length,  1.6-2.6  mm.  Even  paler  than  the  type  of  the  species  and 
much  smaller;  white,  scarcely  yellowish.  In  other  respects  very  similar,  but  the 
posterior  portion  of  the  clypeus  between  the  frontal  carina?  is  narrower,  very  much 
as  in  gilva  var.  brunnea  Forel.  The  largest  worker  has  a  proportionally  much  smaller 
head  than  in  the  type  of  heyeri,  but  perhaps  I  failed  to  find  the  worker  maxima. 
In  other  respects  like  the  type  of  the  species;  eyes  with  4  to  6  facets. 

Dibulla,  in  the  ground,  at  the  bottom  of  the  nest  of  Mycocepurus  smithii  Forel, 
and  San  Antonio,  in  a  subterranean  nest,  beneath  dried  cow-dung,  Sierra  Nevada 
de  Santa  Marta,  Colombia. 

Tranopelta  subterranea  (Mann) 
Monomorium  (Mitara)  subterraneum  Mann,   1916,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  LX, 

p.  444,  PI.  iv,  figs.  29,  30,  S. 
Tranopelta  subterranea  Emery,  1919,  Bull.  Soc.  Ent.  France,  p.  61,  S. 

I  agree  with  Emery,  that  this  species,  taken  by  Dr.  Mann  on  the 
Madeira-Mamore"  R.  R.  in  Matto  Grosso,  Brazil,  is  a  Tranopelta,  but 
it  certainly  differs  from  the  other  species  in  several  important  particu- 
lars. The  clypeal  margin  is  sinuate  in  the  middle,  the  mandibles  are 
6-toothed,  the  legs  and  antennae  are  long,  the  mesoepinotal  constriction 
is  very  pronounced,  the  first  segment  of  the  gaster  forms  nearly  its 
whole  surface  and  the  color  is  reddish  testaceous  instead  of  pale  yellow. 
There  is  considerable  difference  in  the  size  of  the  body  (3.5-5  mm.) 
;irnl  especially  of  the  head.  Dr.  Mann  found  the  specimens  about  three 
feet  below  the  surface  of  the  soil. 

Tranopeltoides.    new  genus 

The  female  ant  described  by  Forel  as  Tranopelta  hither i  seems  to  me 
to  belong  >o  an  undescribed  genus  for  which  I  would  suggest  the  name 

Tninnprltniilo.       Il    differs    from    the    female    Tranopelta    in    possessing 

splnei  on  ilir  epinotum,  thus  indicating  an  even  higher  development  of 

in  the  worker.    Moreover.  I  have  found  two  males  that 


1922]  NEOTROPICAL  ANTS  11 

appear  to  belong  to  the  same  genus.  They  have  very  short,  11-jointed 
antennae,  with  very  short  scape  and  globular  first  funicular  joint.  Very 
probably,  therefore,  all  three  phases  of  the  species  which  I  refer  to  this 
genus  have  11-jointed  antennae,  instead  of  the  antennae  being  11-jointed 
only  in  the  worker  and  female  and  13-jointed  in  the  male  as  in  Trano- 
pelta. The  veins  in  the  hind  wing  of  the  female,  and  especially  of  the 
male,  are  few  and  feebly  developed  as  compared  with  Carebara,  Trano- 
pelta, etc.  The  following  species  is  to  be  regarded  as  the  type  of  the 
genus. 

Tranopeltoides  huberi  (Forel) 
Tranopelta  huberi  Forel,  1907,  Mitth.  Naturhist.  Mus.  Hamburg,  XXIV,  p.  5,  5. 
?Tranopelta  subterranea  Emery,  1919,  Bull.  Soc.  Ent.  France,  p.  61,  S. 

Female. — Length,  about  8-8.5  mm.  Mandibles  smooth,  coarsely  punctate. 
Anterior  border  of  clypeus  transverse,  broadly  sinuous  on  each  side,  in  the  middle 
scarcely  broadly  impressed  or  very  feebly  concave.  Clypeus  much  less  convex  than 
in  gilva,  not  carinate.  Head  transversely  rectangular,  very  broad,  nearly  one-quarter 
broader  than  long,  straight  posteriorly,  somewhat  broader  than  anteriorly,  with 
feebly  convex  sides.  The  antennal  scapes  distinctly  surpass  the  posterior  border  of 
the  head.  All  the  funicular  joints  of  the  11-jointed  antennae  are  longer  than  broad; 
club  precisely  as  in  gilva.  The  mesonotum  overarches  the  pronotum  anteriorly. 
Epinotum  with  two  broad,  stout,  triangular,  rather  blunt  spines,  somewhat  more 
than  half  as  long  as  the  straight  declivity,  which  is  about  three  times  as  long  as  the 
base  of  the  spines.  Declivity  almost  vertical.  Anterior  slope  of  petiolar  node  gently 
rising  anteroposteriorly  in  the  form  of  a  gradual  inclined  plane,  broad  behind,  with 
convex  sides,  longer  than  broad,  posteriorly  with  two  blunt,  tooth-like  corners. 
The  posterior  and  at  the  same  time  superior  border  of  this  flattened  segment  is  almost 
acute  and  broadly  emarginate  between  the  corners.  Thence  the  surface  is  short  and 
steep.  Postpetiole  rounded,  somewhat  broader  than  long.  The  gaster  is  lacking  in 
the  single  specimen.    Legs  rather  long  and  slender;   tarsal  claws  well  developed. 

Clypeus,  cheeks  and  sides  of  bead  as  far  as  the  frontal  carina?  densely  striate 
and  lustrous.  Front  between  the  carina1,  vertex,  occiput,  thorax  and  petiole  smooth, 
shining  and  sparsely  punctate.    Only  the  epinotum  is  irregularly  rugulose. 

Erect  pilosity  uneven,  partly  long,  sparse,  pointed,  somewhat  oblique  on  the 
tibia?,  arising  from  punctures.    Appressed  pubescence  very  dilute. 

Sordid  yellow,  in  places  somewhat  brownish  yellow;  legs  paler;  antennae  yel- 
lowish brown.  Mesonotum  with  three  brown  longitudinal  bands.  Ocelli  enclosed 
in  a  brownish  spot.  Wings  brownish,  smoky,  with  brown  veins  and  stigma;  venation 
precisely  as  in  gilra  Mayr. 

Surinam,  Upper  Pard  (J.  Michaelis). 

Notwithstanding  the  great  differences,  I  regard  this  species  as  a  Tranopelta, 
though  it  is  very  distinct  from  gilva  Mayr  and  evidently  also  from  the  much  larger 
mayri  Forel,  known  only  from  the  male,  and  is  particularly  aberrant  in  its  long 
antennal  joints,  the  epinotal  spines  and  small  stature.  I  dedicate  this  species  to 
Dr.  Huber,  director  of  the  Museum  Goeldi  at  Para,  the  author  of  excellent  observa- 
tions on  the  habits  of  ants.     (Forel) 


12 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES 


[No.  48 


Tranopeltoides  parvispina,  new  species 
Female  (Fig.  3c?) . — Length  probably  somewhat  more  than  10  mm.,  but  post- 
petiole  and  gaster  lacking;   length  of  wings  13  mm. 

Head  trapezoidal,  about  one-fifth  broader  than  long,  broader  behind  than  in 
front,  with  straight  posterior  and  lateral  borders..  Eyes  at  the  middle  of  the  sides 
and  about  one-third  their  length.  Ocelli  large,  in  deep  impressions.  Mandibles 
moderately  convex,  their  apical  margins  with  five  subequal,  rather  blunt  teeth. 
Clypeus  flattened,  its  anterior  border  straight  and  entire  in  the  middle,  sinuate  on 
each  side.  Frontal  area  triangular;  frontal  groove  distinct  only  in  the  middle  of  a 
line  connecting  the  frontal  area  and  the  anterior  ocellus.     Antenna?  rather  short, 


Fig    •'<       :i.  77.i/i«/»7/«e/<  >  hitliriuintn,  new  s|>i':ii-s,  head  cil   male;    b,  :i n t iima  of  lame  I    C,  wi&gl  of 

name;  d,  Tr&HoptH  ../<..  oen  >i>i-i-i.-,  iringa  of  female. 


1 1  -joint «m1  .  the  scapes  mnahnm  only  to  the  posterior  third  of  the  lateral  borders  of 

tin-  hi-ad:  f  1 1- 1  funicular  joint  as  Jong  as  the  three  succeeding  joints  together;  joints 

ely  longer  than  broad;  8  and  (.t  a  little  longer  than  broad;  the  terminal  at 

long  a-  the  two  preceding  jointa  together.   Thorax  elongate-elliptical,  narrower  than 

the  he.nl.  ine-onot inn  (iiuch  longer  than  broad,  convex  anteriorly  where  it  overarches 

the  pronotum.    Bpinotuno  small  and  short,  abruptly  sloping,  the  base  very  short. 
el)  distinct  from  the  flattened  declivity,  above  and  al  the  sides  of  which  there 

in  a  pair  of  small,  blunt,  triangular,  flattened  teeth,  not  longer  than  broad  at   their 

base*  and  th<-  latter  not  more  than  a  quarter  the  length  <>i  the  declivity;  episternal 
angh  high :  the  anterior  slope  of  t  be 

node  in  tie  form  ot  .it.  Inclined  plane,  the  nod.-  hm-ii  very  short,  broadly  excised  In 


1922]  NEOTROPICAL  ANTS  13 

the  middle  and  with  each  corner  forming  an  acute  angle.  The  ventral  surface  bears 
a  small  triangular,  downwardly  directed  tooth  at  the  anterior  end.  Legs  moderately 
long  and  stout.  Venation  of  wings  essentially  as  in  Tranopelta  but  the  radial  cell  is 
more  nearly  closed,  the  cubital  cell  is  shorter  and  the  discoidal  cell  is  larger. 

Shining;  mandibles  stria topunctate;  clypeus  smooth  in  the  middle,  coarsely 
punctate  on  the  sides.  Head  above  finely,  longitudinally  striate  and  with  rather 
coarse,  scattered,  piligerous  punctures.  Thorax  very  smooth  and  shining  above, 
sparsely  and  finely  punctate;  epinotum  subopaque,  the  lower  pleurae  very  finely  and 
longitudinally,  the  declivity  transversely  striate. 

Hairs  yellow,  erect,  rather  uneven,  sparse,  longer  on  the  head  than  on  the  thorax; 
suberect  and  nearly  as  long  on  the  tibia1  as  on  the  thorax;  mesosternum  and  femora 
with  dilute,  appressed,  yellowish  pubescence. 

Yellowish  brown;  head  darker,  more  reddish  brown;  legs  slightly  paler;  meso- 
notum  with  three  indistinct,  darker  longitudinal  streaks;  mandibular  teeth  blackish. 
Wings  distinctly  yellowish,  the  veins  and  stigma  brownish  yellow. 

A  single  specimen  taken  August  8,  1911,  at  Kaieteur,  British 
Guiana,  by  Dr.  F.  E.  Lutz. 

This  species  is  certainly  congeneric  with  the  preceding  and  is  dis- 
tinct in  its  larger  size  and  in  having  much  shorter  antennal  scapes,  a 
different  sculpture  of  the  head  and  mandibles  and  smaller  spines  on 
the  epinotum. 

Tranopeltoides  bolivianus,  new  species 

Male  (Fig.  3  a,  b,  c). — Length,  5.5  mm. 

Head,  including  the  eyes,  broader  than  long;  both  the  eyes  and  ocelli  very  large, 
larger  than  in  Tranopelta,  the  latter  on  an  elevated  projection.  Cheeks  absent. 
Mandibles  small,  with  two  acute  teeth,  the  basal  minute.  Clypeus  moderately  con- 
vex, with  straight,  entire  anterior  border.  Antennae  slender,  very  short,  11-jointed; 
the  scape  scarcely  twice  as  long  as  broad,  the  first  funicular  joint  subglobular,  a 
little  broader  than  long,  second  joint  longer  than  the  scape,  remaining  joints,  except 
the  last,  somewhat  shorter,  terminal  joint  tapering.  Thorax  from  above  broadly 
elliptical,  broader  than  the  head,  the  mesonotum  without  Mayrian  furrows,  convex 
anteriorly  and  overarching  the  pronotum.  Epinotum  with  subequal  base  and  de- 
clivity, meeting  on  each  side  at  a  small  but  distinct  angle  which  represents  the  spine 
of  the  female.  Mesosterna  very  convex.  Petiole  unarmed  beneath;  the  node  lower, 
much  rounder  and  not  angulate  at  the  posterior  corners.  Postpetiole  somewhat 
broader  than  the  petiole,  nearly  as  long  as  broad,  campanula^.  Gaster  shaped 
much  as  in  Tranopelta  but  the  broad,  outermost  genitalic  appendages  are  more  trun- 
cated and  the  pygidium  is  less  acutely  pointed.  Legs  long  and  slender,  tarsal  claws 
large.    Wings  conspicuously  broad,  their  venation  like  that  of  the  preceding  species. 

Smooth  and  shining,  with  small,  indistinct  and  scattered,  piligerous  punctures; 
mandibles  with  a  few  coarse  punctures. 

Hairs  yellowish,  rather  long,  sparse,  suberect,  covering  the  body  and  legs  but 
absent  on  the  flexor  surfaces  of  the  tibiae  and  tarsi,  most  conspicuous  on  the  gaster. 
Legs  and  antennae  also  covered  with  fine  whitish  pubescence. 


14  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  48 

Yellowish  brown,  antennae  and  legs  paler  yellow;  space  between  the  ocelli  jet 
black;  mandibular  teeth  and  two  longitudinal  streaks  on  the  mesonotum  dark  brown. 
Wings  brownish  hyaline  with  yellow  veins  and  stigma. 

A  single  specimen  taken  by  Prof.  Nils  Holmgren  at  San  Firmin, 
Bolivia,  and  loaned  by  the  Royal  Museum  of  Stockholm. 

I  believe  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  this  male  is  congeneric  with 
the  two  preceding  species,  of  one  of  which  it  may  represent  the  missing 
sex.  Another  male  in  my  collection  seems  to  be  distinct  and  may  be 
given  the  following  name. 

Tranopeltoides  peruvianas,  new  species 

Male. — Length,  5  mm. 

Closely  resembling  the  preceding  species  but  honey-yellow,  except  the  black 
area  between  the  ocelli  and  the  two  dark  brown  streaks  on  the  mesonotum.  The 
wings  are  also  paler,  with  pale  yellow  veins  and  stigma.  The  angles  of  the  epinotum 
are  obsolete,  the  petiole  and  postpetiole  are  shorter  and  their  nodes  more  depressed 
above.  The  greatest  difference,  however,  lies  in  the  length  of  the  antennal  joints, 
the  third  to  sixth  funicular  being  distinctly  shorter  than  in  the  Bolivian  species  and 
the  second  funicular  distinctly  swollen  at  the  base.  The  eyes  are  somewhat  less 
convex  and  the  cheeks,  though  extremely  short,  are  nevertheless  perceptible.  The 
long  hairs  are  lacking  on  the  extensor  surfaces  of  the  hind  tibiae  and  there  are  only 
a  few  of  them  on  the  fore  and  middle  tibiae.  The  oblique  or  subappressed  pubescence 
on  the  antennae,  and  especially  on  the  legs,  is  distinctly  longer. 

A  single  male  from  Callanga,  Peru,  purchased  many  years  ago  from 
Staudinger  and  Bang-Haas.  The  terminal  joints  of  both  antennae  are 
mussing.  This  male,  too,  may  perhaps  belong  to  one  of  the  females 
described  above. 


AMERICAN   MUSEUM   NOVITATES 

No.  49 


DIBELODON  EDENSIS  (I  RICK)  OF  SOI  THERN 

CALIFORNIA,    MtOMASTODON  OF  THE 

MIDDLE  MIOCENE,  NEW  GENUS 

By  IIkmiv  Fairfield  Osbokn 


Issued  October  23,  1922 


By  Order  of  the  Trustees 

of 

THE  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 
New  York  City 


AMERICAN    MUSEUM    NOVITATES 

Number  49  October  23,  1922 


56.9,61 

DIBELODON  EDENSIS  (FRICK)  OF  SOUTHERN  CALIFORNIA, 
MIOMASTODON  OF  THE  MIDDLE  MIOCENE,  NEW  GENUS1 

By  Henry  Fairfield  Osborn 

During  the  years  1916-1917,  Mr.  Childs  Frick  (1921,  p.  279)2 
conducted  field  work  in  southern  California  as  part  of  Professor  John  C. 
Merriam's  comprehensive  plan  for  the  study  of  the  geologic  and  faunal 
history  of  the  Pacific  coast.  In  the  rich  "Eden  beds"  were  discovered 
proboscidean  remains  which  the  author  (op.  cit.,  p.  405)  determined  as 
follows  : 

Trilophodon  (Tetrabelodon)  shepardi  edensis,  n.  subsp.  Type  specimen. — 
The  portion  of  a  skull  and  posterior  maxillaries,  containing  the  last  molar  of  the  left 
side  and  a  section  of  that  of  the  right  side,  Univ.  Calif.  Coll.  Vert.  Pal.  no.  23501 
(fig.  160);  two  associated  molars  from  the  left  and  the  right  side  respectively,  Univ. 
Calif.  Coll.  Vert.  Pal.  23503,  23504  (figs.  164,  162);  and  portions  of  premaxilla  and 
tusks,  Univ.  Calif.  Coll.  Vert.  Pal.  no.  24047  (pi.  50),  all  from  Univ.  Calif,  loc.  3269. 

The  Eden  beds  are  correlated  with  the  Snake  Creek  of  Nebraska,  the 
Rattlesnake  of  Oregon,  the  Thousand  Creek  of  Nevada,  and  the  Middle 
Etchegoin  of  California,  namely,  of  Middle  Pliocene  age.  Excavation 
in  the  Eden  beds  continued  by  Mr.  Frick  resulted  in  the  recovery  of  the 
complete  upper  tusks  of  one  of  the  cotype  specimens  which  were  figured 
by  the  author  (op.  cit.,  PI.  50) :  "Figs.  1  and  2.  Portions  of  premaxillary 
and  tusks  of  Eden  type  specimen,  no.  24047,  X  }/i"  Under  Mr.  Frick's 
direction  these  cotype  tusks  have  been  carefully  restored  and  mounted, 
as  represented  in  the  present  article  (Fig.  1).  Mr.  Frick  has  kindly 
offered  this  precious  cotype  to  the  present  writer  for  redescription 
together  with  newly  discovered  grinding  teeth  found  in  the  same  ledge 
of  the  Eden  beds,  representing  several  individuals  which  probably  belong 
to  the  same  species.  This  new  cotype  and  the  associated  material  prove 
that  the  Eden  proboscidean  is  very  close  indeed  in  all  its  characters  to 
the  classic  Mastodon  andium  Cuvier  of  the  valley  of  Tarija,  Bolivia, 
and  especially  to  the  skull  described  by  Nordenskiold8  in  1903. 

•This  is  the  eighth  in  the  author's  list  of  special  papers  on  the  evolution  and  classification  of  the 
Proboscidea  since  1918,  and  the  eighteenth  in  his  total  list  of  papers  on  this  subject  since  1907. 

2  Frick,  Childs,  'Extinct  Vertebrate  Faunas  of  the  Badlands  of  Bautista  Creek  and  San  Timoteo 
Canon,  Southern  California,'  Univ.  Calif.  Publ.  Bull.  Dept.  Geol.,  XII,  No.  5,  pp.  277-424,  Pis. 
xliii-l,  165  text  figures.    December  28,  1921. 

'Nordenskiold,  Erland,  1903,  'tJber  die  Saugetierfossilien  des  Tarijatals,  Sudamerika.  I.  Mas- 
todon Andium  Cuv.,'  Kungl.  Svenska  Vetensk.-Akad.  Hand.,  Bd.,  37,  No.  4,  pp.  1-30,  Taf . i-vi. 


2  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  49 

The  matter  of  chief  interest  and  importance  is  that  these  notoros- 
trine  proboscideans  migrated  along  the  western  coast  of  North  America 
en  route  to  their  habitat  in  the  Andes.  The  generic  name  to  be  applied 
to  this  animal  is  not  Trilophodon  Falconer  but  Dibelodon  Cope.  Cope 
(1884)1  founded  Dibelodon  on  three  species,  namely,  Dibelodon  (Mastodon) 
shepardi  Leidy,  Dibelodon  tropicus  Cope,  and  Mastodon  humboldtii 
Cuvier,  the  first  being  specified  as  type.  Consequently,  Trilophodon 
(Tetrabelodon)  shepardi  edensis  Frick  =  Dibelodo?i  edensis  (Frick). 


Dibelodon  edensis  (Frick) 

Characters. — As  shown  in  Fig.  1,  A\,  A%  B,  the  premaxillae,  the  anterior 
portion  of  the  palate,  the  dentition,  and  the  enamel  areas  of  the  tusks  are  so  similar 
to  those  of  the  Tarija  skull  referred  to  M .  andium  by  Nordenskiold,  that  if  the  Eden 
cotype  had  been  found  at  Tarija  it  would  without  question  have  been  referred  to  the 
species  Dibelodon  andium.  The  enamel  ribbon  in  both  the  Eden  and  the  Tarija  speci- 
mens leaves  the  skull  on  the  outer  border  of  the  tusk  which  by  an  inward  rotation 
on  its  own  axis  carries  the  enamel  (e  e  e)  to  the  inner  border;  in  both  photographic 
figures  the  enamel  borders  are  artificially  indicated  with  a  faint  white  line.  The 
Dibelodon  edensis  cotype  is  a  male  individual,  consequent! y  the  tusks  are  more  robust; 
it  is  a  younger  individual,  hence  the  tusks  are  relatively  shorter  and  the  twisting  of  the 
enamel  band  does  not  extend  quite  so  far.  It  appears  probable  that  Dibelodon  edensis 
is  less  progressive  than  Dibelodon  andium  in  its  tusk  formation. 

The  teeth  included  by  Mr.  Frick  as  type  and  cotype  specimens  are  the  following: 

Posterior  maxillae  with  left  Ms  and  right  Ms,  Univ.  Calif.  23501  (fig.  160). 

Associated  molars  right  M2  and  left  M»,  Univ.  Calif.  23503,  23504  (figs.  164,jl62) . 

Portions  of  premaxilla  and  tusks,  Univ.  Calif.  24047. 

These  types  give  the  ridge  formula  M  2s ,  M  34. 

New  specimens  in  the  American  Museum  collection  from  the  same 
Eden  ledge  referred  to  Dibelodon  edensis  are  the  following:  A.  18219, 
left  M8;  B.  18219,  jaw  with  left  M2.3;  C.  18219,  palate  with  well-worn 
right  Mrs;  D.  18219,  right  M8;  E.  18219,  right  M8;  F.  18219,  maxillary 
with  right  M2"8  (frag.);  18218,  left  DM8"4,  M1;  18217,  left  M3;  B.  18216, 
juvenile  inferior  maxillary  with  DI2,  DM2.4,  Mi.  The  latter  specimen 
contains  a  small  tusk  apparently  enamelled. 

These  referred  specimens  belong  to  several  different  individuals  and 
the  determination  of  the  superior  and  inferior  grinding  teeth  is  provi- 
sional. The  lower  jaw  with  milk  incisor  (B.  18216)  is  of  great  interest  if 
it  proves  to  present  us  with  the  juvenile  characters  of  the  Dibelodon 
edensin  jaw,  as  appears  probable. 


'       ..     I.     I).   ISSI,    'Tlir  KxIiikI    Miiinnmliii  .,1  tin.  \  :  1 1 1 .  \    i.l   Mixir.,,'  1'ii.r     ViniT    I'liil.  Soc, 
XXII,  pp.  1-21. 


4  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  49 

Miomasto  on,  new  genus 

Genotypic  Species. — Mastodon  mcriami  Osborn,  1921, '  from  the  Virgin  Valley 
formation,  Middle  Miocene  of  Nevada. 

Generic  Characters. — A  member  of  the  true  Mastodontinae  phylum  leading 
into  the  Mastodon  americanus  type,  distinguished  from  the  true  Palseomastodon  bead- 
nelli  of  the  Lower  Oligocene  of  the  Fayum,  Egypt,  by  rounded,  greatly  enlarged, 
upcurved  superior  tusks;  form  of  inferior  tusks  not  certainly  known,  probably 
rounded  and  more  or  less  encased  in  enamel;  distinguished  from  the  true  Pleistocene 
Mastodon  americanus  by  the  presence  of  a  broad  enamel  band  extending  from  the 
base  to  the  summit  of  the  tusk.  Ridge  formula:  M  2  f ,  M  3  *£*,  as  compared  with 
the  Palseomastodon  beadneUi  ridge  formula:  M2  2^,  M  3  %1^;  as  compared  with  the 
Mastodon  americanus  ridge  formula:  M  2  f-,  M  3  £%. 

To  this  genus  may  at  present  be  referred  four  species,  namely: 
Genotypic  species,  Mastodon  merriami,   Middle  Miocene,    Nevada  = 

Miomastodon  merriami 
Mastodon  proavus  Cope,  1873,  late  Middle  Miocene,    Pawnee   Creek, 

Colorado  =  Miomastodon  proavus 
Mastodon  matthewi  Osborn,  1921, Middle  Pliocene,  western  Nebraska  = 

Miomastodon  matthewi 
Also  probably  Mastodon  tapiroides  americanus  Schlesinger,  Lower  Plio- 
cene of  Hungary  =  Miomastodon  tapiroides  americanus. 

The  distinctive  grinding  tooth  characters  in  all  these  Mastodontinae 
are:  (1)  that  each  loph  (protoloph,  metaloph,  el  seq.)  is  composed  of  a 
main  internal  and  external  bunoid  cone;  (2)  the  intermediate  conule 
region  does  not  develop;  (3)  the  earliest  grinder  is  tetrabunodont;  (4) 
as  the  third  loph  is  added  it  becomes  hexabunodont;  (5)  as  the  fourth 
loph  is  added  it  becomes  octobunodont;  (6)  whereas  these  four,  six,  and 
eight  cones  heighten  (hypsodonty),  they  never  unite  transversely 
into  a  crest;  thus  none  of  the  Mastodontinae  becomes  zygolophodont. 

The  broad  enamel  band  of  the  tusks  is  apparently  placed  on  the 
concave  surface  of  the  tusk  in  Miomastodon  merriami,  on  the  convex 
surface  of  the  tusk  in  Miomastodon  tapiroides  americanus. 

The  occurrence  of  Miomastodon  merriami  in  the  Virgin  Valley, 
Nevada,  in  Middle  Miocene  time  demonstrates  that  these  true  masto- 
dons arrived  in  this  country  much  earlier  than  we  have  hitherto  supposed. 
It  is  probable  thai  I  he  so-called  "Mastodon"  proavus  of  Cope  from  the 
Middle  Miocene  of  Pawnee  Creek,  Colorado,  is  another  representative 
of  the  genus  Miomastodon;  on  the  other  hand,  "Mastodon"  brevidens 
Cope,  1880,  from  the  late  Middle  Miocene,  from  the  Deep  River  beds  of 
Montana,  probably  halnnp  |(,  th<>  genus  Rhynchotherium,  distinguished 

Ik. it  molar  teeth  (hence  l{.  b re ri dens)  and  internal  lobes  bearing 
IrH'oil    nil  ci.-l     tine  ami  two. 

'(feborn.  II    I         1  I  ruoMaatodoini.  Am.  11,  .■..'  \iu.  1    Mim.  Novitatoi,  No. 

Mi.  JunnlA,  102l,pp.  1-0,  Fik 


AMERICAN   MUSEUM   NOVITATES 

No.  50 


CARANGOJBES  JORDAN!  I- ROM  THE  HAWAI- 
IAN ISLANDS  WITH  NOTES  ON 
RELATED  EISHES 

By  John  Tkeadwell  Nichols 


Issued  October  24,  1922 


By  Order  of  the  Trustees 

of 

THE  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 
New  York  City 


AMERICAN    MUSEUM     NOVITATES 

Number  50  October  24,  1922 

59.7,58C(96.9) 

CARANGOIDES  JORDANI  FROM  THE  HAWAIIAN  ISLANDS 
WITH  NOTES  ON  RELATED  FISHES 

By  John  Treadwell  Nichols 

In  the  summer  of  1921,  Dr.  David  Starr  Jordan,  of  Stanford  Uni- 
versity, made  a  collection  of  fishes  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  the  locality 
where  I  had  had  the  pleasure  of  first  meeting  him  twenty  years  previous. 
A  series  of  this  material  was  to  come  to  The  American  Museum  of 
Natural  History.  As  I  had  been  making  an  especial  study  of  the  sub- 
family Caranginae,  all  the  carangids  were  courteously  sent  here  to  be 
worked  up.  The  following  notes  are  placed  on  record  as  a  contribution  to 
a  knowledge  of  certain  of  these  forms  and  of  the  Hawaiian  fish  fauna. 

Decapterus  maruadsi  (Temminek  and  Schlegel) 
The  collection  contains  two  specimen!  (300  and  305  mm.  in  length 
to  base  of  caudal)  of  this  species,  previously  known  from  Japan  and 
( 1hina  coasts.  They  are  at  once  recognizable  as  distinct  from  Decapterus 
uiacarellus  pinnulatus,  the  common  form  in  Hawaiian  waters,  by  greater 
depth,  Longer  pectoral,  and  greater  development  of  scutes.  It  is  not 
surprising  that  Decapterus  maruadsi  is  common  to  the  western  and  central 
Pacific,  for  the  other  Pacific  species  of  Decapterus  is  also  found  in  Japan, 
though  there  previsionally  recognized  as  a  distinct  race,  muroadsi.  We 
have  no  Japanese  maruadsi  material  available  for  comparison  with  these 
Hawaiian  specimens.  The  larger  (305  mm.)  specimen  has  the  following 
measurements : 

Depth  in  length  to  base  of  caudal,  4.5  (in  length  to  notch  of  caudal,  4.7);  head, 
3.9;  eye  in  head,  3.5;  snout,  3.0;  maxillary  (which  barely  reaches  front  of  eye),  3.0; 
pectoral  (which  is  pointed),  1.2;  thickness  of  body,  1.8.  Teeth  are  minute  but  evident. 
Dorsal  has  about  34  soft  rays;  anal  28.  The  straight  part  of  the  lateral  line  is  con- 
tained 1.5  in  the  arc  of  the  low  curve.  The  scutes  are  traceable  forward  for  almost  the 
entire  length  of  the  straight  part  of  the  lateral  line,  and  number  about  36.  A  con- 
spicuous black  spot  at  the  angle  of  the  operclc. 

Caranx  affinis  lundini  (Jordan  and  Seale) 
Carangits  n  (finis  Jordan  and  Evermann,  1905,  'Fishes  Hawaiian  Islands.' 
Decaptcrux  lundini  Jordan  and  Seale,  1906,  'Fishes  of  Samoa.' 


2  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  50 

Six  specimens  130  to  200  mm.  standard  length  (to  base  of  caudal) 
have  been  compared  with  two,  179  to  182  mm.,  from  Somaliland  (Barnum 
Brown,  Collector).  These  latter,  which  presumably  are  true  C.  affinis 
Riippell,  with  type  from  the  Red  Sea,  have  appreciably  smaller  teeth, 
forming  a  broader  band,  where  they  cease  to  be  uniserial  in  the  front  of 
the  jaw,  have  more  pointed  heads,  and  are  less  compressed,  thus  agreeing 
with  the  figure  and  description  of  affinis  in  Day,  1889,  'Fauna  British 
India,'  Fishes.  The  Hawaiian  fish,  however,  is  exceedingly  close  to 
affinis  if  specifically  distinct. 

Caranx  cheilio  (Snyder) 
One  400  mm.  long  to  base  of  caudal  has  been  compared  with  a 
smaller  (270  mm.)  specimen  of  C.  guara  from  Bermuda.  The  two  species 
are  close,  a  slightly  shorter  dorsal  in  cheilio  (24  versus  26  soft  dorsal  rays) 
the  most  obvious  technical  distinction.  Cheilio  has  back  more  elevated, 
profile  steeper,  ventral  outline  more  horizontal,  lips  thicker,  eye  nearer 
snout  instead  of  in  the  center  of  head. 


Carangoides  jordani,  new  species 

Carangoides  ferdau  Jordan  and  Evermann,  1905,  'Fishes  of  Hawaiian  Islands,' 
p.  198,  fig.  77.    Not  Scomber  ferdau  Forskal. 

The  type,  No.  8104 ,  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  Hawaiian  Islands, 
1921,  D.  S.  Jordan,  is  200  mm.  long  to  base  of  caudal.  Villiform  teeth  on  palate  and 
in  bands  on  jaws;  arch  of  lateral  line  low,  its  arc  1.1  in  straight  part;  scutes  small, 
restricted  to  posterior  portion  of  straight  part,  about  30. 

Depth,  2.4  in  length;  head,  3.5.  Eye,  4.4  in  head;  maxillary,  2.4;  dorsal  lobe, 
1.0;  anal  lobe,  1.5;  pectoral,  1.0.  Maxillary  to  under  front  of  orbit,  not  reaching 
pupil.  Gill-rakers  23  on  lower  limb  of  first  arch.  Height  of  anterior  lobe  of  soft 
dorsal  1.4  in  base  of  that  fin  (not  following  curve  of  back),  1.3  in  depth  of  body. 
Dorsal  soft  rays  30,  anal  27.  Chest  before  the  ventrals  scalcless,  the  naked  area 
widening  as  it  reaches  gill-covers.  Color  in  alcohol  bluish  plumbeous,  paler  below, 
fins  dark  gray,  darkest  or  dorsal  and  anal  lobes. 

Two  specimens,  200  mm.  in  length  to  base  of  caudal,  are  identical 
with  C 'arangoidcs  ferdau  J brdan  and  Evermann,  which  differs  from  ferdau 
of  Forskal  in  the  larger  number  of  fin  rays  (dorsal  soft  rays  29  to  30, 
anal  25  to  27) ,  and  differs  from  C.  gymnostclhoides  evermanni  in  the  char- 
acter of  llw  lobe  of  the  soft  dorsal  which  ends  in  a  slender  filament  and  is 
contained  1.4  to  1.6  times  in  die  base  of  that  fin,  1.3  to  1.4  in  depth  of 
body.  It  is  more  slender  than  Carangoides  gilberti,  with  differently 
shaped  Inxly  and  fins. 


1922]  CARANGOIDES  JORDANI  3 

Carangoides  gymnostethoides  evermanni  Nichols 
A  specimen  referred  to  this  form  is  somewhat  larger  (330  versus  313 
mm.  to  base  of  caudal)  than  the  type,  with  which  it  has  been  compared 
(see  1921,  American  Museum  Novitates,  No.  3).  It  agrees  closely  with 
same  in  most  respects,  and  differs  from  it  in  being  less  compressed,  thick- 
ness 1.7  versus  2.0  in  head.  The  dorsal  lobe  is  shorter  1.5  versus  1.4  in 
head,  2.5  versus  2.0  in  base  of  fin;  maxillary  just  reaches  front  of  pupil; 
and  the  naked  area  on  chest  broadens  more  anteriorly,  where  it  meets 
the  gill-covers. 

This  individual  is  not  differentiable  from  orthogrammus  by  higher 
dorsal  lobe,  but  is  less  slender  than  the  description  of  that  fish,  depth  2.7 
versus  3%. 

Alectis  ciliaris  (Bloch) 
One,  19}i  inches  long  to  base  of  caudal,  is  the  largest  that  the  writer 
has  ever  had  the  pleasure  of  examining.  A  table  of  the  variations  of  this 
species  with  size  will  be  found  on  page  287,  XLII,  Bulletin,  American 
Museum  of  Natural  History  (J.  T.  Nichols,  1920).  The  following  meas- 
urements of  this  large  individual  (which  has  one  of  two  dorsal  filaments 
extending  to  beyond  caudal,  an  anal  filament  to  caudal  base,  and  lacks 
dark  cross-bands)  carry  on,  in  a  manner  to  be  expected,  the  proportional 
changes  with  growth  indicated  by  smaller  material.  Thus  depth  in 
length  is  2.1;  eye  in  head  3.8;  snout  2.8;  pectoral  0.8;  ventral  2.1. 
The  curve  of  the  lateral  line  in  straight  part,  1.0,  does  not  show  the 
anticipated  change;  but  the  most  surprising  condition  is  found  in  the 
gill-rakers,  17  in  number,  but  the  most  anterior,  and  also  the  only  one  well 
on  the  upper  limb  of  the  arch,  rudimentary,  as  though  they  might  be 
dropped  out  in  still  further  growth.  If  gill-rakers  are  dropped  out  by 
growth,  Alectis  ciliaris  might  easily  become  Alectis  hopkinsi  in  reaching 
26  inches,  the  size  of  the  unique  type  of  that  species  (loc.  cit.,  p.  291). 


\ 


AMERICAN   MUSEUM   NOVITATES 

No.  51 


REVISION  OF  PALAIOMASTODON  AND 
MCERITHERIUM. 

PAL^OMASTODON  J NTEJLMED1  US,  AND 
PHIOMIA  OSBORNE  NEW  SPECIES 

By  H.  Matsumoto 


Issued  November  21,  1922 


By  Order  of  the  Trustees 

of 

THE  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 
New  York  City 


AMERICAN    MUSEUM     NOVITATES 

Number  51  November  21,  1922 


.".<i. 9,61 

REVISION  OF  PALJEOMASTODON  AND  MCERITHERIUM. 

PALMOMASTODON  INTERMEDIUS,   AND  PHIOMIA 
OSBORNI,  NEW  SPECIES 

By  H.  Matsumoto 

This  communication  is  a  preliminary  abstract  of  results  reached 

in  tlie  author's  researches  during  the  year  1921  on  the  American  Museum 
collections  of  Palseomastodon,  Phiomia,  and  Mceritherium,  in  comparison 
with  the  type  collections  in  the  British  Museum  which  were  described 
by  Charles  W.  Andrews  between  1901  and  1900.  The  abstract  was  pre- 
pared from  Dr.  H.  Matsumoto's  MS.  by  Dr.  Charles  C.  Mook,  August, 
1922.    The  full  paper  will  appeal'  in  the  American  Museum  Bulletin. 

l.—PALMOMASTODON,  PHIOMIA 

The  genus  Palseomadodon  should  be  subdivided  into  two  genera 
as  follows: 

A.     Palate  wide  in  proportion  to  the  length  of  cheek  teeth  series.    Symphysis  rather 
short,  its  posterior  end  lying  :n  a  considerable  distance  anterior  to  the  anterior- 

most  check  tooth  (IV;     the  most  conspicuous  one  of  the  anterior  mental  fora- 
mina lying  just  below  the  anteriormoai  cheek  tooth,  as  well  as  a  considerable 

distance  behind   the  posterior  end  of  the  symphysis. 

???         1.1.2        2+2+2+ 
Kidge  formula:  Dm    — ,  P  — -,  .M 


1+  .2'       2+  2+  2-3+ 

hast  premolars  and  all  molars  Imnolophodont,  appearing  like  typically  lophodont 
teeth  when  moderately  worn;   no  trefoil  pattern  of  cusps 

=  Pal.eomastodon  Andrews. 

Genotype:  Palmomaatodon  beadneiUi  Andrews,  1901. 

B.     Palate  long  and  narrow.      Symphysis  long,  its  posterior  end  lying  only  a  little 

anterior  to  or  posterior  to  the  anterior  end  of  the  anteriormost  cheek  tooth  (P3); 

the  most  conspicuous  one  of  the  anterior  mental  formina  lying  far  anterior  to 

the  anteriormost  cheek  tooth,  as  well  as  to  the  posterior  end  of  the  symphysis. 

1.2.3       1.1-1+.2        3.3.2+-3 

Ridge  formula:  Dm  —  ,  P .  M 

*  1.2.3'        1+.  2  '       3.3.3-3+ 

Last  premolars  and  all  molars  typically  bunodont;    trefoil  pattern  of  cusps  well 

developed =  Phiomia  Andrews. 

Genotype:  Phiomia  serridens  Andrews  and  Beadnell,  1902. 


2  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  51 

Palaeomastodon  parvus  Andrews,  1905 
Andrews,  1905,  Geol.  Mag.,  Dec.  V,  N.  S.,  II,  pp.  562,  563. 
Type  fig.:    Andrews,   1906,  'Descr.  Cat.  Tertiary  Vertebrata  of 
Fayum,  Egypt,'  p.  163,  fig.  55. 

American  Museum  specimens:  No.  13497  from  Fluvio-niarine  for- 
mation. 

Palseomastodon  intermedins,  new  species 

Type:  American  Museum  No.  14547;  fragment  of  left  mandibular  ramus,  bear- 
ing all  three  molars  in  nitti,  with  parts  of  alveoli  of  penultimate  and  last  premolars. 

Paratype:  American  Museum  No.  13480;  a  fragment  of  left  mandibular  ramu«t 
bearing  last  molar  and  posterior  root  of  penultimate  molar  in  situ. 

American  Museum  referred  specimens:   Nos.  13449,  14548. 

All  from  Fluvio-marine  formation. 


Am.Muj.No  14547 


Fig.    1,      Typi:  »|ii'iiiniii  of   I'uluumiistodtiii    inli  rim  <l  i  us ,  new    gpeoiw       MatnUDiOtO.     Amor.    Milh. 

No  14.547,  Fayfim  Collection,    Slightly  over  one-fourth  natural  sin. 

The  palate  of  paratype  specimen  of  Palseotnastodon  intermedins,  No. 
13499,  measures  as  follows: 

Length  from  111''  frontal  plane  tangential  to  the  anterior  limits  of  the  crowns 
of  the  two  P  to  the  tip  of  the  posteriorly  directed  process  at  the  poste- 
rior limit  of  the  median  suture  between  the  two  palatines 251)  nun. 

Distance  between  the  two  r- 58  nun. 

knee  between  the  two*M' 77  nun. 

kttoe  between  the  two  M1 75  nun, 

All  the  upper  molars  an:  distinctly  bilophodont,  as  a  generic  char- 
acter; the  rudiment  of  the  third  ridge  being  much  feebler  and  much  less 
COnspicUOUl  than  thai  Of  the  lower  molan.     'The  mode  of  wearing;  cor- 
ioikIs  well  to  what    is  slated  of  the  lower  molars.      Resides,  nil  the 
generic  characters  of  all  the  cheek  teeth  of  this  species  are  the  same  as 

those  -tuted  iii  the  diagnosis  of  the  genus. 


1922]  PAL/EOMASTODON  AND  MCERITHERIUM 


Am  Mui  No.  11480 


Fig.  2.     Paratype   specimen   of    Palmontattodon    inttmudiu^,    new    ■-i>ofios      Amor.    Mm    \" 
13480,  Fayfirn  Collection.    Slightly  over  one-third  natural  tim 

Palteomastodon  beadnelli  Andrews,    1901 
Andrews,  1901,  TagebL  d.  V,  Intern,    Z<  ><">!.  Congress,  Berlin,  No. 

6,  p.  4. 

Type  fig.:   Andrews,  1901,  Geol.  Mag.,  Dec.  IV,  N.  S.,  VIII,  text 

fig.  1,  A,  B,  p.  401. 

American  Museum  referred  specimen:   No.  13481. 

Phiomia   (minus)  minor  Andrews,   1904 
(Palxomastodon  beadnelli  Andrews,  1901;  Pal.   harroisi  Pontier,  1907.) 

Andrews,  1904,  Geol.  Mag.,  Dec.  V,  N.  8.,  I,  p.  115. 

Type  fig.:   1906,  PI.  xiv,  figs.  1,  1A,  text  fig.  50D. 

American  Museum  referred  specimens:  Nos.  13469,  13471,  13475, 
13483,  13486,  13448,  13405,  13461,  13464,   13465,  13467. 

Phiomia  wintoni  Andrews,   1905 
(Phiomia  serridens  Andrews  and  Beadnell,  1902;   Palseomastodon  bead- 
nelli Andrews,  1901:   Pal.  wintoni  Andrews,  1905;  Pal.  harroisi  Pontier, 
1907.) 

Andrews,  1905,  Geol.  Mag.,  Dec.  V,  N.  8.,  II,  p.  563. 

''The  paratype  (Andrews'  fig.  3)  of  Phiomia  serridens  is  merely  a 
hyracoid,  as  subsequently  referred  to  by  Andrews  himself."  . 

Type  fig.:   Andrews,  1906,  p.  157,  fig.  63. 

American  Museum  referred  specimens:  Nos.  13470,  13474,  13476, 
13477,  13484,  13485,  13494,  13450,  13451,  13452,  13453,  13454,  13456, 
13457,  13458,  13459,  13460,  13479,  13482,  13488,  13489,  13491,  13492, 
13493,  13327,  13463,  13466. 

Phiomia  osborni,   new  species 

Type:  American  Museum  No,  13468;    ■  nearly  complete  mandible,  bearing  all 

I  lie  teeth  in  situ. 

Type  fig. :  Fig.  3  of  this  paper. 


1922]         PALMOMASTODON  AND  MCERITHERIUM  5 

.  This  species,  Phiomia  osborni,  appears  to  be  more  progressive  than 
Phiomia  minor  and  Phiomia  wintoni  in  the  better  developed  posterior 
ridge  of  the  first  and  second  lower  molars  and  in  the  better  developed 
posterior  talon  of  the  last  lower  molar;  and  to  be  more  archetypal  than 
the  same  in  the  more  gradual  increase  in  size  posteriorly  of  the  lower 
cheek  teeth. 

\\.—M(EIiirUEltlCU 
Genotype:  Mceritherium  lyonsi  Andrews,  1901 

Andrews  distinguishes  three  species  of  Mceritherium'. 

M.  lyonsi  Andrews,  1901.  Large  form  from  Qasr-el-Sagha.  Mat- 
SUmotO  does  not  specify  a  type  hut  gives  dimensions  of  Andrews'  speci- 
men, Geol.  Mag.,  Dec.  IV,  N.  S.,  VIII,  pp.  403  405,  fig.  2,  p.  403.  Some 
of  the  dimensions  are  estimated  from  Andrews'  figures. 

M.  gracile  Andrews,  1902.  Small  form  from  Qasr-el-Sagha  forma- 
tion.   (Geol.  Mag.,  Dec.  IV,  N.  S.,  IX,  p.  292.) 

Type  fig.:   Andrews,   1906,  PI.  xvn,  figs.  1,  2. 

M.  (trigodon)  trigonodon  Andrews,  1904.  Small  form  from  Fluvio- 
marine  formation.     (Geol.  Mag.,  Dec.  V,  N.  S.,  I,  p.  112.) 

Type  fig.:  Andrews,  L906,  PL  ix.  fig.  5. 

Schlosser  divided  Andrews'  M.  lyonsi  Into  M.  lyonsi,  restricted, 
large  form  from  the  Qasr-el-Sagha  formation,  and  M.  andrewsi,  large 
form  from  the  Fluvio-marine  formation. 

He  considered  the  small  forms  to  he  based  upon  sexual  characters 
only.  Matsumoto  considers  that  the  name  M.  trigodon  has  precedence 
of  M.  andreivsi. 

Matsumoto  identifies  in  the  American  Museum  material: 

1.  Large  form  from  Qasr-el-Sagha  formation,  part  of  No.   13444. 

Mceritherium  lyonsi  Andrews,  1901. 

2.  Small  form  from  Qasr-el-Sagha  formation.  No.  13443,  part  of 
13444,  13445,  13446 Mceritherium  graeile  Andrews,  1902. 

3.  Large  form  from  Fluvio-marine  formation. 

Type  fig.:  Andrews,  1900,  Pis.  VIII,  IX.  Specimens  provisionally 
referred  to  M.  lyonsi. 

American  Museum  Nos.  13432,  13137. 

Mceritherittm  andrewsi  Schlosser,  1911. 

4.  Small  form  from  the  Fluvio-marine  formation,  Nos.  13430, 
13431,  13433,  13435,  13436,  13139.  (Andrews,  1904,  Geol.  Mag.,  Dec. 
V,  N.  S.,  I,  p.  112.) 


6  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  51 

Note  by  Henry  Fairfield  Osborn,  August,  1922. — (1)  The  sig- 
nificance of  the  above  revision  is  that  the  true  Palseomaxtodon  beadnelli 
has  bilophodont  intermediate  molars  and  a  relatively  broad  skull; 
it  is  a  rare  animal  both  in  the  British  Museum  and  American  Museum 
collections;  according  to  Andrews  (1922)  the  genotype  (Palseomastodon 
beadnelli)  was  found  at  the  very  base  of  the  Fluvio-marine  Beds,  Lower 
Oligocene,  50  or  100  feet  below  the  Phiomia  level.  The  original  type 
specimen  was  destroyed  in  the  Custom  House  at  Cairo,  but  the  type  is 
fortunately  now  represented  by  the  British  Museum  cast.  Associated 
with  the  type  is  a  very  large  femur  and  humerus. 

(2)  Phiomia. — The  various  specimens  of  Phiomia  were  found  50 
or  100  feet  above  the  type  level  of  Palaeomastodon  beadnelli;  the  geno- 
type {Phiomia  serridens)  is  a  very  immature  specimen  close  in  size  to 
the  type  of  Phiomia  minor  which  may  be  a  synonym;  the  genotype  is 
validated  by  an  immature  milk  tooth  specimen *of  a  slightly  larger  ani- 
mal. Phiomia  is  a  very  long-jawed  animal,  with  trilophodont  interme- 
diate molars,  whereas  Pdheomastodon  is  a  relatively  short -jawed  animal, 
with  bilophodont  intermediate  molars. 

(3)  Matsumoto's  revision  of  these  genera  conforms  to  Andrews' 
observations  of  1905,  p.  562:  "The  species  of  Pal&omastodon  fall  into 
two  sections,  in  one  of  which  the  posterior  end  of  the  symphysis  of  the 
mandible  is  situated  considerably  in  front  of  the  level  of  the  anterior 
premolar,  while  in  the  other  it  is  only  very  little  in  front  of  that  point. 
The  first  group,  moreover,  is  distinguished  by  the  comparative  simplicity 
of  the  molars,  in  which  the  accessory  cusps  are  scarcely  at  all  developed, 
;ind  by  the  small  size  of  the  talon  of  the  last  lower  molar;  into  this 
subdivision  the  original  species,  P.  beadnelli,  falls,  together  with  a  much 
smaller  form  for  which  the  name  /'.  parens  is  now  proposed.  The  type- 
specimen  of  this  new  species  is  the  right  ramus  of  the  mandible,  with 
the  premolars  and  molars  in  si/n,  though  somewhat  crushed." 

Dr.  Andrews  has  also  kindly  reviewed  the  matter  (letter  July, 
1022),  and  while  he  does  not  specifically  confirm  Matsumoto's  revision, 
he  docs  not   offer  to  dissent   from  it. 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES 

No.  52 


AEROLITE  FROM  ROSE  CITY,  MICHIGAN 


My  Edmund  Otis  Hovby 


Issued  November  23,  1922 


By  Ordek  of  the  Trustees 

of 

THE  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 
New  York  City 


AMERICAN    MUSEUM     NOVITATES 

Number  52  November  23,  1922 

55.2,6(77.4) 

AEROLITE  FROM  ROSE  CITY,  MICHIGAN 
By  Edmund  Otis  Hovey 

At  about  eleven  o'clock  in  the  evening  of  October  17,  1921,  a  meteor 
was  seen  to  pass  through  the  sky  from  N.N.W.  to  S.S.E.  over  the 
northeastern  portion  of  the  Lower  Peninsula  of  Michigan.  Near  Rose 
City,  Ogemaw  County,  it  exploded  with  the  usual  accompaniment  of 
several  loud  reports,  and  three  of  the  fragments  into  which  it  burst  have 
been  recovered  on  the  premises  of  Mr.  George  Hall  about  nine  miles 
northeast  of  this  little  hamlet,  which  gives  its  name  to  the  fall.  These 
portions  are  stated  to  have  weighed  about  3^  pounds  (1.47  kg.),  7  pounds 
(3.18  kg.)  and  14  pounds  (6.36  kg.)  when  obtained.  They  are  now  the 
property  of  Mr.  P.  W.  A.  Fit  zsimmons  of  Detroit,  Michigan,  to  whom  I  am 
indebted  for  the  opportunity  of  describing  the  largest  mass.  The  weight 
was  not  checked  up  on  receipt  of  the  specimen,  but  after  sectioning  and 
removal  of  a  fragment  for  chemical  analysis  the  material  weighs  twelve 
pounds  (5443  gm.)  and  it  is  supposed  that  the  original  weight  of  this  mass 
was  not  more  than  about  twelve  pounds  ten  ounces  (5726  gm.). 

The  fragment  in  hand  is  roughly  ovoid  in  shape  and  is  about  225 
mm.  by  167  mm.  by  136  mm.  in  dimensions.  The  color  of  the  exterior  is 
black  and  that  of  the  interior  as  shown  in  section  is  also  black.  A  side 
view  is  given  in  Fig.  1  and  an  end  view  in  Fig.  2.  On  all  sides  the  surface 
is  deeply  pitted.  The  skin  due  to  superficial  melting  while  passing 
through  the  earth's  atmosphere  is  well  developed  but  does  not  possess  a 
brilliant  luster.  This  skin  extends  into  the  pits  or  depressions  but  is  less 
in  evidence  or  is  wanting  on  the  knobs  which  also  characterize  the  exterior 
of  the  mass.  These  knobs  are  the  protruding  parts  of  small  masses,  like 
the  pebbles  in  a  conglomerate,  which  are  cemented  together  to  form  the 
main  mass.  The  fragment  here  described  is  reported  to  have  fallen  about 
forty  feet  south  of  Mr.  Hall's  house  and  to  have  buried  itself  about  two 
feet  in  soft,  sod-covered  earth.  It  was  found  the  day  after  it  fell.  When 
first  examined  by  the  writer,  many  of  the  pits  in  its  surface  contained 
grass,  grass  roots,  and  soil  firmly  wedged  into  them.  The  grass  was  not 
burned  or  even  charred,  and  therefore  it  is  evident  that  the  temperature 
of  the  mass  when  it  struck  the  ground  was  not  elevated. 

The  second  largest  piece  (3.18  kg.)  was  found  later  in  the  same  day 
about  150  feet  from  the  house,  near  a  highway  and  not  so  deeply  im- 
bedded in  the  ground  as  the  previous  mass. 


o  3 
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1922] 


AEROLITE  FROM  ROSE  CITY,  MICHIGAN 


The  appearance  of  a  longitudinal  section  of  the  largest  mass,  the 
one  studied,  is  shown  in  Fig.  3.  Small  particles  of  nickel-iron  are  numer- 
ous and  are  scattered  uniformly  through  the  areas  which  are  cross  sec- 


Fig.  2. 


Rose  City,  Michigan,  Aerolite 

End  view. 


tions  of  the  surface  knobs.  Many  of  these  particles  are  triangular  or 
approximately  triangular  in  outline,  as  shown  in  the  section.  Others  are 
spongy  and  irregular.  All  enmesh  portions  of  the  silicate  groundmass. 
The  metal  is  likewise  concentrated   in   long  stringers   between  these 


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1922]  AEROLITE  FROM  ROSE  CITY,  MICHIGAN  5 

areas  or  along  portions  of  the  knobs,  and  many  of  the  stringers 
are  approximately  parallel  in  position.  These  stringers  or  larger  areas 
of  iron  are  porous  or  spongy  in  texture  and  contain  silicate  groundmass 
within  them.  Treatment  with  5%  nitric  acid  was  negative  as  to  the 
production  of  Widmanstatton  figures,  hut  the  iron,  l>v  the  triangular 
outline  of  many  of  its  particles  and  by  their  linear  arrangement,  suggesl  - 
the  presence  of  octahedral  crystalline  struct  me. 

The  agglomeratic  character  of  the  mass  which  is  suggested  by  its 
external  appearance  is  still  more  evident  in  the  section.  The  somewhat 
rounded  secondary  masses  arc  cemented  together  by  finer-grained,  denser 
meteoritic  material  which  seems  to  be  lacking  in  metallic  partioles. 
This  material  does  not  seem  to  be  glassy  in  character.  In  many  places 
the  junction  line  between  secondary  masses  and  matrix  is  accentuated 
by  stringers  of  iron.  These  stringers,  of  course,  are.  the  edges  of  areas  of 
metal  partly  covering  the  surfaces  of  the  secondary  masses.  In  one 
instance  at  least  t  he  dense  cementing  material  is  seen  entirely  surrounded 
by  iron.  This  area  is  shown  near  the  left-hand  point  in  Figure  3.  In  the 
section,  crevices  are  seen  to  have  developed  in  several  places  along  the 
edges  of  the  secondary  rounded  masses,  showing  that  these  are  /.ore-  of 
weakness.  Examination  of  the  exterior  shows  that  the  pitting  caused  by 
surface  melting  during  the  passage  of  the  meteorite  through  the  earth's 
atmosphere  has  gone  most  deeply  into  the  zones  of  cementing  material  or 
matrix.  This  shows  that  this  matrix  is  more  fusible,  or  at  any  rate  less 
resistant  to  fusion,  than  are  the  large  pebble-shaped  bodies  or  knobfl 
which  I  have  called  the  secondary  masses.  These  zones  of  matrix  seem 
to  have  been  the  lines  along  which  the  rupture  of  the  main  meteorite 
took  place.    One  of  these  lines  of  near  rupture  is  shown  in  Figure  3. 

The  large  pebble-shaped  knobs  or  secondary  masses  which  make  up 
the  major  portion  of  the  meteorite  present  numerous  angular  cavities 
ranging  from  0.1  mm.  or  less  to  0.5  mm.  or  more  in  diameter.  These  seem 
not  to  be  oriented  in  position,  but  in  places  they  are  aggregated  together 
so  that  the  rock  is  somewhat  porous  in  texture.  They  correspond  to 
the  miarolitic  cavities  occurring  in  some  terrestrial  rocks  and  they  are 
bordered  by  or  have  projecting  into  them  minute  crystals  of  iron  and 
silicates.  The  silicate  crystals  are  apparently  enstatite  or  olivine. 
Some  larger  irregular  cavities  also  occur.  One  cavity  oval  in  outline 
and  5  mm.  in  length  was  observed.  One  end  of  this  cavity  is  in  dense 
iron  which,  with  the  cavity,  forms  a  pear-shaped  area  9  mm.  long  and  5 
mm.  in  greatest  width.     This  appears  in  Figure  3. 


6  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  52 

Under  the  microscope  the  major  part  of  the  silicate  portion  of  the 
meteorite  is  seen  to  be  composed  of  enstatite  and  olivine,  the  former 
predominating.  Both  of  these  minerals  are  light  in  color,  indicating  a 
low  content  of  iron.  The  olivine  is  in  grains  with  rounded  outlines  and 
also  in  subcrystalline  development.  It  is  much  fractured.  The  en- 
statite is  very  slightly  pleochroic.  The  mass  does  not  appear  to  be 
chondritic  in  structure,  but  here  and  there  the  enstatite  occurs  in  small 
subspherical  aggregates  with  excentric  radial  structure.  One  such  aggre- 
gate is  1.5  mm.  by  2  mm.  in  diameter.  Another  shows  the  laths  of  en- 
statite arranged  in  parallel  position.  The  thin  section  shows  an  abun- 
dance of  minute  particles  of  opaque  black  matter  (chromite?)  scattered 
through  it.  Some  of  these  are  without  apparent  orientation,  others  are 
arranged  in  dendritic  growths  associated  with  the  enstatite,  and  still 
others  are  grouped  in  parallel  position  in  the  grains  of  olivine.  Minute 
nodules  of  troilite,  which  are  easily  recognized  by  their  brassy  luster, 
occur. 

There  are  also  irregular  areas  of  a  substance  of  very  low  relief  that 
would  be  classed  as  glass,  except  that  it  seems  to  possess  a  very  slight 
birefringence. 

The  presence  of  anorthite  is  indicated  by  the  chemical  analysis,  but 
the  mineral  has  not  been  recognized  under  the  miscroscope. 

The  chemical  analysis  was  made  by  Mr.  J.  Edward  Whitfield  of 
Philadelphia,  on  a  fragment  weighing  about  forty-five  grams,  from  one 
of  I  lie  knobs  which  seemed  to  show  a  good  average  distribution  of  metallic 
iron  but  no  large  areas  of  the  metal.    Mr.  Whitfield's  report  is  as  follows: 

Separation  was  made  by  use  of  an  electro  magnet  which  gave  the  mineral  portion 
free  fn  in  metal,  luit  the  metallic  particles  held  back  mineral  that  had  to  be  sub- 
sequently separated. 

Mineral S2.75% 

Metal 1 7  Jr. 

The  metallic  composition  is: — 

In.n 90.510% 

Phosphorus 0.246 

Sulphur 0.275 

Nickel 8.570 

Cobalt.    .  0.400 

There  were  no  indications  of  troilite  oi  schreibersite  in  t  lie  clean  metal. 


1922]  AEROLITE  FROM  ROSE  CITY,  MICHIGAN 

The  mineral  portion  has  the  following  composition: — 

Silica SiOi  43.71% 

Alumina Al  2O3  3 .  44 

Chromium  Oxide O2O3  0 .  61 

Phosphoric  Acid. P2O5  0.25 

Ferrous  Oxide FeO  15.09 

Ferric  Oxide Fe203  None 

Calcium  Oxide CaO  3.14 

Magnesium  Oxide MgO  26.97 

Manganous  Oxide MnO  0.36 

Nickel  Oxide NiO  0.57 

Cobalt  Oxide CoO  0.08 

Soda N'^o  1.13 

Potash K,()  0.18 

Sulphuric  Anhydride  SO3  0.68 

*  Ferrous  Sulphide 1  3.88 


100.09% 

Search  was  made  for  oldhamite  and  lawrencite  with  negative  results.  The 
ferrous  sulphide  (troilite)  was  all  found  with  the  mineral  portion,  as  the  electric 
current  through  the  magnet  was  kept  low. 

The  original  composition  of  the  meteorite,  therefore,  would  be: 

Silicates 78.87% 

Metal . ...   17.25 

Troilite 3  88 

Specific  gravity,  taken  on  the  finely  pulverised  material,  3.694. 


I 


3 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES 

No.  53 


NOTES  ON  THE  TYPE  OF  HESPEROP1THECUS 
HAROLDCOOKII  OSBORN 

By  William  K.   Gregory  and  Milo  Hellman 


Issued  January  6,  1923 


By  Order  of  the  Trustees 

of 

THE  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 
New  York  Citt 


AMERICAN    MUSEUM     NOVITATES 

Number  53  January  6,  1923 


86.  i),  88H 

NOTES   ON   THE   TYPE   OF   HESPEROPITHECUS   HAROLD- 

COOKII  OSBORN 

By  William  K.  Gregory  and  Milo  Hellman 

Through  the  courtesy  of  Professor  Osborn,  who  has  recently 
described1  the  type  of  Hesperopithecus  haroldcookii,  we  have  had  the 
opportunity  of  making  further  studies  upon  this  already  famous  speci- 
men, the  results  of  which  are  submitted  below. 

ANALYSIS  OF  CHARACTERS  OF  THE  TYPE 
A  careful  consideration  of  the  characters  afforded  by  the  badly 
eroded  and  worn  type,  an  upper  molar,  leads  us  to  distribute  them  under 
the  following  categories. 
I. — Characters  due  to  long  exposure  to  weathering,  erosion  and  stream 

OR  WIND  ACTION 

(a)  Extreme  rounding  of  all  angles  margins,  ridges,  and  projections  of  crown 

and  roots. 

(b)  Breaking  off  of  postero-extemal  (disto-buccal)  root  and  smoothing  of  site 

of  root. 

(c)  Loss  of  enamel  on  entire  external  and  half  of  posterior  surface. 

(d)  Presence  of  numerous  large  and  small  cracks  and  fissures  and  rounding  of 

the  margins  of  the  cracks,  causing  them  to  simulate  the  natural 
fissures  between  cusps. 
II. — Characters  due  to  extreme  natural  wear  of  the  crown 

(a)  Extreme  shortness  or  apparent  brachyodonty  of  crown  and  loss  of  all 

main  cusps. 

(b)  Close  apparent  approximation  of  hypocone  to  protocone. 

(c)  Evenly  concave  wearing  surface. 

(d)  Deposition  of  secondary  dentine  on  roof  of  pulp  cavity,  beneath  wearing 

surface. 

(e)  Diminished  size  of  root  canals. 

III. — Chief  diagnostic  characters  of  Hesperopithecus  type 

(a)  Upper  molar  crown  conforming  to  the  general  type  that  is  common  to  the 
anthropoids  and  man. 

(6)  Evenly  concave  masticating  surface,  as  in  Pithecanthropus,  certain  chim- 
panzees1 and  Australian  aborigines. 

'Osborn,  Henry  Fairfield,  1922,  'Hesperopithecus,  the  First  Anthropoid  Primate  Found  in  Amer- 
ica.' American  Museum  Novitates,  No.  37.  5  pp.,  3  figs,  (.reprinted  without  figures  in  Science,  LV, 
pp.  463-465,  May  3,  1922). 

*Fide  G.  S.  Miller,  in  litteris. 


2  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  53 

(c)  Very  large  divergent  roots,  a  primitive  character  retained  in  the  gorilla, 

in  Pithecanthropus,  and  in  certain  human  teeth. 

(d)  Transverse  diameter  of  antero-external  root  smaller  than  in  human  molars, 
(c)    Floor  of  pulp-cavity  raised  well  above  bifurcation  of  roots,  as  in  man  (Fig. 

5). 
(/)    Form  of  floor  of  pulp-cavity  resembling  that  of  anthropoids  and  man. 

REMARKS  ON  FIGURES  1   TO  4 
Figure  1 

The  crown  of  the  Hesperopithecus  molar  was  worn  down  by  use 
nearly  to  the  base,  so  that  the  cusps  had  entirely  disappeared.  After 
death  the  tooth  was  badly  cracked,  battered  and  waterworn.  The  cracks 
and  rounded  edges  are  due  to  these  processes. 

The  upper  row  of  figures  shows  that  the  occlusal  surface  of  the 
Hesperopithecus  molar  is  more"  or  less  intermediate  in  contour  between 
m3  and  m2  of  the  chimpanzee 

In  the  middle  row  the  rounding  of  the  antero-buccal  edge  of  the 
crown  is  probably  due  to  extreme  wear  and  subsequent  erosion ;  so  also 
the  bluntness  of  the  root  ends.  The  enamel  on  the  lingual  surface, 
unlike  that  of  the  chimpanzee  here  figured,  is  not  reflected  toward  the  root 
along  the  neck  of  the  tooth.    The  lingual  root  (1)  was  extremely  robust. 

In  the  lower  row  wo  Bee  the  site  of  the  postero-external  (disto- 
buccal)  root,  which  has  been  broken  off,  and  the  site  subsequently 
apoothed  down  by  erosion. 

Figure  2 

In  Hesperopithecus  the  antoro-oxternal  (mesio-buccal)  root  is  very 
large.  The  site  of  the  missing  postero-external  root  is  also  shown,  as 
well  as  the  buccal  aspect  of  the  lingual  root.  The  (h^^p  fissures  and  cracks 
arc  probably  due  tct  erosion. 

In  the  middle  and  lower  rows  the  great  width  of  the  lingual  root  in 
HesperopUheciU  is  well  shown.  The  lower  row  shows  the  site  of  the  miss- 
ing postero-external  root  and  the  deep  groove  on  the  buccal  side  of  the 
lingual  root.  The  greai  antero-posterior  width  of  flie  lingual  root,  as 
well  as   the  extreme   wear  of  the  occlusal  surface,   indicates    that     the 

tooth  i-  mii  in'  or  in1  rather  than  an  m*. 

I  h.i  bi  -i 

The  evenly  OOnoave  wearing  surface  of  tin'  Hesperopithecus  molar  is 
-c.-ri  to  resemble  that  of  I'ithcainthropu*.1     In  the  upper  row  we  note  the 

tilli-l    ml ormn  ll»  Mini    til-  fillilh  In  :il  h     tin        :,u,.     .  .   im  I  il  ||  ,1,    u,    nlflilli    rliilii|ilUI7.i-i-N,  llli.l   u  i- 

lad  it  nl»'>  in  i»  gorilla  mill  in  tuatralian  aborigines  and  tmerioan  Indians, 


1923]  HESPEROPITHECUS  HAR0LDC00K1I  3 

far  greater  anteroposterior  diameter  in  Pithecanthropus,  which  has  a 
very  large  hypocone. 

The  righthand  figures  in  the  upper  and  middle  rows  represent 
the  second  upper  molar  of  an  American  Indian,  which  has  been  artificially 
ground  down  to  near  the  base  erf  the  crown.  The  appearance  of  this 
tooth  indicates  that  the  rounding  of  the  edges  in  Hesperopithccu.s  may 
be  due  to  erosion,  since  similar  erosional  features  have  been  produced 
experimentally  in  the  modern  tooth.  Secondly,  it  shows  the  rapid  les- 
sening of  the  antero-posterior  diameter  of  the  inner  or  lingual  side  of  the 
tooth  near  the  base  of  the  crown. 

The  middle  row  shows  the  doubling  of  the  antero-external  (mesio- 
buccal)  root  in  Pithecanthropus  and  the  extreme  divergence  of  its  inner 
and  outer  roots.  In  Hesperoptihecu*  the  lingual  root  is  much  wider 
transversely  than  that  in  the  human  molar  and  the  antero-external  root 
is  narrower.  The  lack  of  a  sharp  reflection  of  the  enamel  toward  the 
lingual  side  is  seen  also  in  the  human  molars  here  figured. 

The  lower  row  shows  well  the  even  concavity  of  the  wearing  surface 
in  HesperopUhecut  and  Pithecanthropus,  The  divergence  of  the  lingual 
and  buccal  roots  is  greater  than  that  in  the  human  molar  figured. 

Figure  4 

In  the  upper  row  we  see  the  doubling  of  the  antero-external  root  in 
Pithecanthropus,  this  root  being  single  in  Hesperopitlu-cus  and  in  the 
human  tooth  here  figured.  The  grooving  of  the  lingual  root  in  Hespero- 
pithecus  is  well  shown,  also  the  markedly  asymmetrical  contour  of  the 
crown  as  seen  from  above.  This  view  especially,  together  with  Fig.  2, 
lower  row,  affords  evidence  that  the  type  specimen  of  Hesperopithecus  is 
an  upper  molar  of  a  member  of  the  anthropoid-man  group. 

In  the  middle  row  considerable  resemblance  to  the  second  upper 
molar  of  Pithecanthropus  and  to  the  first  upper  molar  of  an  American 
Indian  is  shown. 

In  the  lower  row  the  Indian  molar  (m2),  which  had  been  artificially 
ground  down  to  near  the  base  of  the  crown,  is  compared  with  the  un- 
ground  but  worn  second  molar  of  the  opposite  side.  Compare  Fig.  3, 
upper  row,  with  remarks  above. 


i     Comparative  figurei  <>f  upper  molara  <>f  Hetperopithecui  and  modern  ohim- 

pannee  (Pan  trim-,  mfurt/tii),  X  2. 

t,  third  upper  moliu  ..i  ,  bimpftOM*,  second  (?)  upper  molar,  type  of  Hesper- 
opithrr,,     waona  uppi  t  molar  ol  i  Ihiiiphiism. 

Mm.;  uii'kjiiI)  taped  of  n»nic  npceimcnii. 

LOW  ru  BO  i   fdiatal)  h-i  • 

l'r.\,  usual  map) ;   pa,  pnraponofmeaio-bucral);  R  •   fdJ  to  btt< H  |]  I .  A ■■/,  l>\  MM 

liriifiml)     /.lingual  root;  f ,  luiti-n.-rxt.-rnn!  (m«oio  bUO  pOtterO-extei  n:il  (.li.slo-l.iiccal)  root 

or  aitr  of  mi  r 


Fig.  2.     Comparative  figures  of  upper  molars   of  Hetperopithfcua  and   modem 

chimpanzee  (continued),  X  2. 

Upper  row:  buccal  aspect,  m3  chimpanzee,  in-  (?)  ff-tjtirtjiiffttmi.  m2  chimpanzee. 
Middle  row  :  lingual  aspect,  same  series. 
Lower  row:  view  from  above,  showing  roots. 


Fig,  :;     Comparatire  Bgum  <>f    upper  moluv  oi   Pithecanthropus,  Hesperopith* 

eciuui\>\  modem  Aimm-nn  [ndian,  X  2. 

i  mm  ion    ■,■  \  .  aoond  upper  ntolai  (oast)  referred  i"  Piihteonthroput^  type  upper  molar 

I  upper  molar  "i  modern  tmeriew  I m linn  (ground  down  to  near  beet 

..(  km  n  | 

MfDDI 

l»»in  mi"      poeterioi  01  riietal  vie*  "t  PWutanthropu*,  HmpiropiUueut,  and  m<  American  [ndian, 


Fig.  4.     Comparative  figures  of   upper   molars  of  Pithecanthropus,   Hesperc 
pithecus  and  modern  American  Indian  (continued). 

Upper  row:  view  from  above,  showing  roots;  second  upper  molar  (cast)  referred  to  Pithecan- 
thropus, type  upper  molar  of  Hesperopithecus,  first  upper  molar  of  American  Indian  (postero- 
external root  broken  off). 

Middle  row:  lingual  aspect  of  same  specimens. 

Lower  row:  occlusal  aspect  of  molars  of  American  Indians.  Second  upper  molar  ground  down 
to  near  base  of  crown,  second  upper  molar  of  opposite  side  natural  wear,  first  upper  molar 
much  worn. 


Table  I.— COMPARATIVE  MEASUREMENTS1  AND  INDICES  OF  HES- 
PEROPITHECUS  TYPE  UPPER  MOLAR 


■ 

la 

oj    • 

.5  u  Lt 

< 

3}  S 

V     . 

5    °° 
< 

OB 

1 

5  s 

2  as 

■H  O 

c  -  is 
drt  o 

|s| 

American  Indian 

A.M.N.H.  m!  2161 

Natural  wear 

QN    4) 
<0<*  aS 

a. — Antero-post.   diam.   middle 
of  crown  at  base 

10 

10 

11.5 

12 

10 

10.2 

10 

b. — Distance  inner  base  proto- 
cone    to    outer    base 
paracone 

12 

12 

13 

13.4 
112 

12.2 

12.5 

12.3 

Index  1 :  Relative  transv.  width 
ant.  moiety  of  crown 
[b  X  100  -5-  a] 

120 

120 

113 

122 

123 

123 

c. — Distance  inner  base  hypo- 
cone    to    outer    base 
metacone 

10.2 

9 

10.7 

11.5 

11.5 

11.8 

12 

Index  2:  Relative  transv.  width 
post,  moiety  of  crown 
[c  X  100  +  a] 

102 

90 

93 

96 

115 

116 

120 

d. — Distance  ant.  base  paracone 
to  post,  base  metacone 

10.5 

10.2 

11.8 

12.2 

10. s 

10.8 

11.2 

Index   3:    Relative   ant.   post, 
diam.  outer  margin  of 
crown 
[d  X  100  -J-  a] 

105 

102 

103 

102 

108 

106 

112 

e. — Distance  ant.   base   proto- 
cone     to    post,     base 
hypocone 

9.3 

9.2 

10.5 

11.7 

9.5 

10 

9.S 

Index  4:    Relative   ant.   post. 
diam     inner   part   of 

clown 

[e  X  100   :   a] 

08 

92 

91 

97 

95 

100 
70° 

98 

f. — Angle    of    outer    boffdei    of 
crown  to  ant.  bordei 

1.2 

liS 

.id 

•  id 

70° 

70° 

g. — Ant.  post.  diam.  lingua  1 1 <  ><  >t 

6.8 

5 

ti  2 
54 

7.7 

5.7 

5.7 

6  5 

r,     Relative  ant.  post. 
diam.  of  lingua]  root 
[g  X  100  ■+-  a] 

68 

21   5° 

:,(i 

64 

57 

66 

65 

>•      tagk  of  a\is  of  Ungual  roof 
to    iliat     of    antero- 
buocal  root 

26° 

22  6' 

m 

27° 

m» 

:{.v 

5° 

5° 

18° 

...     ...    lllllllllKllT. 


1923] 


HESPEROPITHECUS  HAROLDCOOKII 


Table  II.— VARIABILITY  OF  ANGLE  OF  AXIS  OF  LINGUAL  ROOT 
TO  THAT  OF  ANTERO-BUCCAL  ROOT  IN   HUMAN   MOLARS 


Am. 
A.  M.  N.  H. 

2161 

Ind. 

A.  M.  N.  H. 
22166 

Bedouin 

A.  M.  N.  H. 

7224 

White  Man 

Am.  Ind. 
A.  M.  N.  H. 
22165 

m2 

5° 

13° 

14° 

m1 

18° 

18° 

28° 

.  43° 

REMARKS  ON  THE  MEASUREMENTS  AND  INDICES 

(Cf.  Tables  I,  II  and  Figures  1-4) 

The  type  upper  molar  of  Hesperopithecus  approaches  the  third 
upper  molar  of  a  certain  chimpanzee  in  the  general  dimensions  of  the 
base  of  the  crown,  that  is  in  four  measurements,  a,  b,  d,  and  e,  and  in 
two  indices,  1,  4.  This  is  the  greatest  number  (six)  of  agreements 
recorded  in  the  table.  It  differs  from  the  same  in  the  much  greater 
relative  width  of  the  posterior  moiety  of  the  crown  (index  2),  in  the 
much  greater  relative  antero-posterior  diameter  of  the  lingual  root 
(index  5)  and  in  the  lesser  divergence,  or  forking,  of  the  lingual  and 
antero-buccal  roots  (h). 

It  approaches  the  second  upper  molar  of  the  same  chimpanzee  in  the 
transverse  diameter  of  the  posterior  moiety  of  the  crown  (c),  in  the  angle 
of  the  outer  surface  of  the  crown  to  the  anterior  surface  (/),  and  in  the 
degree  of  divergence  of  the  axis  of  the  lingual  root  to  that  of  the  antero- 
buccal  root  (h).  All  these  are  important  points  in  favor  of  the  view  that 
the  type  is  an  m2  rather  than  an  m3. 

The  type  upper  molar  of  Hesperopithecus  differs  from  the  m2  (cast) 
of  Pithecanthropus  in  nearly  all  the  absolute  measurements,  but  ap- 
proaches it  in  the  great  size  of  the  lingual  root  (index  5).  in  the  angle  of 
the  outer  side  of  the  crown  to  the  anterior  side  (/),  and  especially  in 
the  evenly  concave  form  of  the  grinding  surface. 

While  approaching  the  second  upper  molars  of  certain  American 
Indians  in  four  absolute  measurements,  a,  b,  d,  and  e,  and  in  two  indices, 
1  and  3,  the  type  upper  molar  of  Hesperopithecus  differs  widely  in  the 
more  asymmetrical  form  of  crown  with  narrower  posterior  moiety  (index 
2),1  in  the  greater  size  of  the  lingual  root  and  especially  in  the  greater 


•The  apparent  asymmetry  and  relative  narrowness  of  the  posterior  moiety  of  the  crown  in  the 
type  may  be  due  in  a  considerable  degree  to  the  advanced  condition  of  wear  in  the  region  of  the 
hypocone.  A  difference  of  this  character  may  be  noticed  in  the  comparison  of  a  less  worn  and  a  more 
worn  second  upper  human  molar  of  the  same  dentition  (Figure  3). 


10  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOV  IT  AT  ES  [No.  53 

divergence  of  the  lingual  and  antero-buccal  roots,1  and  in  the  smaller 
transverse  diameter  of  the  antero-buccal  root. 

The  marked  asymmetry  and  small  transverse  diameter  of  the  pos- 
terior moiety  are  pronounced  in  the  second  upper  molar  of  the  "  Mous- 
terian  youth"  of  the  Neanderthal  race,  as  well  as  in  certain  Australian 
skulls 

The  type  of  Hesperopithecus  approaches  the  first  upper  molar  of  a 
certain  American  Indian  (Table  I)  in  three  important  characters  (a,  g, 
and  index  5). 

e  #  *  f  i 


n   *       W 


n » ft 

B     Comparative  radiograph*  of  upper  molara  oi  chimpaniee,  ii<*pero- 
pitkecuK  and  Amariean  Indiana 

VfrtU  now:   rartirnl  |.r  ..j.il  ion ;   rlnin|i]iii/,  .    iii  .  .  Iiiiii|i:iii/i  i    iii  .  ll,ni>tr<>i>iUir<-ux,  American  In- 

■llllll     I  I  N.ll.lll     III1 

M mill. r.  how:    mr                               ojeotlon;   ohini|iiin/.i'i>   m",  //r.i/iirn/iiiAirM*,    Viucrican   Indian 
in'.    \ini -rn  iin  IimIihii  in' 
i  i<  row:  tranevei  •■•  projection;  el pUM  m\  Httptnpithl  M   .   kmeriruii  Indian  m:,   Vincri 


.  iu,  I  no 


••  b,  however,  ■  widr  range  of  vnrialnliu    (ft B   to    18*)    >"   thll    ohwacter    in    man   i«it 

I.I.I.   II 


1923]  HESPEROPITHECUS,  HAROLDCOOKII  11 

RADIOGRAPHIC  EXAMINATION  OF  TYPE  SPECIMEN 
Dr.  George  Palmer  Ratner,  D.D.S.,  has  kindly  .submitted  the  fol 

lowing  report,  New  York,  August  25,  1922. 

Under  radiographic  examination  the  specimen  submitted  has  the  appearance  of  a 

molar  tooth,  i.e.,  crown  portion  and  two  roots:    mesial-buccal  and  lingual;   distal 

buccal  apparently  missing.    Occlusal  aspect  discloses  pulp  floor  having  three  openings 

for  three  independent  roots. 

There  is  present  the  pulp  chamber  in  crown  portion  of  tooth,  also  outline  of  one 

pulp  in  mesial-buccal  root,  terminating  in  two  foramina.     Large  root,  or  lingual, 

discloses  two  independent  pulps  present  in  this  root. 

Remarks1 
Radiographic  examination  of  the  type  molar  tooth  of  Heaperopithecus 
reveals  a  triangular  outline  of  the  floor  of  the  pulp  chamber.  At  the 
angles  of  this  triangle  corresponding  to  the  position  of  the  roots  there  are 
three  openings  corresponding  with  the  root  canals.  The  floor  of  the 
pulp-cavity  is  well  raised  above  the  bifurcation  of  the  roots,  as  in  man 
(cf.  Fig.  5).  The  floor  of  the  pulp-cavity  resembles  that  of  anthropoids 
and  man. 

GEOLOGICAL  OCCURRENCE  OF  THE  HESPEROPITHECUS  TOOTH 
In  response  to  our  request  Dr.  W.  D.  Matthew  has  kindly  supplied 

the  following  statement. 

This  specimen  was  found  by  Harold  J.  Cook  in  the  upper  level  of  the  Snake  Creek 
quarries  at  a  point  which  has  been  named  Olcott  Hill,  on  the  ranch  of  Mr.  Harry 
Ashbrook,  twenty  miles  south  of  Agate,  Nebraska.  The  Upper  Snake  Creek  at  this 
point  consists  of  sand,  pebbles  and  numerous  fragments  of  bone,  forming  irregular 
lenses,  or  pockets,  on  the  eroded  surface  of  an  older  formation,  the  Sheep  Creek  beds. 
They  appear  to  be  channel-fill  lenses  and  extend  for  a  distance  of  about  three  miles  to 
the  westward,  cropping  out  at  the  heads  of  a  series  of  little  'draws,'  or  dry  gullies  on 
the  southwest  margin  of  the  sand-hill  area  between  the  Niobrara  and  North  Platte 
valleys.  Associated  with  the  channel-beds  are  finer,  uniform,  clean  sands,  partly  of 
eolian  deposition,  partly  water-deposited,  and  varying  in  thickness  from  twenty 
feet  to  zero,  covered  by  the  sodded  surface  of  the  plains. 

Fossils  are  abundant  and  varied  in  the  channel-beds  but  mostly  very  fragmentary 
and  usually  rolled  or  waterworn  to  a  varying  degree.  Generally  they  are  mineralized 
to  the  extent  of  partly  filling  the  minute  canals  and  pores  of  the  bones,  but  the  laiger 
hollows  are  either  filled  with  loose  sand  or  empty.  The  color  is  usually  blue-black 
from  iron  phosphate.  Sometimes  the  bones  are  mottled  light  yellow,  or  completely 
dead  white,  and  the  degree  of  mineralization  varies  to  a  considerable  extent. 

The  finer  sands  contain  the  same  or  a  slightly  later  faunal  phase  but  fossils  are 
rare  in  them,  although  apt  to  be  well  preserved  when  found. 

'By  Milo  Hellman. 


12  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  53 

The  fauna  found  in  these  upper  Snake  Creek  beds  has  been  extensively  collected 
and  carefully  studied  by  the  writer,  Harold  Cook  and  others.  It  appears  to  be  a  unit 
fauna  and  of  Lower  Pliocene  age,  save  for  occasional  specimens  of  the  Upper  Miocene 
Lower  Snake  Creek  fauna,  presumably  due  to  re-deposit.  Except  for  a  single  speci- 
men, a  Bison  jaw  found  on  the  surface  in  1908  (we  have  no  exact  record  or  recollection 
of  the  exact  circumstances),  no  fossils  have  been  found  at  this  locality  which  would 
indicate  an  admixture  of  Upper  Pliocene,  Pleistocene  or  recent  faunas.  Thousands 
of  equid  teeth  have  been  found,  all  of  the  older  Pliocene  (or  Upper  Miocene)  species, 
not  one  that  would  suggest  Pleistocene  age.  In  view  of  the  great  number  of  fossils 
it  is  safe  to  say  that  no  Pleistocene  admixture  is  present . 

As  regards  the  Hesperopithecus  tooth,  it  was  found  by  Mr.  Cook  in  place  in  the 
Upper  Snake  Creek  channel-beds,  and  as  the  finder  is  an  experienced  geologist  and 
palaeontologist,  thoroughly  familiar  with  this  fossil  locality  and  the  fauna,  his 
reports  and  conclusions  are  considered  exceptionally  valid  proof  of  its  occurrence. 
The  preservation  of  the  tooth  is  entirely  normal  and  similar  to  the  rest  of  the  Upper 
Snake  Creek  fauna. 

The  following  list  of  the  associated  fauna  is  not  complete,  but  suffices  to  show  its 
relations: 

Carnivora. — Ursidae — Hyamarctos  sp. 

Mustelidae — Brachypsalis  sp. 
Canidae — Aelurodon  haydeni  var. 

"  saevus  var. 

Felidae — Machaerodus  sp. 
Perissodactyla — Equidsc — Pliohippus  leidyamis 

"  cf.  mirabilis 

Protohippus  cf.  perditus 

"  placid  us  var. 

Hipparion  nffinia 

"  gratum  var. 

Rhinocerotidpp— Peraceras  sp. 

Aphelops  sp.  indesc. 
Tcleoceras  cf .  fossiger 
Artiodactyla. — Dicotylidte — Prostheiinops  cf.  sent* 
Camel ida» — AUicamelus  cf.  prooffW 
Pliamhi  a  in  gigat 
IPriicumiliis  sp. 
( Servfcta  -ICervavus  sp. 
Auiilur-ipridu) — IMerycinliis  .--p. 
Bovid:i'     X i  tilmgoceras  improvisus 
Edentata. — Megalonychida? — Megohm  yx  cf.  leptottotMM 
Clin-      Sriiirxlir     Sriurun  cf.  oberH 

Mylagaulidii'      \fylagnuhin  sp. 
invi(|;r      Thimmmt/y 
Proboacidea.—  MiiModontid.T      MiomnsUuhm  mulllu  W\ 

TrOophodontfcbe    ITrilophodon  ip. 

ln-<<  hvnni        T:il|>l<l:r      Snilapa  gp. 

iin  inn  i   •  •  •  1 1 1 1  ■:■  i  .-t )  >ii  -  uiiii  iii.it  ni  ihc  Republican  River  of  Kiinm, 

i  i-k.i  :ni<l  Colorado,  \M'li  the  Rjtttleenakc  <>f  Ihc  .Inlm  I  >:i\  Imsin  in  Oregon,  the 


1923]  HESPEROPITHECUS  HAROLDCOOKII  13 

Thousand  Creek  beds  of  Nevada  and  various  early  Pliocene  formations  in  the  western 
United  States.  These  are  regarded  by  Osborn,  Merriam  and  the  writer  as  a  practical 
equivalent  in  a  broad  way  of  the  Hipparion  fauna  of  Europe  and  Asia,  which  is 
assigned  by  most  authorities  to  the  Lower  Pliocene. 

The  above  data  are  considered  by  the  writer  to  furnish  fairly  conclusive  proof  of 
the  Lower  Pliocene  age  of  the  Hesperopithecus  tooth.  There  is  no  reasonable  doubt  as 
to  its  age. 

CONCLUSIONS 

1. — The  differences  from  the  third  lower  molar  of  Hyaenarctos,  with 
which  Dr.  Smith  Woodward1  suggested  that  the  type  upper  molar  of 
Hesperopithecus  should  be  compared,  are  so  fundamental  that  it  is  diffi- 
cult to  find  any  significant  points  of  agreement.  The  third  lower  molar 
of  Hijxnarctos  and  of  the  modern  bears  has  been  derived  by  degeneration 
of  a  normal  tuberculo-sectorial  molar,  as  may  be  seen  readily  by  com- 
parison with  various  amphicyonines  and  other  canids,  while  the  molar  of 
Hesperopithecus  very  clearly  conforms  to  the  modified  tri-  to  quadritu- 
bercular  type  that  is  characteristic  of  the  upper  molars  of  anthropoid 
apes  and  man.  The  illustrations  in  the  plates  surely  establish  this  beyond 
reasonable  dispute. 

2. — The  posterior  upper  molar  of  the  procyonid  carnivore  Cercoleptes 
(Potos)  shows  a  distant  resemblance  to  the  type  of  Hesperopithecus 
which  does  not  stand  close  comparison. 

3. — There  is  a  certain  superficial  resemblance  of  the  worn  third 
upper  molar  crown  of  Lagothrix,  a  South  American  monkey,  to  the  type 
of  Hesperopithecus.  But  in  the  former  the  lingual  root  in  old  specimens 
is  directed  strongly  upward  and  backward,  while  in  the  latter  it  is 
directed  upward  and  forward,  with  reference  to  the  general  plane  of  the 
masticating  surface.  Moreover,  the  great  differences  in  size  and  in  the 
detailed  characters  of  the  teeth  do  not  favor  the  possibility  of  a  near 
relationship  of  the  two  genera.2 

4. — Of  the  higher  primates,  the  Old  World  monkeys  are  excluded 
from  close  relationship  to  Hesperopithecus  by  the  oblong  contour  of  the 
upper  molar  crown;  the  gibbons  come  nearer  but  have  much  smaller 
molars,  which  are  more  elongate  antero-posteriorly;  in  the  gorilla,  the 
antero-posterior  elongation  attains  an  extreme,  and  this  ape  also  sur- 
passes Hesperopithecus  in  the  antero-posterior  width  of  the  lingual  root 
and  in  the  degree  of  its  divergence  from  the  outer  roots;  the  orang  has 

'Woodward,  A.  Smith,  F.  R.  S.,  1922,  'A  Supposed  Ancestral  Man  in  North  America.'  Nature, 
CIX,  No.  2745,  p.  151. 

'Comparisons  with  all  other  known  genera  of  South  American  monkeys  show  marked  differences 
from  the  type  of  Hesperopithecus  either  in  crown  or  roots. 


14  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  53 

quadrate  molar  crowns  with  extremely  wide  lingual  roots1 ;  the  chim- 
panzees, while  varying  considerably  in  molar  characters,  appear  to  come 
nearest  to  Hesperopithecus,  but  the  specimens  here  figured  differ  from  it 
in  the  weakness  of  the  roots,  in  the  lingual  reflection  of  the  enamel  upon 
the  neck,  and  in  the  greater  relative  antero-posterior  diameter  of  the 
crown  (assuming  that  the  type  of  Hesperopithecus  is  either  an  m2  or  an 
m1).2 

5. — Our  results  thus  afford  additional  evidence  in  favor  of  Professor 
Osborn's  conclusion3  that  the  type  of  Hesperopithecus  haroldcookii 
represents  an  hitherto  unknown  form  of  the  higher  primates.  It  com- 
bines characters  seen  in  the  molars  of  the  chimpanzee,  of  Pithecanthropus, 
and  of  man,  but,  in  view  of  the  extremely  worn  and  eroded  state  of  the 
crown,  it  is  hardly  safe  to  affirm  more  than  that  Hesperopithecus  was 
structurally  related  to  all  three. 

6. — Whether  Hesperopithecus  itself  is  or  is  not  ancestral  to  man  can 
only  be  determined  by  subsequent  discovery,  but  meanwhile  the  only 
part  definitely  known  of  it,  namely,  the  much  worn  type  upper  molar, 
represents  a  stage  of  evolution  which  comparative  morphological 
evidence  indicates  as  preceding  the  following  definitely  human  specializa- 
tions: (a)  the  reduction  of  the  lingual  root;  (6)  the  lessening  of  the 
divergence  of  the  lingual  and  buccal  roots;  (c)  the  widening  of  the 
antero-external  root;  (d)  the  antero-posterior  shortening  and  transverse 
widening  of  the  crown;  (e)  the  tendency  toward  rectifying  the  asym- 
metry due  to  the  narrowness  of  the  posterior  moiety  of  the  crown.  The 
Hesperopithecus  molar  shows  the  opposites  of  all  these  characters  and 
such  an  assemblage  of  primitive  features  has  not  hitherto,  so  far  as  we 
are  aware,  been  found  in  any  single  human  molar. 

7. — The  anatomical,  palaeontological,  and  other  evidence4  already 
accumulated  tends  to  show  that  man,  Pithecanthropus,  ll<  speropithecus, 
:md  the  various  anthropoids  form  a  natural  superfamily  group,  which 
may  now  l><-  named  the  Hominoidea,  in  contrast  with  the  Cercopithe- 
coidea,  or  (>M  World  monkeys. 

8. — The    patoontological,    anatomical,    and    taxonomic   evidence 

Considered  together  indicates  that  the  stem  forms  of  this  group  arose  in 
the  early  Tertiary  times  from  primates  that  were  closely  allied  to  or 
identical  with  the  Lower  Oligoeene  Parapitlurus,  which  in  t  urn,  so  far  as 


'Th»l  in  in  n  <".   ■  i-i.  . 1 1 1 \ 

'Dr.  Millar  DOtM  t  tint  I  In  i  specimena  "f  fltumpanww  the  wciikncHM  of  the  roots  hcohih  I  o  lii  ill  I 

m  •  coastal  i mi  thai  the  reflection  of  the  enamel  u] theneokmaj  be  reduced  bj  mi . 

«Sa«  W   l\  ii"  origin  » n<l  Involution  ol  the  Human  Dentition.' 


— 


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16  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  53 

known,  shows  a  remarkable  mingling  of  characters  tending  to  connect 
the  whole  Old  World  series  of  primates  with  the  stem  of  the  Eocene 
tarsioids  (Schlosser,  Gregory). 

9. — There  was  a  wide  adaptive  radiation  of  this  group  in  the 
Middle  Tertiary,  very  diverse  species  having  been  found  fossil  in  western 
and  eastern  Europe  and  India.  Hesperopithecus  was  one  of  the  Lower 
Pliocene  survivors  of  this  group,  which  had  apparently  spread  northeast- 
ward along  the  route  followed  by  various  mastodons,  antelopes,  and  other 
mammals  described  by  Professor  Osborn.1 


•OfSorn.  Henry  Fairfield.  1022,  'll*»p«rop'thecu*,  the  Antlin>i I  Primate  of  Western   Nebras- 
ka.'    Nature,  Aug.  2(1,  1033,  d  381       For  ■  fuller  dlamueloo  <>i  the  pawontolofip'fJ  evidence  for  the 
fauna!  •  onnnrtion  of  wostern  North  America  with  northeastern   tsia  In  late  Tertiary  time*,  .-"-<•  Mat 
w    D..  I91», 'Climate  and  Bvolution,' Ann.  N    Y    V.ikI  S  i.,  X  XI V.  |.p  ..Maiilnw 

\  I'liocene  Fauna  fr..„,  w.  •!,,  n  N.hiaska.' Hull    Imar.  Mua.  Nat.  Hi  t.,  XXXVII, 
,,,,.  :»r.7-:«K),  u:(. 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES 

No.  54 


MAMMALS  FROM  MEXICO  AND  SOUTH 
AMERICA 

By  H.  E.  Anthony 


Issued  January  17,  1923 


Bt  Order  of  thb  Trustees 

op 

THE  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 
New  York  Citt 


AMERICAN    MUSEUM    NOVITATES 

Number  54  January  17,  1923 


59.9(8) 

MAMMALS    FROM    MEXICO    AND    SOUTH    AMERICA 

By  H.  E.  Anthony 

Mr.  W.  W.  Brown  has  been  collecting  birds  for  Dr.  L.  C.  Sanford  in 
the  Province  of  Tamalipas,  Mexico,  and  in  a  recent  shipment  were  three 
small  mammals  which  the  American  Museum  acquired  by  purchase. 
Upon  examination,  one  of  these  mammals,  a  bat  related  to  Plecotus  and 
to  Corynorhinus,  has  proved  to  be  of  an  undescribed  genus.  I  am  greatly 
indebted  to  Mr.  Gerrit  S.  Miller,  Jr.,  for  comparing  this  specimen  with 
the  vespertilionid  bats  in. the  United  States  National  Museum  and  also 
for  the  loan  of  specimens  of  Plecotus.  Mr.  Miller  was  unable  to  match 
this  bat  with  any  genus  in  the  collections  under  his  charge  and  has  con- 
firmed my  opinion  of  its  distinctness. 

Idionycteris,  new  genus  (Vespertilionida?) 

Genotype. — Idionycteris  mexicanus,  new  species. 

General  Characters. — Allied  to  Plecotus,  which  it  resembles  in  appearance, 
but  being  unique  among  known  bats  by  the  possession  of  two  distinct  lappets  or 
membranous  leaves,  which  arise  near  the  midline  of  the  band  connecting  ears  across 
forehead  and  appear  like  a  pair  of  misplaced  tragi. 

Description. — Size  about  as  in  Plecotus;  ears  very  large  ami  broad,  joined  across 
forehead;  tragus  tall  and  lanceolate;  nostrils  simple;  glandular  outgrowths  on  nose, 
if  present,  very  inconspicuous  (in  dried  specimen  the  nose  appears  to  be  without 
outgrowths) ;  a  pair  of  peculiar  membranous  processes,  arising  from  the  band  which 
connects  ears,  standing  free  of  the  true  ear  and  of  each  other;  a  small  patch  of 
whitish  hair  at  posterior  base  of  ear;  pelage  long,  lax,  silky;  skull  rather  broad; 
dentition  as  in  Plecotus. 

Idionycteris  mexicanus,  new  species 

Type. — No.  62260,  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  9  ad.;  Miquihauna,  Province  of 
Tamalipas,  Mexico;  June  17,  1922;  collector,  W.  W.  Brown.  The  type  is  a  skin  and 
skull,  both  in  good  condition. 

General  Characters. — In  general  appearance  a  typical,  big-eared  vesperti- 
lionid, about  the  size  of  Plecotus,  but  readily  distinguished  by  the  paired  membran- 
ous processes  arising  from  the  low  aural  connecting  band.    (See  Figs.  1  and  2.) 

Description. — 

Ears  large  and  broad,  similar  in  outline  to  those  of  Plecotus  and  Corynorhinus, 
outer  margin  slightly  convex,  inner  margin  strongly  convex,  tips  rounded;  ears 
connected  across  forehead  by  a  low  band,  from  which  arises  a  pair  of  processes, 
similar  in  shape  to  low,  blunt  tragi,  entirely  free  from  the  ear  conch  and  from  each 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOV  IT  AT  ES 


[No.  54 


other;  tragus  tall,  slender,  simple,  with  external  basal  notch;  nostrils  simple  and  no 
glandular  masses  on  muzzle  that  are  apparent  on  the  dried  skin;  wing  membrane 
normal;  interfemoral  membrane  wide;  pelage  long,  lax  and  silky. 

Color,  above,  Naples  yellow  (Ridgway)  on  tips  of  hairs  which  are  blackish  brown 
basally;  short  hair  on  posterior  base  of  ear  conch  soiled  whitish;  hair  of  upperparts 
not  extending  on  to  wing  membranes;  only  a  few  scattered  hairs  on  the  basal  surface 
of  the  interfemoral  membrane;  color,  below,  almost  identical  with  that  above  but  the 
hair  is  shorter  and  the  general  appearance  is  somewhat  lighter. 

Sku  1  rather  broader  and  more  heavily  built  than  that  of  Plecotus,  braincase  more 
depressed;  general  appearance  typically  vespertilionid. 


*%m?-:  s 


Fig.  1.     Head  of  Idionycteria  mexiccmut,  type,  about  twice  natural  size. 
Dental  formula,  incisors  two  above,  inner  witli  small  liasal  notch,  outer  simple, 

three  below,  their  cutting  edges  trifid;  canines,  above  and  below,  of  normal  height, 

simple;  on  lower  canine  the  cingiilum  rises  anteriorly  to  form  decided  notch;  pre- 
molars, above,  two,  the  first  minute,  crowded  between  canine  and  second  premolar 
hut  Within  line  of  tOOthrOW,  Second  premolar  with  main  cusp  slightly  higher  than 
-iisp-  of  molar  -cries,  bulk  of  second  premolar  about  half  of  first  molar;  premolars, 
bfllow,  three  MOOlld  smaller  than  first,  first  smaller  than  third;  molars,  above,  three, 
the  first  two  .suhequal.  with  typical  W  pattern,  third  about  half  as  large;  molars, 
below,  three,  subeqiial  in  size,  normal  in  pat  tern. 

Mka-i  ■  mi  vrs.  Taken  in  fhe  flesh:  total  length,  110mm.;  tail  vertebra-,  .r>(); 
hind  foot,  10;  (ring  e.\p:in-e,  JS.">;  (.dun  from  the  dried  skin;  height  of  ear,  from 
notch,  84;  height  <>f  tragUS,  from  same  point,  12;  height  of  processes,  above  fore- 
head, 3.5.   Oreatost  length  of  skull,  17.9;  greatest  breadth  of  skull,  0.8;  interorbital 

breadth,   1   I;    upper  toothrOW,  inoisOT  tO  last   molar.  &&. 


1923]        MAMMALS,  MEXICO  AND  SOUTH  AMERICA  3 

There  appears  to  be  little  doubt  that  the  closest  relationships  of 
Idionycteris  are  with  Plecotus.  While  the  general  structures  of  the  skulls 
of  the  two  genera  are  along  slightly  different  lines,  the  dentition  shows 
close  accord,  even  to  the  pattern  of  the  incisors.  The  inner  upper 
incisor  of  Idionycteris  has  the  accessory  cusp  low  down  on  the  base  of  the 
tooth;  in  Plecotus  this  tooth  appears  almost  to  have  a  bifid  cutting  edge, 
the  two  cusps  being  subequal  in  height. 

In  the  character  of  the  accessory  processes  from  the  membrane  con- 
necting the  ears,  Idionycteris,  however,  stands  unique.  These  processes 
are  truly  a  part  of  the  general  oar  struct  are  but  are  completely  free  of  the 


Fig.  2.     Head  of  Plecotus  auritus,  about  twice  natural  size. 


conch  itself  and  are  not  a  fold  of  the  connecting  membrane.  As  shown  in 
the  figure,  they  stand  erect  from  the  forehead,  joined  at  the  base  to  the 
connecting  band,  part  of  which  passes  behind  them  as  a  low  continuous 
ridge  across  the  head.  The  internal  notch  on  the  ear  of  Plecotus  does  not 
appear  in  any  way  to  be  homologous  with  the  processes  seen  in  Idionyc- 
teris; but  it  would  be  a  structural  possibility  for  the  notch  in  the  ear  of 
Plecotus  to  migrate  downward  and  produce  a  condition  similar  to  that 
of  the  Idionycteris  ear,  so  it  is  not  advisable  to  be  too  positive  on  this 
point. 

Compared  with  Corynorhinus,  the  new  genus  does  not  have  as  many 
characters  in  common  as  it  has  with  Plecotus,  although  the  relationship 
is  close.    The  fact  that  Idionycteris  has  been  compared  with  Plecotus, 


4  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  54 

an  Old  World  genus,  rather  than  with  the  New  World  vespertilionids,  is 
a  recognition  of  the  antiquity  of  the  group  and  the  great  geographical 
ranges  of  its  members. 

Colombian  Mammals 
The  American  Museum,  through  the  kindness  of  Brothers  Apolinar 
Maria  and  Nicefero  Maria,  of  the  Institute  de  la  Salle  of  Bogota, 
Colombia,  has  received  from  time  to  time  small  collections  of  mammals 
made  in  the  vicinity  of  Bogota  and  of  Medellin.  Some  of  these  mammals 
have  proved  to  be  species  new  to  science  and  have  been  described  by  the 
late  Dr.  .J.  A.  Allen.  Others  are  ran4  and  little-known  forms  which  have 
been  no  less  desirable  additions  to  the  Museum's  collections.  The 
following  list  of  species  is  to  serve  as  a  catalogue  of  the  mammals  re- 
ceived from  these  enthusiastic  naturalists  of  Colombia  and  not  hitherto 
published  upon.1 

Didelphis  paraguayensis  meridensis  Allen 
1902.     Didelphis  paraguayensis  meridensis  Ai.i.kn.  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
XVI.  p.  274. 

Choachi,  1;  Bogota.  L, juvenile. 

These  specimens  appear  to  agree  well  with  the  series  from  Merida 
the  type  locality. 

Didelphis  marsupialis  caucie  (Allen) 
1900.      Didelphis    karkinopkoga    COUCa     Ai.i.kn,    Hull.    Amer.    Mus.    Nat.    Hist. 
XIII.  p.  192. 

I]l    Poblado,   near   Medellin,   1. 

( )n  geographical  grounds,  this  specimen  should  be  referred  to  CdUCX 

.tiid  the  agreemenl  with  the  type  specimen,  from  Cali.  Upper  Cauca 

Valley,  is  quite  close. 

Philander  laniger  cicur  (Hangs) 
i vis.    PktUmdsr eir.n-  Bangs,  Proc.  Biol.  Boo.  Wash.,  xil.  p.  161. 
1013.     Ph[Uander]  t{aniger]  cicur  Thomas,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  (8)  XII, 

Pusugasuga,  I;  Cordilleradel  Etusio,  I;  Viota,  I;  without  locality,  1. 

Mr.  Oldfield  Thomas,  in  hil  discussion  of  the  races  of  laniger,  loc. 
rii.,  givei  cicur  a-  the  form  ranging  through  Santa  Marta,  Bogota,  and 
Merida.    Owing  •«»  tli*1  lack  of  comparative  material,  and  because  the 

li.i  .,(   tin    tiuiiiini.tl  -  ..(  <  ..I, ,,,,l.iii.  ri.llii  !nl    l,.i     tin-     \  in.i  i,  ,i ii    M  ii-i-iiiii.    1910    1016,  Which 

nil  in. I,  •  i  mammal*  »cnl  iii  i>\  Hrothori  tpoliaai  Maris  and  Nicafaro  Mart*,  »■>■  Bull,  imn. 

\,<    is.  ,,,,    I'll  -is.  bj    i     \     Ml.  i. 


1923]        MAMMALS.  MEXICO  AND  SOUTH  AMERICA  5 

specimens  under  consideration  arc  badly  faded,  they  arc  assigned  to 
cicur  on  the  grounds  of  geographic*!  distribution. 

Marmosa  species*' 

Jerico,  Antioquia,  1. 

A  specimen  of  Marmoaa,  probably  immature,  with  fragmentary 
skull,  cannot  be  satisfactorily  identified  at  this  time.  It  is  one  of  the 
smaller  species,  grayish  in  color,  and  may  be  either  pfma  or  possibly 
caucse. 

Bassaricyon  medius  Thomas 

1909.     Bassaricyon  incilias  Thomas,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  (8)  XXI.  p.  232- 

Santa  Elena,  1. 

A  skin,  with  skull,  of  this  rare  species,  taken  at  Santa  Elena,  agrees 
well  with  the  type  description. 

Sciurus  (Leptosciurus )  pucheranii  medellinensis  (Gray) 
1872.     Macroxtu  meddUnentia  <;><\y.  Ami.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  (4)  X,  p.  408. 
1915.    Leptotciwrus  pucheranii  tMtkUiiu nail  Ai.i.kx.  Bull.  Amcr.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
XXXIV,  p.  202. 

La  Ceja,  1;   La  Laguna,  2;   Santa  Elena,  ">. 

This  series  varies  omewhat  in  coloration  but  not  to  any  great 
extent. 

Mus  musculus  musculus  Liniuen- 
1758.     Mux  mu.scidas  Li.w.kis,  'Syst.  Nat.,'  I,  p.  62. 

Paramo  de  Choacbi,  1;  Kl  Graniial,  near  Medellin.  1. 

Oryzomys  pectoralis  Allen 
1912.     Oryzomys  pectoralis  Ai.i.kv,  Hull.  Amcr.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist..  XXXI,  p.  88. 

La  Ceja,  1. 

This  specimen  agrees  quite  well  with  the  large  series  of  pectoralis 
from  Colombia  in  this  museum.  The  range  of  the  species  of  Oryzomys 
allied  to  albigularis  of  Tomes  has  not  been  very  well  worked  out;  and, 
while  there  have  been  a  number  of  species  described  which  all  bear  con- 
siderable resemblance  not  only  to  albigularis  but  to  each  other,  so  that 
some  should  doubtless  be  dealt  with  as  synonyms,  on  the  other  hand, 
the  factors  of  geographical  separation  and  local  environment  must  be 
taken  into  consideration.  It  is  difficult  to  believe  that  a  species  of  a 
genus  as  plastic  as  Oryzomys  appears  to  be  can  range  over  the  Andean 
system  without  becoming  differentiated  in  some  way.  More  material  is 
needed  to  establish  the  standing  of  this  group  of  species  which  are  too 


6  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  54 

closely  related  to  one  another  to  be  all  accorded  full  specific  rank.  Dr. 
Osgood  in  1914,  in  his  'Mammals  of  an  Expedition  Across  Northern 
Peru,'  Field  Mus.  of  Nat.  Hist.,  X,  No.  12,  p.  159,  points  out  this 
similarity  and  would  synonymize  0.  childi,  0.  o'connelli,  and  0.  pectoralis 
with  0.  meridensis,  a  treatment  which  has  much  to  commend  it,  but 
which  in  some  respects  may  fail  to  allow  for  wide  geographical  separation. 

Oryzomys  (Oligoryzomys)  dryas  humilior  Thomas 
1898.     Oryzomys  dryas  humilior  Thomas,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  (7)  II,  p.  268. 
Choachi,  Bogota  region,  4. 

The  type  locality  of  humilior  is  given  as  "Plains  of  Bogota,"  hence 
this  series  may  be  assumed  as  being  practically  topotypical.  Two  speci- 
mens are  in  good  condition,  although  the  skulls  are  badly  broken,  while 
the  other  two  are  not  of  much  value  for  comparison.  The  former  agree 
well  with  the  type  description,  the  black  ears  being  especially  diagnostic. 

Oryzomys  species? 

La  Ceja,  1. 

This  specimen  is  a  native-made  skin  with  a  badly  fractured  skull, 
and  I  am  unable  to  match  it  satisfactorily  with  any  Oryzomys  in  the  col- 
lection of  the  American  Museum  or  any  that  I  have  seen  described.  The 
skull  is  typically  oryzomine  while  the  animal  is  of  medium,  robust  build, 
hind  foot  about  24  mm.  in  length.  In  color  and  texture  of  fur  it  closely 
resembles  Thomasomys  cinereus. 

Oryzomys  species? 

Siisuinuco,  2;   Rio  Guatequia,  1. 

These  three  specimens  belong  to  the  short,  velvety-furred  section 
of  t  lie  genus.  They  resemble  pdbnirM  Allen  somewhat  in  appearance  but 
seem  to  be  too  large  for  that  species.  ( ieographically,  the  region  where 
they  were  taken  is  rather  distant  from  the  type  localities  of  all  of  the 
other  velvet-furred  Orytomjft,  some  of  which  are  known  to  me  only 

from  descriptions,  :md  I  am  reluctant  to  assiu.ii  a  definite  specific  name 

upon  the  basu  of  the  available  material. 

Melanomyg  buenavistae  Allen 
L913.     Milium, mis  burnt* kU    \ui\.  Bull.  Kxaer.  Mut.  Nat.  Hist.,  \\\ll, 
p  ..-,17. 

umuco,  oear  Villavicenoio,  I. 

Thi-  ipecimen  lacks  ;i  skull  but  there  is  little  hesitation  in  referring 
it,  <>n  the  basu  oi  close  agreement  in  external  characters,  to  hn<narist;r 
the  type  localii  \  of  which  \t  very  near  to  Busumuco. 


1923]        MAMMALS,  MEXICO  AND  SOUTH  AMERICA  7 

Thomasomys  laniger  (Thomas) 
1895.     Oryzomys  laniger  Thomas,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Xat.  Hist.,  (6)  XVI,  p.  59. 
1917.     Thomasomys  laniger  Thomas,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  (8)  XX,  p.  196. 

Paramo  de  Choachi,  3. 

These  specimens  agree  fairly  well  with  the  type  description  and, 
since  the  type  of  laniger  came  from  the  Bogota  region,  they  may  be 
assumed  to  be  topotypical. 

Thomasomys  cinereiventer  Allen 

1912.  Thomasomys  cinereiventer  Allev,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Xat.  Hist.,  XXXI, 
p.  80. 

Le  Ceja,  1. 

This  specimen  appears  to  have  a  noticeably  smaller  foot  than  that 
of  typical  cinereiventer  and  more  material  may  disclose  the  pivx-nceof  an 
undescribed  form  about  the  Medellin  region.  In  coloration  and  general 
appearance,  the  specimen  matches  very  well  the  large  series  of  cinerei- 
venter from  Colombia,  now  in  this  museum. 

Rhipidomys  species'.' 

Susumueo,  Bogota  region,  a  skin  without  skull. 

This  specimen  has  the  appearance  of  typical  Rhipidomys,  with 
short  feet  darkened  along  the  metapodials,  hind  foot  about  30  millimeters 
in  the  dried  skin.  The  tail  is  about  170  mm.,  approximately  the  length 
of  head  and  body  The  fur  of  upperparts  is  mixed  clay-color  and  black, 
of  underparts  cream-color. 

Lacking  specimens  of  Rhipidomys  from  the  eastern  slopes  of  the 
eastern  Andes  for  comparison,  it  is  impossible  to  identify  this  skin  at  the 
present  time 

Akodon  chapmani  Allen 

1913.  Akodon  chapmani  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  XXXII,  p.  600. 
Choachi,  1. 

Microxus  bogotensis  (Thomas) 
1895.     Acodon  bogotensis  Thomas,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Xat.  Hist.,  (6)  XVI,  p.  369. 
Paramo  de  Choachi,  1. 

This  specimen  appears  to  agree  well  with  the  type  description  given 
by  Thomas. 


8  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  54 

Proechimys  o'connelli  Allen 
1913.     Proechimys  o'cofimUi  Allen,   Bull.   Amer.    Mus.    Nat.   Hist.,   XXXII, 
p.  479. 

Villavicencio,  2. 

These  specimens  are  topotypical  since  the  type,  collected  by  G.  M. 
O'Connell,  was  taken  at  Villavicencio.  Only  one  of  the  specimens  is 
adult  and  it  is  somewhat  darker  along  the  back  than  the  type. 

Anoura  geoffroyi  apolinari  (Allen) 

1916.  Glossophaga  apolinari  Allex,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  XXXV, 
p.  86. 

1921.  Anoura  geoffroi/i  apolinari  Anthony,  Amer.  Mus.  Novitates,  No.  20, 
p.  6. 

Bogota  region,  a  skin,  without  skull. 

This  specimen  is  practically  topotypical  since  the  type  locality  is 
Boqueron  de  San  Francisco,  near  Bogota. 

Vampyrops? 

Choachi,  near  Bogota,  one  skin  without  skull. 

This  specimen  presents,  in  general,  the  characters  of  Vampyrops, 
but  lacks  any  light-colored  striping  on  back  or  face.  It  is  a  native-made 
skin  and  without  a  skull  it  is  difficult  to  make  more  than  provisional 
identification.  It  is  unlike  any  species  of  Vampyrops  in  the  collection  of 
the  American  Museum  and  possibly  represents  an  undescribed  form.  In 
size  it  approximates  Vampyrops  li mains  and  has  densely  haired  hind  legs 
and  feet. 

Hemiderma  perspicillatum  (Linnaeus) 
175S.      \  i  s/„  rtilio  i>(  rs/inilliiliis  Linn  kis,  'Syst.  Nat..-  10th  Ed.,  p.  31. 
1907.      lit  mult  nun  /iiispirilluliiiii  II  win.  Pr00.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  XXXII,  p.  108. 

Bio  ( Hiatequia,  l. 

This  specimen  is  quite  noticeably  reddish  brown,  brighter  than  any 
of  the  series  of  p< rsp/cillahim  from  Colombia,  is  this  Museum.  The 
forearms  an  broken,  so  thai  measurementfl  cannot  be  taken,  and  it 

appears  best  to  include  it   under  the  name  that   lias  always  been  \ised 
hitherto  for  Colombia  fhmiderma. 

Glossophaga  soricina  soricina  (Pallas) 
mi    r  m  i  km,  Miami],  Zoo!.,  p.  Is 
Paramo  de  ( !hoaehi,  I. 


1 923]        MA  MM.  1  LS .  M  EX  U  '0  A  XI)  SO  I "  Til  A  M ERIC  A  9 

Desmodus  rotundus  (Geoffroy) 
1810.     PhyUoatoma  rotundum  Geoffkoy,  Ann.  Mag.,  XV,  p.  181. 

1826.     Desmodus  ruin*  \Vn:i>.  licit r.  Naturg.  Brasil,  p.  233. 

La  Ceja,  near  Medellin,  1. 

This  specimen  presents  no  characters  calling  for  special  comment. 

Lasiurus  varius  (Poeppig) 
1835.     Nycticeiua  varius  Pobppig,  '  Eleise  is  Chile,'  I,  p.  461. 
Near  Bogota,  1. 

This  specimen  is  called  varius  more  because  of  the  convenience  of 
following  such  a  blanket  name  than  because  of  a  fixed  belief  that  the 
Colombian  specimen  actually  is  identical  with  Poeppig'a  species.  Owing 
to  lack  of  comparative  materia)  and  the  apparent  confusion  of  earlier 
writers  in  dealing  with  the  reddish  South  American  Lariuri,  it  is  impos- 
sible to  do  more  than  adopt  some  such  temporary  expedient . 

Myotis  caucensis  Allen 
1914.     Myotis  caucensti  Ai.i.kn,  Hull.  Amer.  Mas.  Nat.  Hist.,  XXXIII.  p.  386. 
Bogota  region,  1. 

This  specimen  agrees  fairly  well  with  the  type,  which  came  from  the 
valley  of  the  Rio  Cauca. 

Molossus  bonds  Allen 
1904.    Molossus  bond*  Au.ex.  Bull.  Amer.  Mas.  Nat,  Hist.,  XX,  p.  228. 

Bogota  region,  1. 

The  type  of  handle  is  reddish  brown  but  topotypes  are  darker  indi- 
cating that  the  species  is  dichromatic.  The  Bogota  specimen  is  between 
warm  sepia  and  bister  in  coloration. 

Aotus  lemurinus  (I.  Geoffroy) 

1844.  Nyetipitheeus  lemurinus  I.  Gbofvroy.  Arch,  du  Mas.  d'Hist.  Nat.  de 
Pans,  IX,  ]>.  24,  PI.  n. 

1916.     Aotus  lemurinus  Au.f.n,  Hull.  Amer.  Mas.  Nat.  Hist..  XXXV,  p.  234. 

Muzo,  northwest  of  Bogota,  1. 

The  Muzo  specimen  has  no  black  on  hands  or  feet,  which  are  rather 
grayish  in  color,  nor  has  it  any  black  areas  on  the  tail.  The  pelage 
is  decidedly  worn  however  and,  taking  into  consideration  the  amount  of 
individual  variation  in  the  genus  and  the  fact  that  the  type  series  of 
lemurinus  came  from  near  Bogota,  the  specimen  is  given  the  older  name 
of  Geoffroy's  rather  than  to  follow  the  ruling  of  Dr.  Elliot,  loc.  cit., 
who  synonymized  lemurinus  with  rociferans. 


10  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  54 

Cebus  fatuellus  (Linnaeus) 

1766.     Simla  fatuellus  Lixx.eus,  'Syst.  Xat.,'  I,  p.  42. 

1913.     Cebus  fatuellus  Elliot,  'Review  of  Primates,'  II,  p.  102. 

Villavicencio,  1. 

This  specimen  agrees  well  with  the  description  of  fatuellus  as  set 
forth  by  Elliot,  loc.  cit.,  but  the  range  as  given  by  the  same  author 
falls  rather  too  far  to  the  west  to  include  Villavicencio,  which  is  on 
Amazonian  drainage. 


AMERICAN   MUSEUM   NOVITATES 

No.  55 


PRELIMINARY  REPORT  ON  ECUADOREAN 

MAMMALS  No.  3 

By  H.  E.  Anthony 


Issued  January  31,  1923 


Bt  Order  of  the  Trustees 

of 

THE  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 
New  York  Citt 


AMERICAN    MUSEUM     NOVITATES 

Number  55  January  31,  1923 


59.9(86.6) 

PRELIMINARY  REPORT  ON  ECUADOREAN  MAMMALS.  NO.  3 

By  H.  E.  Anthony 

This  is  the  third  paper  of  a  series  based  upon  mammals  collected  in 
Ecuador.1  The  field  work  in  Ecuador  which  has  produced  the  collections 
that  serve  as  the  basis  of  these  preliminary  reports  was  begun  in  1920 
and  has  been  carried  on  during  part  of  1921  and  1922.  An  expedition  is 
at  present  in  Ecuador  visiting  regions  hitherto  unrepresented  in  the 
Museum  collections.  Eventually  it  is  expected  that  sufficient  material 
will  be  brought  together  to  justify  an  extended  report  on  the  mammals  of 
this  republic.  The  following  new  forms  have  been  disclosed  by  studies 
of  the  specimens  already  at  hand. 

In  making  the  necessary  comparisons  with  the  Ecuadorean  series,  I 
have  been  greatly  assisted  by  the  loan  of  material  from  the  United  States 
National  Museum,  the  Field  Museum  of  Natural  History,  and  the 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia. 

Csenolestes  tatei,  new  species 

Type. — No.  61860,  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.;  9  ad.;  Molleturo,  Provincia  del 
Azuay,  7600  feet,  Western  Andes;  June  11, 1922;  collector,  G.  H.  H.  Tate.  The  type 
is  a  skin  and  skull  with  trunk  skeleton,  in  fair  condition,  the  skin  having  slipped  to 
some  extent  on  the  abdomen. 

General  Characters. — Similar  to  fuliginosus,  and  smaller  than  caniventer; 
darker  in  color  than  either. 

Description. — 

Color  above,  everywhere  practically  unicolor,  the  soft  fur  plumbeous  black  for 
most  of  its  length  and  only  the  extreme  tip  touched  with  color,  which  is  near  bone- 
brown  (Fidgway);  hands  paler  than  color  of  upperparts;  feet  dark  like  back;  tail 
above  and  below  very  much  like  back;  ears  practically  naked,  bone-brown. 

Color  below,  lighter  than  above,  hairs  tipped  with  benzo  brown;  color  transition 
from  upper  to  lower  parts  very  gradual. 

Skull  essentially  as  in  fuliginosus;  canine  single-rooted;  second  incisor  with 
shallow  posterior  notch;  third  incisor  with  cutting  edge  practically  continuous; 
first  and  second  premolars  subequal. 

Measurements. — Taken  in  the  flesh :  total  length,  213  mm.;  tail  vertebrae,  117; 
hind  foot,  22.    Skull,  greatest  length,  28.8  (29.7,*  31.4s);  length  of  nasals,  13.8  (12.7, 

•For  first  and  second  papers,  see  'Preliminary  Report  on  Ecuadorean  Mammals.  No.  1,'  Ameri- 
can Museum  Novitates,  No.  20,  November  3,  1921,  and  'Preliminary  Report  on  Ecuadorean  Mam- 
mals.   No.  2,'  American  Museum  Novitates,  No.  32,  March  4,  1922. 

'Measurement  of  skull  of  Csenolestes  fuliginosus,  9,  No.  12742,  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  Mt. 
Pichincha,  Ecuador. 

'Measurements  of  skull  of  Csenolestes  caniventer,   9,  No.  47176,  Cordillera  de  Chilla,  Ecuador. 


2  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOV  IT  AT  ES  [No.  55 

15);  zygomatic  breadth,  13.2(13.9,  14.2);  interorbital  breadth,  7.2  (7.5,  7.8);  length 
entire  upper  toothrow,  15.1  (16,  17.3);  length  of  upper  molar  series  from  pm3  to 
M4,  6.6  (6.7,  7.3);  greatest  breadth  of  palate,  across  outside  margins  of  molar  series, 
7.3  (7.6,  7.7.). 

Caenolestes  tatei  is  easily  distinguishable  from  either  fuliginosus  or 
caniventer  by  its  darker  coloration.  In  this  respect  it  comes  closest  to 
fuliginosus,  and  another  point  of  resemblance  is  shown  by  the  soft,  lax 
character  of  the  fur  in  both  of  these  forms,  while  the  fur  of  caniventer  is 
noticeably  harsher.  The  differentiation  of  color  between  upper  and  lower 
parts  of  tatei  is  but  slight,  a  greater  degree  being  shown  by  fuliginosus  but 
the  greatest,  amounting  to  a  conspicuous  difference,  being  evident  in 
caniventer. 

There  are  apparently  no  marked  skull  differences  to  distinguish  tatei 
from  fuliginosus.  The  character  of  the  notched  second  incisor  deserves 
special  comment,  as  this  feature  is  quite  evident  in  tatei.  That  the  condi- 
tion of  the  cutting  edges  of  the  broad  second  and  third  upper  incisors 
may  prove  to  be  a  character  of  considerable  diagnostic  value  is  strongly 
hinted  by  the  series  of  skulls  of  Cxnolestes  now  before  me.  A  series  of 
eight  skulls  of  caniventer  show  second  and  third  incisors  very  distinctly 
notched,  while  skulls  of  fuliginosus  and  obscurus  have  only  the  second 
incisors  notched  in  fuliginosus  and  no  incisors  notched  in  obscurus.  C. 
tatei  presents  a  condition  more  or  less  intermediate  between  the  two 
extremes  represented  by  caniventer  and  obscurus.  Dr.  W.  H.  Osgood,  in 
his  important  monograph  of  C&nolestes,  makes  no  mention  of  notches  in 
the  cutting  edge  of  the  second  and  third  upper  incisors,  so  it  is  presumed 
that  his  series  of  obscurus  lacked  this  character. 

The  discovery  of  a  new  species  of  Cxnolestes  at  a  locality  between  the 
known  ranges  of  fuliginosus  and  caniventer  is  most  interesting  and  demon- 
strates the  need  of  systematic  collecting  before  it  can  be  said  that  much 
is  known  of  the  genus.  The  altitude  of  Molleturo,  7G00  feet,  an  elevation 
much  below  that  of  the  Pichincha  region,  from  whence  most  of  the 
specimens  of  fuliginosus  have  come,  probably  explains  the  differentiation 
ihown  by  the  new  species.  Molleturo  is  on  the  western  flank  of  the 
Western  Andes,  in  a  belt  of  heavy  rainfall,  a  densely  forested  slope,  and 
the  environmental  conditions  are  quite  distinct  from  the  high  paramo 
uplands  about.  Pichincha. 

It  ifl  also  of  interest  to  note  that  a  Series  of  three  r.77((»/r.s/r.s  were  taken 
at  Molleturo,  two  of  them  apparently  caniventer,  although  tat  her  dark  in 
OOlOf  and  only  one  of  the  quite  distinct  tatei  pattern. 

I   take  pleasure  in  naming  this  new  form  in  honor  of  Mr.  G.  11.  II. 

, who  collected  ft,     Theactivitie    of  Mr.  Tate  as  a  mammal  collec- 


1923]       REPORT  ON  ECU  ADORE  AN  MAMMALS,  NO.  3  3 

tor  for  the  American  Museum  have  resulted  in  the  acquisition  of  some 
hundreds  of  specimens  and  the  capture  of  this  recent  series  of  Cxnolestes 
is  one  of  the  results  of  his  energy. 

Thomasomys  hudsoni,  new  species 

Fig.  1,  A  and  B,  natural  size 

Type. — No.  47690,  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.;  d1  ad.;  Bestion,  Provincia  del  Azuay, 
10,100  feet,  Ecuador;  January  13,  1921;  collector  H.  E.  Anthony.  The  type  is  a 
skin  and  skull,  both  in  good  condition. 

General  Characters. — Similar  to  gracilis  Thomas  in  general  superficial  char- 
acters but  having  a  peculiarly  shaped  nasal  region  which  differs  from  that  of  any 
hitherto  described  Thomasomys. 

Description. — 

Color  above,  between  Dresden-brown  and  mummy-brown,  darkest  along  dorsal 
area;  fur  long  and  soft;  hands  and  feet  hair-brown,  the  claws  surrounded  by  short 
whitish  hairs;  tail  long  and  slender,  colored  like  feet,  unicolor,  sparsely  clothed  with 
fine  hairs. 

Color  below,  warm  buff,  no  line  of  demarcation  where  color  of  upperparts  merges 
into  that  of  lower  parts.    Hairs  above  and  below  with  plumbeous  black  bases. 

Skull  normal  in  all  respects  except  through  frontal  and  nasal  region;  frontals 
somewhat  inflated,  nasals  slightly  concave  in  dorsal  outline  and  rounded  to  form  a 
slender,  subcylindrical  tube;  incisive  foramina  not  quite  extending  to  plane  of  first 
molar  teeth;  bulla*  of  medium  size,  inflated. 

Measurements — Taken  in  the  flesh:  total  length,  213  mm.;  tail  vertebrae,  120; 
hind  foot,  23.  Skull,  greatest  length,  25.2  (24.5)1;  length  of  nasals,  8.7  (8.3);  zygo- 
matic breadth,  13.3  (13.1);  breadth  of  braincase,  12.1  (12);  interorbital  breadth, 
4.2  (3.7) ;  length  of  incisive  foramina,  4.4  (4.6) ;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  3.5  (3.7). 

The  skin  of  hudsoni  may  be  closely  matched  by  a  specimen  of  gracilis, 
No.  194786,  U.  S.  N.  M.,  Torontoy,  Peru,  the  two  being  almost  identical 
in  color,  above  and  below,  although  two  other  specimens  of  the  Heller 
collection,  from  Lucma,  are  much  brighter  colored.  The  best  basis  of 
separation  is  the  peculiar  tube-like  character  of  the  nasals  of  hudsoni 
and  their  concave,  "dished-in"  appearance  when  viewed  in  profile. 
Each  of  the  three  skulls  of  gracilis  now  before  me  present  flattened  nasals, 
with  a  longitudinal  depression  extending  along  the  basal  three-quarters  of 
their  length,  and  show  none  of  the  lateral  convexity  so  obvious  in  hud- 
soni. However,  the  closest  relationships  of  hudsoni  are  evidently  with 
gracilis,  and  the  new  form  needs  no  detailed  comparison  with  other 
species  of  Thomasomys. 

Out  of  a  series  of  eighteen  Thomasomys  collected  at  Bestion,  only 
one  proves  to  be  hudsoni,  all  of  the  remainder  being  bxops  (?).    Bestion 

'Skull  of  Thomasomys  gracilis,  No.  194812,  U.  S.  N.  M.,"d\  Lucma,  Peru. 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES 


[No.  55 


is  in  the  south  temperate  zone  but  almost  at  the  upper  limit  of  forest. 
Most  of  the  locality  is  comprised  of  rolling  grassy  meadows  with  scrub 
trees  on  some  of  the  ridges  and  with  thickets  of  brush  on  some  of  the 
slopes. 

This  species  is  named  for  Mr.  W.  C.  Hudson,  who  at  the  time  the 
expedition  was  at  Bestion  was  camped  along  the  Rio  Shingata  and  in 
charge  of  exploration  work  for  the  South  American  Development  Com- 
pany. Mr.  Hudson  rendered  great  service  to  members  of  the  party  and 
will  be  long  remembered  as  a  most  generous  host. 


Fig.  1.     Skulls  of  Thomasomys 

A,  B.     Thomasomys  hudsoni,  type. 

C,  D.     Thomasomys  caudivarius,  topotypc. 


Thomasomys  caudivarius,  new  species 

Fig.  1 ,  C  and  D,  natural  size 

Type. — No.  47668,  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.;  o*  ad.;  Taraguacocha,  Cordillera  de 
Chilla,  10,750  feet,  Provineia  del  Oro,  Ecuador;  August  23,  1920;  collector  H.  E. 
Anthony.    The  type  is  a  skin  and  skull,  both  in  good  condition. 

General  Characters. — A  good  sized  species  of  the  cinerens  group,  soft-haired, 
near  mummy-brown  of  Ridgway  above,  tip  of  tail  white. 

Description. — 

Color  above,  between  mummy-brown  and  clove-brown,  only  the  extreme  tips  of 
the  hairs  colored,  the  rest  of  the  hair  being  plumbeous  black  to  the  base;  somewhat 
lighter  in  color  along  the  sides;  hands  and  feet  approaching  color  of  upperparts  but 
lighter;  tail  practically  its  dark  below  as  above,  mouse-gray  proximally,  hairs  short 
but  abundant,  the  animations  of  the  tail  very  conspicuous,  terminal  fifth  of  tail  clear 
white;  short  tufts  of  glistening  white  hairs  on  bases  of  claws  of  feet. 

Color  below,  everywhere  n<  ar  chamois,  but  with  the  dark  bases  of  the  hairs  show- 
ing through  to  give  much  darker  impression. 

Skull  similar  to  that  of  cinereus,  nasals  well  expanded  anteriorly,  interorbital 
region  rounded  without  I ><  ,i< ling  of  any  sort;  a  small  median  depression  just  at  nasal 

:■  ■;  I  immense  le>s  Inflated  than  in  cimrrus;  incisive  foramina  and  interpterygoid 
fawascareelv  extending  U)  I  'lane*  of  anterior  and  posterior  molars  respectively;  bullcn 
•mall,  elongate,  showing  very  little  intl.it  ion. 


1923]       REPORT  ON  ECUADOREAN  MAMMALS,  NO.  8  5 

Measurements. — Taken  in  the  flesh:  total  length,  275  mm.;  tail  vertebra, 
161;  hind  foot,  30.  Skull,  greatest  length,  31.9  (32.2)1;  length  of  nasals,  11.3  (12.7); 
zygomatic  breadth,  16.9  (16);  interorbital  breadth,  5.2  (5.5);  breadth  of  braincase, 
14.2  (15.1);  length  incisive  foramina,  6  (6.3);  length  of  upper  molar  series,  5.1  (5.3); 
dimensions  of  auditory  bulla,  5.4X4  (5.9X4.6). 

T.  caudivarius  is  separable  on  the  basis  of  color  alone  from  cinereus, 
ischyrus,  laniger,  paramorum,  and  hylophilus,  the  species  of  Thomasomys 
which  by  their  pattern  of  coloration,  character  of  fur,  and  size  appear  to 
be  most  nearly  related  to  the  new  form.  There  are  available  for  compari- 
son fourteen  specimens  of  caudivarius,  all  topotypes,  of  different  ages, 
so  that  individual  variation  need  not  be  an  uncertain  quantity.  The 
series  is  quite  uniform  and  none  of  them  shows  the  brighter  shades  of 
brown  seen  in  the  species  just  listed.  The  character  of  the  white-tipped 
tail  appears  to  be  of  diagnostic  value  but  is  variable  in  its  extent.  The 
amount  of  white  shown  ranges  from  a  conspicuous  tip,  almost  one-quarter 
of  the  total  length  of  the  tail,  to  a  white  terminal  pencil. 

The  cranial  characters  bear  out  the  differences  shown  superficially, 
for  caudivarius  has  very  small  bullae  and  they  are  elongate,  with  very  little 
inflation. 

Thomasomys  hylophilus  Osgood,  from  the  Paramo  de  Tama,  Vene- 
zuela and  Colombia,  is  a  close  relative  of  caudivarius  and,  like  it,  has  a 
white-tipped  tail.  Aside  from  the  more  pronounced  olivaceous  appear- 
ance of  caudivarius,  there  is  a  noticeable  difference  in  the  hind  feet  of  the 
two  species.  T.  caudivarius  has  a  longer  and  broader  foot  than  hylo- 
philus, but  the  identity  in  skull  structure  indicates  that  the  two  species 
are  rather  closely  related.  Geographically,  they  are  separated  by  the 
breadth  of  the  Andean  system,  since  hylophilus  is  found  on  the  eastern 
slopes  of  the  Andes,  caudivarius  on  the  Western  Andes. 

T.  cinereiventer  is  much  larger  than  caudivarius,  with  much  larger 
bullae,  but  externally  the  two  species  are  much  alike  in  coloration. 

Most  of  the  type  series  of  caudivarius  were  taken  along  a  small  moun- 
tain brook  which  flowed  down  a  steep  narrow  valley.  The  sides  of  the 
valley  were  densely  covered  with  thick  shrubbery  and  low  stunted  trees. 
Along  the  same  stream,  another  species  of  Thomasomys,  of  smaller  size, 
probably  T.  boeops  Thomas,  was  common,  the  same  trap  perhaps  taking 
the  two  species  on  alternate  nights.  Thomasomys  auricularis  (a  new 
species  described  hereafter)  was  caught  in  this  same  locality,  making 
three  distinct  species  of  the  genus  for  that  region.  T.  caudivarius  was 
also  taken  out  on  the  open  paramo  where  there  were  no  trees  but  an 
abundance  of  low  shrubbery. 

^kull  of  Thomasomys  cinereus.  No.  19807,  Field  Museum,  d"  ad.,  from  Mts.  E.  of  Balsas,  Peru. 


6  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  55 

Thomasomys  auricularis,  new  species 

Fig.  2,  B,  natural  size 

Type. — No.  47697,  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.;  d"  ad.;  Taraguacocha,  on  trail 
from  Zaruma  to  Zaraguro,  altitude  10,250  feet,  Cordillera  de  Chilla,  Provincia  del  Oro, 
Ecuador;  August  26,  1920;  collector,  H.  E.  Anthony.  The  type  is  a  skin  and  skull, 
both  in  good  condition. 

General  Characters. — A  large  species,  almost  equal  in  size  to  aureus  which  it 
resembles  superficially,  but  with  light-colored  feet,  an  ochraceous  auricular  patch,  and 
with  auditory  bullae  much  larger  than  in  aureus  (see  Fig.  2,  A). 


Fig.  2.     Skulls  of  Thomasomys 

A.  Thomasomys  aureus,  Picbincha,  Ecuador 

B.  Thomasomys  auricularis,  type. 

Description. — 

Color  above,  tawny  olive  (Ridgway),  closely  sprinkled  with  blackish  hairs,  more 
especially  along  midline  of  back,  flanks  and  sides  more  strongly  tawny;  head,  lighter 
in  tone  than  back,  buffy  brown;  a  small  but  conspicuous  postauricular  tuft  of  hair 
ochraceous  buff  in  color;  ears  dark  in  color,  scantily  haired;  hands  and  feet  cream-buff 
above;   tail  unicolor,  hair-brown. 

Color  below,  pinkish  buff,  the  color  rather  more  intense  over  pectoral  area;  no 
line  of  demarcation  in  color  between  sides  and  underparts;  hairs  everywhere  on  body 
plumbeous  black  at  base. 

Skull  large  and  strongly  built  but  smaller  than  in  aureus;  nasals  slender,  expanded 
anteriorly;  int<Torl>it;il  region  rounded  but  with  a  long,  shallow  median  depression; 
braincase  not  ■■  inflate!  as  in  aureus;  toothrows  normal;  incisive  foramina  long  and 
extending  backward  just  beyond  anterior  margin  of  toothrow;  interpterygoid  fossa 
not  reaching  beyond  posterior  border  of  last  molars;  bullae  large  and  inflated,  much 
larger   than  in  niirrus  or  prator. 

Measurements. — Taken  in  the  Beth:  total  length,  345  nun.;  tail  vertebra;, 
190;  bind  foot,  32.  Skull,  greatest  length,  37.1  (38.81,  41.1s);  length  of  nasals,  13.4 
(14.1,  I  l.s  ;  lyfOmntk  breadth,  1'.».7  (20.4,  21.8);  inteiorlatal  breadth,  4.4  (5.4, 
4.4);  length  of  upper  molar  series,  0.6  (7.7,  7.5);  length  of  diastema,  8.8  (9.6,  10); 
length  of  meisive  foramina,  7.7  (7.9,  8);  dimensions  of  bulla,  7.3X6.1  (6.5X4.9, 
6.7X5). 

i      i  — 

'Skull  of  Thomtuomyt  aunut.  No.  4000ft,  A.  M.  N.  II.,  o\  !'•.  )iiu<  hu,  Ecuador. 
•Skull  ,,l  Thnm.uomyi  aurtut,  No.  10481H.  I      >     \     M.f    9,    Toronti.y,  I'itii. 


1923]       REPORT  ON  ECUADOREAN  MAMMALS,  NO.  S  7 

Thomasomys  auricularis  is  well  characterized  by  its  brightly  colored 
postauricular  patches  and  by  the  large,  inflated  auditory  bullae.  With  a 
very  large  series  of  aureus  before  me,  most  of  them  from  Mt.  Pichincha 
and  the  Quito  region,  but  including  also  two  specimens  from  Torontoy, 
Peru,  kindly  loaned  me  by  the  United  States  National  Museum,  I  am 
unable  to  find  any  specimens  even  approaching  auricularis  in  size  of 
bullae.  Furthermore,  the  bullae  of  the  new  species  show  a  degree  of  in- 
flation that  indicates  a  very  distinct  separation  from  the  aureus  stock. 
While  superficially  auricularis  appears  to  be  readily  distinguishable  from 
aureus,  on  the  other  hand,  aureus  is  such  a  variable  species  that  occa- 
sionally a  specimen  is  found  which  resembles  auricularis  in  general 
coloration.  However,  the  presence  of  a  well-developed,  ochraceous-buff 
tuft  of  hairs  behind  the  ear  is  not  noted  in  the  series  of  aureus  now  avail- 
able. Thomasomys  praetor  and  T.  popayanus  resemble  auricularis  to 
about  the  same  degree  as  does  aureus  and  differ  from  it  in  the  same 
characters.  Thomasomys  aureus  altorum  Allen,  which  I  believe  further 
investigation  will  show  to  be  a  synonym  of  aureus,  is  readily  separable 
upon  the  basis  of  the  characters  given  above.  Thomasomys  nicefori 
Thomas  I  have  not  seen  but,  as  its  affinities  are  apparently  with  aureus, 
and  no  mention  is  made  of  inflated  bullae,  I  feel  that  it  cannot  affect  the 
validity  of  the  species  here  described. 

The  type  and  only  specimen  of  auricularis  was  taken  on  the  bank  of 
a  small  mountain  stream  in  the  Cordillera  de  Chilla,  a  short  range 
which  extends  eastward  from  the  main  Western  Cordillera.  Specimens 
of  Thomasomys  taken  at  no  great  distance  from  here,  in  the  Western 
Cordillera  at  El  Chiral,  appear,  at  this  time,  to  be  typical  aureus.  The 
animal  was  captured  in  thick  forest  growth  within  the  limits  of  the  south 
temperate  zone.  The  same  trap  line  yielded  two  specimens  of  Caenolestes 
caniventer. 

Ichthyomys  orientalis,  new  species 

Type.— No.  62382,  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.;  9  (?)  ad.;  near  Rio  Napo,  altitude, 
3000  feet,  Eastern  Ecuador;  September  15,  1921;  collector,  Ludovic  Soderstrom. 
The  type  is  a  native-made  skin  and  skull,  both  in  fair  condition. 

General  Characters. — A  very  large  species,  with  highly  developed  aquatic 
specializations  and  sharply  bicolored  tail, 
i        Description. — 

Color  above,  grizzled  black  and  buff  with  dark  plumbeous  tone  of  underfur 
showing  through,  the  pelage  composed  of  long,  hard,  glistening  guard  hairs  and  soft, 
short,  woolly  underfur;   color  below,  dirty  whitish. 


8  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  55 

Ears  like  back  on  upper  half,  whitish  basally ;  forefeet  dusky  to  digits,  then  whit- 
ish; hind  feet  near  light  drab,  sparsely  haired  above,  but  with  heavy  marginal  fringe 
of  stiff,  white  hairs;  feet  broad  and  web-like;  tail  like  back  above,  like  underparts 
below,  with  clear-cut  line  of  demarcation. 

Skull  large  and  strongly  built,  with  flaring  zygomata  and  moderate  interorbital 
constriction. 

Measurements. — Taken  from  dried  skin:  total  length,  390  mm.;  tail  vertebra;, 
185;  hind  foot,  38.7.  Skull,  greatest  length,  35.6  (34)';  greatest  breadth  (z}'gomatic 
breadth),  17.5  (16);  length  of  nasals,  11.5  (11);  least  interorbital  breadth,  4.2  (5); 
length  of  palate,  18.2  (17.3) ;  length  of  diastema,  8.4  (8.9) ;  length  of  incisive  foramina, 
6.7  (6.5);  length  of  upper  molar  series,  4.3  (4.4). 

Ichthyomys  orientalis  needs  detailed  comparison  with  only  one  other 
species  of  the  genus,  namely,  stolznianni,  none  of  the  other  fish-eating  rats 
having  a  sharply  bicolored  tail.  J.  orientalis  is  about  the  same  size  as 
tweedii,  the  tail  of  which  is  unicolor,  without  any  white,  but  an  additional 
character  of  separation  is  seen  in  the  hind  feet.  /.  tiveedii  has  a  highly 
specialized  hind  foot  but  the  foot  of  orientalis  is  even  wider  and  is  more 
heavily  fringed  with  swimming  hairs. 

In  the  collections  of  the  American  Museum  there  is  a  specimen 
identified  as  Ichthyomys  stolznianni,  collected  by  O.  T.  Baron  at  Caja- 
bamba,  Peru,  in  1895.  I  suspect  that  this  specimen  will  prove  to  be  mis- 
identified  and  probably  an  undescribed  species.  I  have  therefore  based 
comparisons  of  orientalis  and  stolzmanni  upon  the  type  description  of 
Thomas,  loc.  cit.  I.  orientalis  appears  to  differ  from  stolzmanni  in  slightly 
larger  size,  coloration  less  brown,  darker  forefeet,  smaller  ears,  more 
flaring  zygomata,  and  greater  interorbital  constriction. 

The  type  of  orientalis  is  a  gift  to  the  American  Museum  from  Mr. 
Ludovic  Soderstrom  of  Quito,  who  received  it  from  a  native  collector. 
Mr.  Soderstrom  has  been  particularly  successful  in  collecting  specimens 
of  this  rare  group,  and  most  of  these  rats  in  the  collections  of  the  different 
museums  have  passed  through  his  hands.  The  type  specimens  of 
Ichthyomys  soderslromi,  Anatomy s  leander,  Neusticomys  monticolus, 
and  now  Ichthyomys  orientalis,  were  all  secured  by  Mr.  Soderstrom,  whose 
contributions  to  Natural  Science  have  shown  him  to  be  unusually  gifted 
as  a  collector. 

The  label  attached  to  the  type  of  orientalis  is  marked  male,  but  the 
presence  of  well-developed  rnamnue,  upon  inspection  of  the  skin,  lias 

caused  mi'  to  in.iicate  it  as  a  female. 


•MMUKirxmmU  in  mrcnthe***  nr«-  thow  >.l    t>.<    top*  of  Ichthyomy*  ttolimatmi  ThomMi    I'"" 
z..,i  s...  .  IMS,  ,,  MO 


1923]       REPORT  ON  ECUADOREAN  MAMMALS,  NO.  8  9 

Sylvilagus 

The  series  of  Sylvilagus  brought  from  Ecuador  by  the  American 
Museum  expeditions  number  some  twenty-five  adult  specimens  and  show 
the  presence  of  at  least  three  well-differentiated  groups  there.  The 
Sylvilagus  andinus  group  is  sufficiently  characterized  by  its  sober  colora- 
tion, inconspicuous  nape  patch,  and  grayish  underparts,  to  form  a  logical 
assemblage  of  forms,  while  the  habitat  of  andinus,  its  subspecies  and 
related  species,  appears  to  be  the  elevated,  grassy  paramos;  at  least  this 
has  been  the  case  throughout  the  collecting  done  in  Ecuador.  A  second 
group  is  typified  by  daulensis,  a  dark,  richly  ochraceous  species  in- 
habiting the  forested  lowlands  of  the  Guayas  basin.  The  third  group  has 
been  taken  in  the  subtropical  and  south  temperate  forests,  from  6000  to 
9000  feet  elevation.  These  specimens  are  marked  in  more  contrasting 
colors  than  the  andinus  group,  but  are  not  nearly  so  ochraceous  as 
daulensis.  Between  the  first  and  third  groups  just  enumerated  there 
exist  about  the  same  superficial  differences  as  may  be  noted  between 
Sylvilagus  bachmani  and  S.  auduboni  of  the  United  States,  andinus 
corresponding  to  bachmani,  the  third  Ecuadorean  group  to  auduboni. 

I  have  been  unable  to  find  any  described  species  of  South  American 
Sylvilagus  corresponding  to  the  Ecuador  specimens  of  this  third  group 
and  consequently  two  forms  are  here  described.  Unfortunately,  the 
American  Museum  collections  are  weak  in  Neotropical  Leporida?  and 
hence  lack  good  comparative  material  representing  brasiliensis.  Sub- 
species of  brasiliensis  have  been  described  as  ranging  into  the  eastern 
Andes  from  Peru  to  Colombia  but  I  feel  certain  that  the  two  new  forms 
under  consideration  can  have  little  in  common  with  them,  because  the 
Ecuador  material  is  all  from  the  western  Andes. 

Sylvilagus  kelloggi,  new  species 

Fig.  3,  C  and  E 

Type. — No.  60515,  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.;  d"  ad.;  Guachanama,  Provincia  de 
Loja,  9050  feet,  Ecuador;  October  8,  1920;  collector,  H.  E.  Anthony.  The  type  is  a 
skin  and  skull,  both  in  good  condition. 

General  Characters. — A  good-sized  species,  with  contrasted  head  markings 
and  whitish  underparts. 

Description. — 

Color  above,  grizzled  cream-buff  and  black,  the  individual  hairs  tricolored,  being 
plumbeous  black  at  base,  banded  with  about  five  millimeters  of  cream-buff  and  tipped 
with  black;  black  heaviest  along  the  back,  sides  clearer;  crown,  from  nose  to  base  of 
ears,  cinnamon  ticked  with  black;  patch  at  nostrils  and  narrow  superciliary  band 
cream-buff;  cheeks  like  sides,  heavily  lined  with  black;  nape,  clear  cinnamon,  extend- 
ing about  as  far  as  the  laid-back  ears;  ears,  externally,  bister;  hands  and  feet,  above. 


Fig.  3.    Skulls  of  Sylvilagus 

A.  Syhi'laoui  andinui  canariui,  Taraguacocha,  Ecuador. 

B.  Syltilauua  defilippi,  Myobamba,  Peru. 

<yhilagu»  ktUoQgi,  type. 
D.     SylrilatruK  daulentii,  type. 

Figure*  natural  site. 


id 


1923]       REPORT  ON  ECUADOREAN  MAMMALS,  NO.  S  11 

between  cinnamon  and  cinnamon-buff;  underparts  practically  clear  white;  throat 
patch  cinnamon-buff;  tail  small  and  inconspicuous. 

Skull  moderately  convex  from  parietals  to  end  of  nasals;  nasals  bowed  distally; 
postorbital  process  on  frontal  long,  slender  and  almost  coalesced  with  short  process 
from  frontal  and  parietal;  anteriorly  the  supraorbital  margin  of  the  frontal  is  prac- 
tically entire,  with  only  a  very  shallow  notch;  auditory  bullae  normal,  moderately 
inflated. 

Measurements. — Taken  in  the  flesh:  total  length,  355  mm.;  tail  vertebrae, 
25;  hind  foot,  82.  Skull,  greatest  length,  67.1;  length  of  nasals,  2S.2;  zygomatic 
breadth,  33;  interorbital  breadth,  13.2;  breadth  of  braincase,  24.2;  length  of  incisive 
foramina,  16.5;  breadth  of  palatal  bridge,  6.5;  alveolar  length  of  upper  molar  series, 
12.5. 

Besides  the  type,  two  other  specimens  were  shot  at  Guachanama 
on  the  same  day,  all  three  specimens  agreeing  quite  well  in  coloration, 
the  variable  features  being  the  amount  of  black  on  the  back  and  the 
clearness  of  the  white  underparts,  the  general  average  of  the  light-colored 
underparts  being  nearer  ivory-yellow  than  pure  white.  This  species 
was  also  taken  at  El  Paso,  Provincia  del  Azuay,  elevation  about  8500- 
9000  feet. 

Sylvilagus  kelloggi  may  be  easily  distinguished  from  any  other 
Ecuadorean  Sylvilagus  by  its  general  color  pattern,  by  the  well-developed 
postorbital  processes  (in  one  of  the  Guachanama  series  the  postorbital 
process  on  the  right  has  coalesced  with  a  process  coming  off  the  fronto- 
parietal suture)  and  by  the  absence  of  a  deep  notch  in  the  anterior  border 
of  the  frontal.  Skulls  of  kelloggi  present  a  deeply  pitted  area  along  the 
posterior  half,  on  the  frontal,  parietal,  interparietal  and  occipital  ele- 
ments, a  condition  which  appears  to  be  not  at  all  so  noticeable  in  skulls 
of  andinus,  absent  in  defilippi,  but  well  developed  in  daulensis  (see 
Fig.  3). 

Sylvilagus  defilippi,  described  from  Quijos,  Ecuador,  ranges  along 
the  eastern  slope  of  the  eastern  Andes  and  could  not  possibly  be  identical 
with  any  Sylvilagus  along  the  western  Andes.  A  specimen  identified 
by  Dr.  W.  H  Osgood  as  defilippi  and  taken  at  Myobamba,  Peru,  has 
been  kindly  loaned  to  me  for  comparison  (Fig.  3,  B).  While  obviously 
distinct  from  kelloggi,  notably  in  the  characters  of  smooth,  unpitted 
braincase,  and  less  well-developed  postorbital  processes,  there  is  however 
enough  resemblance  to  cause  me  to  believe  that  possibly  the  two  forms 
are  local  representatives  of  a  well-marked  group  analogous  to  the  andinus 
group. 

This  handsome  species  is  named  for  Mr.  L.  O.  Kellogg,  of  the  South 
American  Development  Company,  Portovelo,  Ecuador.  Mr.  Kellogg 
has  displayed  a  keen  interest  in  the  work  of  the  American  Museum  in 


12  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  55 

Ecuador,  and  during  1920  and  1921,  when  Portovelo  was  the  head- 
quarters for  a  museum  expedition,  he  assisted  in  numerous  helpful  and 
thoughtful  ways. 

Sylvilagus  chills,  new  species 

Type. — No.  60511,  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.;  9  ad.;  trail  from  Salvias  to  Zara- 
guro,  6600  feet,  Provincia  del  Oro,  Cordillera  de  Chilla.  Ecuador;  August  29,  1920; 
collector,  H.  E.  Anthony.  The  type  is  a  skin  and  skull,  the  skin  in  good  condition 
but  the  skull  badly  shattered  and  presenting  only  the  superior  elements  in  condition 
for  comparison. 

General  Characters. — Very  similar  to  kelloggi  but  much  darker  above  and 
with  broader  frontal  region. 

Description. — 

Color  above  predominately  black,  the  hairs  tricolored,  plumbeous  black  at  base, 
banded  with  warm  buff,  tipped  with  black;  sides  and  flanks  only  slightly  lighter  in 
appearance  than  back;  crown,  from  nose  to  base  of  ears,  tawny  sprinkled  with  black; 
nuchal  patch  small,  tawny;  conspicuous  nostril  patches,  spot  in  front  of  eye,  and 
spot  just  above  and  behind  eye,  between  cream-color  and  cream-buff;  cheeks,  cream- 
buff  densely  sprinkled  with  black;  ears  bister;  upper  surfaces  of  hands  and  feet, 
between  cinnamon  and  cinnamon-buff;  color,  below,  ivory-yellow  to  pinkish  buff; 
throat  patch,  cinnamon-buff. 

Skull  essentially  like  that  of  kelloggi  but  with  very  broad  interorbital  region, 
short,  broad  nasals,  flat  profile  from  parietals  to  end  of  nasals,  margin  of  frontal 
continuous  anteriorly  to  lacrymal  without  any  conspicuous  supraorbital  notch. 

Measurements. — Taken  in  the  flesh:  total  length,  382  mm.;  hind  foot,  81. 
Skull,  length  of  nasals,  25.7;  zygomatic  breadth,  34;  interorbital  breadth,  16.3; 
alveolar  length  of  upper  molar  series,  14. 

Sylvilagus  chilli  is  a  forest-dwelling  form  and  was  taken  in  the 
subtropical  jungle  along  the  southwestern  flank  of  the  Cordillera  de  Chilla. 
This  forest  lies  in  a  belt  of  heavy  rainfall  and  it  is  doubtless  due  to  this 
fact  that  chillx  is  such  a  dark,  richly  colored  form.  It  may  be 
immediately  distinguished  from  the  other  rabbits  of  the  Ecuadorean 
Andes  by  its  superficial  appearance,  and  its  skull  characters  bear  out  the 
distinction.  The  closest  relative  of  chillx  would  appear  to  be  kelloggi, 
and  more  abundant  material  may  bring  to  light  intergrades  which  will 
mressitate  making  chillx  a  subspecies  of  kelloggi.  Geographically,  the 
facts  hint  strongly  that  kelloggi  may  represent,  in  the  temperate,  more 
•  lepaupenite  forest,  the  same  full  speeies  of  which  chillse  may  be  the 
representative  in  the  subtropical,  heavy  forest.  On  the  basis  of  the 
material  available,  tin-  gap  between  chilhv  and  kelloggi  seems,  however,  to 
be  rather  too  great  to  allow  such  a  linking  up  of  the  two  forms. 

The  type  and  topotypc  of  chilhv,  were  shot  at  night,  under  the 
jacklight,  when   they  <  aim-  out   of  the  heavy  vegetation  to  teed  about 


1923]        REPORT  ON  ECUADOREAN  MAMMALS,  NO.  8  13 

the  edges  of  a  small  clearing  or  "llano."  Because  of  the  dense  cover  in 
which  these  rabbits  live,  it  would  be  almost  impossible  to  shoot  one 
under  ordinary  circumstances  during  the  day. 


Lonchorhina  occidentalis,  new  species 

Fig.  4,  B,  natural  size 

Type. — No.  62101,  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.;  d"  ad.;  Puente  de  Chimbo,  Provincia 
del  Guayas,  Ecuador,  altitude  1200  feet;  September  7,  1922;  collector,  G.  H.  H.  Tate, 
The  type  is  a  skin  and  skull,  both  in  fair  condition. 

General  Characters. — A  large-eared  bat,  with  very  tall  tragus,  wide  inter- 
femoral  membrane  and  conspicuous  whitish  blotches  on  tips  of  wings. 

Description. — 

Color  of  fur  above,  uniform  chestnut-brown;  below  cinnamon-brown;  all  mem- 
branes blackish,  with  the  exception  of  irregular  blotches  of  ivory-yellow  on  posterior 
margin  of  wings  near  tips,  and,  less  extensively,  on  more  proximal  portions  of  wing 
margin. 


AM- NH  31617-  D 

Fig.  4.     Face  and  head  of  Lonchorhina. 

Lonchorhina  aurita,  San  Esteban,  Venesuela. 


AM  N  H  62101 


Lonchorhina  occidentalit,  type. 


Ears  very  large  and  broad  but  not  as  tall  as  in  Lonchorhina  aurita;  five  transverse 
plications  on  posterior  half  of  ear  conch;  tragus  very  tall  and  slender;  nose-leaf, 
while  not  as  tall  as  in  aurita,  very  high  and  reaching  almost  to  tips  of  ears,  sparsely 
haired  basally. 

Wings  large  and  broad,  naked  everywhere,  but  fur  of  body  extending  along  fore- 
arm about  midway;  interfemoral  membrane  very  extensive  and  supported  by  well- 
developed  calcaria  and  long  tail  which  extends  to  extreme  tip  of  membrane. 

Skull  normal  for  the  genus  and  very  similar  to  that  of  aurita. 

Measurements. — Taken  in  the  flesh:  total  length,  110  mm.;  tail  vertebras,  51; 
hind  foot,  15;  taken  from  the  dry  skin;  length  of  forearm,  48.7  (aurita,  three  speci- 
mens, 51.7,  51.3,  50.9) ;  height  of  ear  from  notch,  25.5  (aurita,  29.3) ;  height  of  tragus, 
11.6  (14.4);  height  of  nose-leaf,  18.2  (21.7).  Skull,  greatest  length,  20;  zygomatic 
breadth,  11;  mastoid  breadth,  10.4;  interorbital  breadth,  4.8;  length  upper  toothrow, 
C-M3,  6.8. 

As  far  as  I  can  ascertain,  only  one  species  of  Lonchorhina  has  been 
described,  Lonchorhina  aurita.  The  geographical  range  of  this  form,  as 
known,  is  the  West  Indies  and  the  northern  corner  of  South  America. 


14  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  55 

Specimens  are  rare  in  collections.  Fortunately,  the  American  Museum 
has  a  series  of  three  collected  by  Mr.  Carriker  at  San  Esteban,  Venezuela. 
These  three  specimens  all  agree  in  quite  uniform  coloration,  show  no 
traces  of  whitish  wing-markings,  and  have  the  nose-leaf  equal  to  or 
slightly  exceeding  the  ears  in  height  (Fig.  4,  A). 

The  Lonchorhina  here  described  displays  all  of  the  well-marked  char- 
acters which  distinguish  the  genus  and  superficially  appears  to  be  very 
similar  to  aurita.  The  whitish  wing-blotching,  which  is  the  most  im- 
mediate external  character  of  separation,  does  not  have  the  appearance 
of  being  an  individual  or  fortuitous  marking  because  both  wings  are 
blotched  in  the  same  area,  although  not  closely  symmetrical.  However, 
the  specific  identity  of  occidentalis  does  not  rest  entirely  upon  the  wing 
markings,  and  the  additional  characters  of  shorter  nose-leaf,  lower  ears, 
slightly  shorter  forearm,  and  blacker  ears  and  wing  membranes  demon- 
strate the  presence  in  Ecuador  of  a  hitherto  unknown  species  of  Lon- 
chorhina. Probably  occidentalis  is  the  western  representative  of  the 
genus  and  the  specific  name  is  based  upon  this  assumption. 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES 

No.  56 


NOTES  ON  SOME  BIRDS  OF  TROPICAL 

WITH  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  THREE 
NEW  FORMS 

By  James  P.  Chapin 


Issued  February  9,  1923 


By  Order  op  the  Trustees 

op 

THE  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 
New  York  City 


AMERICAN     MUSEUM     NOVITATES 

Number  56  February  9,  1923. 


59.82(67.5) 

NOTES  ON  SOME  BIRDS  OF  TROPICAL  AFRICA,  WITH 
DESCRIPTIONS  OF  THREE  NEW  FORMS1 

By  James  P.  Chapin 

THE  SUBSPECIES  OF  THE  NARINA  TROGON 
Apaloderma  sequatoriale  Sharpe,  though  repudiated  by  its  own 
sponsor,  has  proved  to  be  a  species  distinct  from  the  Narina  trogon  of 
South  Africa.  My  examination  of  Dr.  Sharpe's  type  in  the  British  Mu- 
seum reveals  that  my  A.  minus2  is  a  synonym  of  sequatoriale,  earlier 
described  from  the  forests  of  the  Cameroon.  Differences  in  our  methods 
of  measuring  the  wing  led  me  to  believe  that  minus  had  a  shorter  wing  ■ 


Fig.  1.     Heads  of  two  African  Trogons,  to  show  extent  of  bare  cheek  patches. 

A,  Apaloderma  xquatoriale,  adult  male,  from  Ituri  district.     B,  .-1.  narina  brachyurum,  adult  male. 
from  lturi  district.  From  sketches  of  freshly  killed  examples,  by  the  author.  Three-fourths  natural  size . 

but  I  now  find  that  sequatoriale  ranges  from  the  Southern  Cameroon 
eastward  to  the  Ituri,  with  so  little  difference  in  size  that  not  even  a 
subspecific  distinction  is  tenable.  One  of  its  salient  characters  has  not 
yet  been  placed  on  record.  The  narrow  line  of  green  feathers  which  in 
A.  narina  crosses  the  cheeks,  from  lores  to  ear-coverts,  and  separates  the 
two  patches  of  bare  green  skin,  is  interrupted  in  sequatoriale  so  that  the 
two  bare  patches — here  yellow — are  confluent.  We  thus  have  a  ready 
means  of  distinguishing  the  two  species. 

'Scientific  Results  of  the  American  Museum  Congo  Expedition.    Ornithology,  No.  8. 
-'1915,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  XXXIV.  p.  510. 


2  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOV  IT  AT  ES  [No.  56 

When  describing  minus  I  called  attention  to  the  small  size  of  repre- 
sentatives of  Apaloderma  narina  in  the  Ituri  Forest,  and  also  (on  page 
510)  to  the  gray  breast  of  females  of  the  latter  species.  The  longer- 
tailed  narina  of  South  Africa  and  many  other  parts  of  the  continent  has 
in  the  adult  female  a  cinnamon  color  on  the  breast  and  lores  which  is  not 
very  different  from  that  in  xquatoriale.  Dr.  V.  G.  L.  van  Someren  has 
recently  mentioned  the  grayer  breasts  of  Uganda  specimens,1  as  com- 
pared with  typical  females  from  South  Africa;  and  now  that  I  have  gone 
over  the  series  in  many  museums  of  Europe  and  America,  I  am  able  to 
show  that  the  typical  form  of  Apaloderma  narina  is  a  bird  of  woods  and 
gallery  forests  in  the  savanna  districts  of  East  and  South  Africa.  A. 
narina  constantia  is  its  representative  race  in  Upper  Guinea;  and, 
although  the  rain  forest  of  Lower  Guinea  is  largely  occupied  by  A. 
sequatoriale,  it  harbors  also  a  short-tailed  race  of  narina,  with  a  gray 
breast  in  the  female.  The  latter  ranges  from  Southern  Cameroon  east 
to  the  Budongo  Forest  in  Uganda. 

The  forest  race  of  narina  is  therefore  the  form  which  still  needs  a 
name.  Before  proposing  a  new  one,  we  must  assure  ourselves  that  A. 
rufiventre  of  Dubois2  does  not  apply.  His  type  was  an  adult  male  from 
'Tanganyika,  1884,"  collected  by  Storms,  which  fortunately  is  still 
preserved  in  the  Brussels  Museum.  The  dull  reddish  coloration  for  which 
it  was  named  I  found  to  have  completely  disappeared,  so  that  the  speci- 
men looks  like  any  old  bleached  skin  of  narina,  save  that  the  green  of  the 
upper  back  had  been  turned  bronze,  as  though  by  some  liquid.  As 
Dubois  stated,  the  line  of  feathers  across  the  cheek  is  complete.  Accord- 
ing to  my  measurements  the  wing  (straightened)  measures  135  mm.,  the 
tail,  175;  and,  because  of  the  length  of  tail  especially,  I  assign  it  to 
Apaloderma  narina  narina.  The  dimensions  given  by  Dubois  are: 
wing,  132;  tail,  170.  A  female  specimen,  also  taken  by  Storms  near 
Tanganyika,  has  a  wing  of  134  mm.  and  tail  of  178. 

For  purposes  of  comparison  I  add  a  table  of  measurements  which 
-hows  the  size  relati.  ns  of  the  various  forms  of  the  present  genus  of 
trogons. 


NoviUtM  Zoolofln*.  XXIX.  p.  72. 

,,     (I'M) 


1923]      NOTES  ON  SOME  BIRDS  OF  TROPICAL  AFRICA 


WlN(i 

(straightened) 

Tail 

Apaloderma  narina  narina 

35  males 

129-145 

160-200 

Apaloderma  narina  narina 

7  females 

128-144 

164-195 

Apaloderma  narina  constantia 

2  males 

126-133 

163-164 

Apaloderma  narina  brachyurum 

19  males 

122-136 

146-166 

Apaloderma  narina  brachyurum 

11  females 

122-136 

149-170 

Apaloderma  sequatoriale 

27  males 

115-126 

136-161 

Apaloderma  sequatoriale 

7  females 

110-125 

140-156 

The  average  differences  in  measurements  are  well  marked,  but  over- 
lapping is  considerable.  With  further  aid  from  the  color  characters, 
almost  every  specimen  of  narina  can  be  definitely  referred  to  its  proper 
subspecies.  The  interrupted  feathering  of  the  cheeks  always  betrays 
Apaloderma  aequatoriale. 


Fig.  2.     Map  of  Africa,  showing  the  ranges  of  all  forms  of  Apaloderma. 

Localities  from  which  A.  sequatoriale  is  known  are  indicated  by  dots;  but  its  range  is  doubtless  con- 
tinuous, though  a  little  more  restricted  than  that  of  A.  n.  brachyurum. 


4  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  56 

Apaloderma  narina  brachyurum,  new  subspecies 

Subspecific  Characters. — Similar  to  A.  narina  narina  of  southern  Africa,  but 
the  wing  averaging  8  mm.  shorter,  and  the  tail  23  mm.  shorter.  The  adult  female 
differs  also  from  that  sex  of  typical  narina  in  having  the  chest  and  lores  not  washed 
with  cinnamon,  but  clear  gray  with  distinct  metallic  green  reflections  at  the  sides. 
Though  agreeing  more  closely  in  size  with  A.  n.  constantia,  the  male  of  the  present 
form  differs  in  having  the  wing-coverts  and  secondaries  of  a  darker  color,  the  whitish 
vermiculations  fewer  and  finer. 

Type. —  o*  adult,  No.  158881,  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.;  Avakubi,  Ituri  District, 
Belgian  Congo,  September  27,  1913  (Lang  and  Chapin). 

Measurements  of  the  Type. — Wing  (straightened),  125  mm.;  wing  (chord), 
120;  tail,  148;  exposed  culmen,  17.5;  metatarsus,  14. 

Distribution. — From  the  coast  of  Southern  Cameroon  and  Spanish  Guinea 
through  the  rain  forest  of  the  Congo  basin  to  the  Upper  Ituri,  occurring  also  in  the 
heavier  forests  of  Uganda  (the  Budongo  Forest,  for  example)  and  eastward  to 
Chagwe. 

Specimens  Examined. — Cameroon:  Efulen,  1;  Bipindi,  1.  Spanish  Guinea: 
Asseng,  1.  Belgian  Congo:  Banalia,  1;  Avakubi,  11;  Gamangui,  3;  Bafwabaka, 
2;  Pawa,  1;  Medje,  1;  Poko,  2;  Ituri  Forest  near  Kilo,  1;  Forest  north  of  Beni,  1. 
Uganda:  Budongo  Forest,  5;  Kwa  Kitola,  1. 

SWALLOWS  OF  THE  GENUS  PSALIDOPROCNE  IN  THE 
NORTHEASTERN  CONGO 

In  the  forested  parts  of  the  Ituri  and  southern  Uelle  districts  we 
found  not  only  the  eastern  race  of  the  short-tailed  species,  Psalido- 
procne  nitens  centralis  Neumann,  but  two  other  species  with  deeply  forked 
tails,  one  having  dark  gray  under  wing-coverts,  the  other  white  ones. 
The  two  latter  seem  to  occupy  separate  but  adjacent  territories,  for  the 
one  darker  beneath  the  wings  was  found  at  Avakubi  and  westward 
through  the  forest  area  at  least  as  far  as  Stanleyville  and  the  lower 
Aruwimi  River.  At  Medje,  a  post  which  occupies  a  clearing  near  the 
northern  edge  of  the  Ituri  Forest,  its  place  is  taken  by  the  species  with 
white  beneath  the  wing,  the  latter  extending  out  into  the  savannas  of 
the  Uelle  drainage  al  least  toNiangara,  Nzoro,andFaradje.  On  the  White 
Nile  it  must  in  turn  beteplaoed  by  P.  nlbiceps,  which  alone  has  been  taken 
in  tin-  Lado  Enclave.  To  the  northward  in  the  Bahr-el-Ohazal  Province 
no  species  of  t  he  ^mus  has  as  yet  been  reported. 

Tin-  long-tailed  Psalidoprocne  of  Avakubi,  with  dark-gray  axillary 

plumage,  hat  already  been  referred  to  /'.  bamingui  Alexander  by  Uanner- 

man,1  win.  had  specimens  collected  by  Dr.  C.  Christy.   That  these  birds 

of  thfl  Ituri  <l<>  agree  rather  closely  with  Alexander's  type  1   have  COn- 
'IDM,  R«mirZool.  Afn..i        \  II.  ,. 


1923]      NOTES  ON  SOME  BIRDS  OF  TROPICAL  AFRICA 


vinced  myself;  but  the  agreement  extends  even  further,  to  the  type  of 
P.  chalybea  Reichenow,  from  Victoria,  Cameroon,  which  I  have  compared 
with  one  of  our  specimens.  Though  realizing  what  small  differences  in 
the  tone  of  the  gloss  of  the  plumage,  in  the  color  of  the  under  wing- 
coverts,  or  in  the  shape  of  the  tail,  may  be  of  importance  in  this  genus, 
I  prefer  to  call  all  these  specimens,  from  the  western  Cameroon  to  the 
Ituri,  P.  chalybea  Reichenow.  It  may  be  added  that  in  the  broad  area 
separating  the  Bamingui  River  and  the  Aruwimi,  two  adults  of  chalybea, 
identified  by  Professor  Reichenow,  were  collected  by  Schubotz  at  Yakoma 
(on  the  upper  Ubangi  River)  and  are  now  in  the  Frankfort  Museum, 


Fig.  3.     Differences  in  the  tails  of  two  species  of  Psalidoprocne. 

A,  Tail  of  P.  mangbettorum  (adult  male,  type  specimen)  seen  from  above.  B,  Right  outermost 
tail-feather  of  P.  oleaginea  (drawn  from  the  type,  an  adult  male,  in  the  Museum  of  Lord  Rothschild  at 
Tring).    Both  figures  three-fourths  natural  size. 

where  I  have  examined  them.  According  to  Professor  Reichenow,1 
the  species  also  ranges  westward  to  Liberia.  He  had  compared  an  adult 
bird  from  Sekondi  (Gold  Coast)  with  his  type,  but  I  feel  uncertain  as  to 
the  Liberian  record. 

Even  greater  difficulty  was  experienced  in  naming  the  species  from 
the  Uelle  with  white  axillaries,  for  its  nearest  ally  has  proved  to  be  P. 
oleaginea  Neumann,2  which  Professor  Reichenow  swept  inconsiderately 
into  the  synonymy  of  P.  petiti  orientalist    Since  examining  the  type  and 

■1903, '  D.e  Vogel  Afrikas,'  II,  p.  428. 

-1901,  Orn.  Monatsber.,  XII,  p.  144  (Kaffa,  in  S.  Abyssinia). 

'1905,  'Die  Vogel  Afrikas,'  III,  p.  829. 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES 


[No.  56 


two  other  males  of  oleaginea  in  the  museum  at  Tring  I  am  convinced  of 
their  distinctness  from  orientalis,  because  of  differences  in  body  color 
and  the  shape  of  the  outer  rectrices.  I  should  not  regard  oleaginea  as  a 
subspecies  of  orientalis,  though  its  describer  did;  nor  would  I  follow 
Professor  Reichenow  in  calling  orientalis  a  race  of  petiti.  Many  of  these 
saw-winged  swallows,  despite  their  slight  characters,  seem  to  be  stable 
forms  and  worthy  of  binomial  designation  as  long  as  actual  intergrada- 
tion  cannot  be  proved. 

With  regard  to  P.  blanfordi  Blundell  and  Lovat,1  from  Southern 
Abyssinia,  Neumann  had  seen  the  type  in  London2  before  describing 
oleaginea  as  new.  He  thought  that  blanfordi  would  not  prove  separable 
from  pristoptera. 


I.      M.i|.  in  illii-ii.ii.' i!m  i  l  line  .species  of  Psr//w/«procne:  chah/hm, 

mangbtttnfn,,.   imi  oleaginea,  as  known  at  present. 


■1800.  Hull   BrltUhOrn  Club.  No  I, XVI.  Novo.„l»  , 


1923]      NOTES  ON  SOME  BIRDS  OF  TROPICAL  AFRICA  7 

Psalidoprocne  orientalis  Reichenow  of  East  Africa  differs  from  the 
allied  species  of  the  Uelle  in  having  both  wings  and  tail  longer,  the  green 
gloss  of  the  body  plumage  duller,  and  the  under  wing-coverts  grayer  in 
places.  P.  oleaginea  Neumann  is  closer,  but  still  differs  in  that  the  oily- 
green  gloss  of  its  body  is  slightly  browner,  when  viewed  in  a  good  light. 
Its  wings  are  longer,  the  outermost  rectrices  taper  less,  or  are  broader 
toward  the  tip;  but  the  best  distinction  of  all  is  seen  in  the  under  wing- 
coverts.  The  "  axillaries  "  and  under  wing-coverts  are  white  in  oleaginea, 
with  the  exception  of  the  greater  under  primary-coverts,  which  are 
almost  wholly  fuscous.  These,  the  longest  of  the  under  wing-coverts. 
are  white  like  the  others  in  the  bird  of  the  Telle,  which  I  propose  to 
name  as  follows. 

Psalidoprocne  mangbettorum,  new  species' 

Type. —  d>  adult,  No.  159746,  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.;  Medje,  Ituri  district, 
Belgian  Congo,  March  20,  1910  (Lang  and  Chapin). 

.  Description  of  Type. — Head  and  body,  above  and  below,  black  with  a  rich 
oily-green  gloss.  Quills  of  wings  and  tail  similar  but  with  less  luster.  I'nder  wing- 
coverts  entirely  pure  white,  including  the  lengthened  marginal  coverts  commonly 
termed  "axillaries."  Outermost  primary  in  this  sex  has  of  course  a  pronounced 
saw  edge;  and  the  tail  is  deeply  forked,  with  broad  middle  feathers,  the  long  outer- 
most ones  tapering  narrowly  at  the  tip. 

Measurements  of  the  Type. — Wing,  97  mm.;  tail,  89  (middle  pair  of  rectrices 
45);  exposed  culmen,  5;  metatarsus,  9.5.  Four  other  males  measure  as  follows: 
wing,  97.5-100.5;   tails,  85-92.5  (middle  feathers  43-46). 

Distribution. — Extends,  so  far  as  known,  from  the  neighborhood  of  the 
Nepoko  River  northward  and  northeastward  to  the  Congo-Nile  divide,  possibly 
a  little  way  into  the  Bahr-el-Cihazal. 

THE  LARGEST  SUBSPECIES  OF  PYRENESTES  OSTRINUS 
Professor  Neumann,2  Mr.  Bannerman,3  and  other  writers,  have 
applied  the  name  ostrinus  Vieillot  to  the  largest  form  of  this  extremely 
variable  weaver-finch,  such  as  occurs  in  Northern  Nigeria.  Vieillot's 
type,  however,  is  still  preserved  in  the  Paris  Museum  of  Natural  History, 
where  Monsieur  J.  Berlioz  kindly  showed  it  to  me.  It  is  not  so  large  a 
bird,  but  resembles  more  closely  in  dimensions  the  specimens  from  the 
Eastern  Ituri  district  which  Neumann4  referred  to  P.  o.  centralis.  My 
measurements  of  the  type  of  ostrinus  (an  adult  male)  are:  wing,  64  mm.; 
tail,  48;   bill  (from  nostril),  10;   width  of  lower  mandible  at  base,  15; 

'From  the  Mangbetu  tribe,  inhabiting  a  part  of  the  same  country. 
U910,  Journ.  f.  Orn.,  LVIII,  p.  527. 
•1922,  Rev.  Zool.  Africaine,  IX,  p.  308. 
•1910,  Journ.  f.  Orn.,  LVIII,  p.  529. 


s 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES 


[No.  56 


metatarsus,  20.  It  is  labelled  "  Afrique  Occidentale,"  and  came  presum- 
ably from  either  Lower  Nigeria  or  the  Gaboon  Coast,  in  both  of  which 
places  individuals  of  similar  size  have  since  been  collected. 


Fig.  5.  Beaks  of  the  large  and  small  races  of  Pyrenestes  oslrinuts,  to  show  the 
degree  of  difference  in  size,  as  well  as  the  method  of  measuring. 

A,  P.  o.  rothxchildi,  adult  male  from  Avakubi,  Ituri  District,  Belgian  Congo.   B,  P.  o.  maximu- 
adult  male  from  Faradje,  Upper  Uelle  District.     Natural  size. 

The  larger  form,  with  the  mandible  from  17.5  to  20  mm.  wide, 
besides  inhabiting  Northern  Nigeria,  has  been  collected  by  Dr.  V.  G.  L. 
van  Someren  in  parts  of  Uganda,  and  by  the  Congo  Expedition  of  the 
American  Museum  at  Faradje  in  the  Upper  Uelle  district  and  at  Stanley- 
ville on  the  Upper  Congo.  It  apparently  lacks  a  subspecific  name,  and  I 
therefore  designate  it  as  follows. 


Pyrenestes  ostrinus  maximus,  new  subspecies 

me  Characters. — Like/'.  MtrtMM  ostrinus  Vieillot.  but    both  Mm 

much  larger,  the  beak  (specially  far  stouter. 

Type. —  d"  adult,  No.  102176,  Amer.  Mut.  Nat.  Hist.;    Faradje,   Upper   I  .IK 

District,  Belgian  Congo,  April  1  1,  1011  (Lang  and  Chapin). 

DmCBOTIOM    "i    Tin..      Coloration   the   same   as   in    the   typical   race:     body 

mostly   black,    with   head,   chest,   anil  stripes  down  sides  of    breast     bright    scarlet; 

upper  tail-covert-  o!  MUM  color,  and  Upper  surface  of  tail  darker  red.     I'lider  tail- 
its  faintly  spotted  with  red,  but  mostly  black.      Wing,  7;*  mm.;    tail,  55.5;   bill 

'from  nostril  .  12;   width  of  mandible  at  base,  20.1;   metatarsus,  22.5. 

A  paper  dealing  in  full  with  all  the  species  and  races  of  the  genus 

.•mil  thou  distribution,  lias  been  submitted  to  the  Editor  of 
tin-  Bulletin  of  tin-  American  Muaeuxn  of  Natural  History  for  publication 
in  i  forthcoming  volume 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES 

No.  57 


NEW  AFRICAN  FISHES 

By  John  Treadwell  Nichols 


Issued  February  10,  1923 


By  Order  op  the  Trustees 

of 

THE  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 
New  York  City 


AMERICAN     MUSEUM     N0V1TATES 

Number  57  February  10,  1923 


.)9.7.o(67.2) 

NEW  AFRICAN  FISHES 

By  John  Treadwell  Nichols 

Following  the  publication  of  its  Bulletin  on  Congo  fishes,  Monsieur 
A.  Baudon  kindly  sent  this  Museum  some  small  fresh-water  fishes  from 
French  Equatorial  Africa,  which  are  interesting  to  compare  with  the 
large  collections  brought  back  by  The  American  Museum  of  Natural 
History  Congo  Expedition  a  few  years  ago.  Among  them  are  three 
previously  undescribed  species  as  follows. 


—  „_  v_ 


Kig.  1.     Xannathiopx  iniijiistitUiicii.     19  nun.  to  base  of  caudal. 

Nannsethiops  angustolinea,  new  species 

The  type,  No.  8106  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  from  Fort  Crampel, 
Gribiugui,  West  Africa,  August  1919,  measures  19  mm.  to  base  of  caudal.  Depth, 
3.2  in  this  (standard)  length;  head,  3.0.  Eye,  3.5  in  head;  snout,  4.0;  maxillary,  3.7; 
interorbital,  3.2;  depth  of  caudal  peduncle,  2.3.  Dorsal  origin  equidistant  between 
base  of  caudal  and  front  of  pupil;  pectorals  reach  %  distance  to  ventrals;  ventrals  % 
distance  to  anal;  caudal  forked.  Dorsal  with  11,  anal  with  9  rays.  Adipose  small  but 
well  developed.  Scales  ciliate,  33.  The  7  front  ones  with  tubes;  11  rows  between 
dorsal  and  ventral.  A  bold  dark  stripe  from  snout  to  base  of  caudal  where  it  ends  in  a 
conspicuous,  longitudinally  oval  black  spot.  Several  faint,  narrow  dark  streaks 
higher  up  on  the  side  between  the  rows  of  scales,  about  4  below  the  dorsal. 

Besides  the  type,  2  specimens,  17  and  20  mm.  long,  have  the  same  data. 

In  this  little  fish  the  dorsal  origin  is  more  posterior  than  in  related 
species  of  the  genera  Nannsethiops  and  Neolebias,  and  its  color  pattern, 
usually  diagnostic  in  these  species,  is  somewhat  different  from  that  of 
those  described. 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  N0V1TATES 


|  No.  57 


Barilius  engrauloides,  new  species 
The  type,  our  only  specimen,  No.  8107  American  Museum  of  Natural  History, 
from  the  Ubangui  River  at  Bangui,  West  Africa,  July  1919,  is  67  mm.  long  to  base 
of  caudal.  Depth,  4.0  in  this  (standard)  length;  head,  3.6.  Eye,  3.4  in  head; 
snout,  3.4;  maxillary,  2.2;  interorbital,  4.6;  least  depth  of  peduncle,  2.7;  longest 
dorsal  ray,  2.5;   longest  anal  ray,  1.8;   pectoral,  1.0;    ventral.  1.6.     Dorsal  with  9 


\ 


\ 

\ 


Fig.  2.    Barilius  engrauloides.    67  mm.  to  base  of  caudal. 

rays;  anal  with  10.  The  dorsal  origin  is  a  little  nearer  the  base  of  caudal  than 
posterior  margin  of  opercle;  pectoral  just  reaches  ventral,  which  extends  %  the  dis- 
tance to  anal;  anal  origin  under  center  of  dorsal.  The  jaws  are  equal,  ventral  outline 
slightly  more  convex  than  dorsal.  Lateral  line  complete,  37;  6  rows  of  scales  between 
lateral  line  and  dorsal,  2  between  same  and  ventrals;  12  around  caudal  peduncle. 

Color  in  alcohol  pale,  an  irregular  row  of  11  dark  dots  along  the  side  on  a  level 
with  the  eye. 

This  fish  has  the  dorsal  origin  very  far  back  for  a  Barilius.  It  seems 
to  be  more  or  less  intermediate  between  species  of  that  genus  and  of 
Engraulicypris. 


Anabax  luuata  ,  type      :57  mm.  to  base  of  caudal. 


Anabas  lineatus,  new  s\w> 
TV  '  I  only  specimen,  No.  8108  American  Museum  of  Natural  History, 

from  French  Equatorial  Africa,  Ii  :w  mm.  long  to  l>n  c  ol  caudal.    Depth,  contained 


1923]  NEW  AFRICAN  FISHES  3 

3.0  in  this  (standard)  length;  head,  2.9.  Eye,  3.6  in  head;  maxillary,  3.3;  inter- 
orbital,  4.0;  least  depth  of  peduncle,  2.2;  longest  dorsal  spine,  4.0;  longest  dorsal  ray, 
2.0;  pectoral,  1.6;  ventral  (which  is  pointed  and  just  does  not  reach  anal  origin), 
2.0;  longest  anal  spine,  4.5;  longest  anal  ray,  1.8.  Head  bluntly  pointed,  the  great- 
est depth  of  the  body  at  the  origin  of  the  ventrals,  peduncle  short  and  distinct.  The 
only  serrulations  about  the  head  4  or  5  small  teeth  on  the  edge  of  the  opercle  opposite 
the  base  of  the  pectoral.  Dorsal  XVI,  7;  anal  VIII,  10.  Scales  27;  12  cross-series 
between  dorsal  and  ventrals.  Ground  color  in  alcohol  pale,  darker  along  the  back, 
two  longitudinal  parallel  dark  shades  separated  by  a  narrow  pale  line  along  the  sides, 
ventrals  and  vertical  fins  more  or  less  blackish. 

Differs  most  strikingly  from  A.  nanus  in  color,  that  species  having 
bold  dark  crossbands. 


-X 


AMERICAN   MUSEUM   NOVITATES 

No.  58 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  PROPOSED  NEW  BIRDS 
FROM  BRAZIL  AND  PARAGUAY 

By  George  K.  Cherrie  and  (Mrs.)  E.  M.  B.  Reichenberger 


Issued  February  13,  1923  \  * 


By  Order  of  the  Trusti  i 

OF 

THE  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 
New  York  City 


AMERICAN     MUSEUM     NOVITATES 

Number  58  February  13,  1923 

59.82(8) 

DESCRIPTIONS  OF  PROPOSED  NEW  BIRDS  FROM   BRAZIL 

AM)   PARAGUAY 

By  Geobge  K.  Cherrie  and  (Mbs.)  E.  M.  B.  EIeichenbebgeb 

This  is  the  third  preliminary  report  on  the  Roosevelt  (  ollections 
made  by  Mr.  Cherrie  ill  the  years  1913  and  1910.  The  authors  are 
indebted  to  the  authorities  of  the  natural  history  museums  of  Munich, 
Frankfort,  Berlin,  Vienna,  Tring,  and  South  Kensington  for  affording 
Mrs.  Reichenberger  opportunity  to  study  material  in  connection  with  the 
preparation  of  the  present  paper. 

All  measurements  are  given  in  millimeters  and  made  with  dividers, 
the  wing  retaining  the  curvature  of  its  primaries  as  well  as  the  bent 
position  of  the  manus  taken  in  drying. 

Tangara  cyaneicollis  melanogaster,  new  subspecies 

Subspechtc  Characters.-  Similar  to  Tangara  cyaneicolli*  cteruleocephaia  from 
northern  and  cent  nil  Peru,  hut  with  very  little  if  any  hluish  wash  on  lower  flanks,  the 
whole  ahdomen  being  nearly  uniform  hlaek,  whereas  the  rump  is  more  or  less  conspicu- 
ously mixed  with  verditcr  blue. 

Tvi'i:.  No.  128220,  Amer.  Mas.  Nat.  Hist.;  0*  ad.;  I'tiarity  near  Salto  Hello. 
Papagaio  River, alt.  1500-2600 ft.,  MattoGraao,  Brazil:  January 30,  1914;  George 
K.  Cherrie.    Wing,  66;  tail,  44.5;  expoeed  culrnen,  10.5. 

Spk(  imkns  Examined 

Tangara  eyaneieoUis  mekmogaater. — Brazil:  Mat  to  Groeso,  Kngenho  do 
( lama,  4  d\  1  9,  I'tiarity,  1  o\  3  9,  Tapirapoan,  1  d\  1  9,  Doze  Octobre,  1  9. 

Tangara  cyaneicottie  cyaneicoUia.-  Bolivia  (north):  Yungas, — Songo,  1  d". 
Pebi  (southeast  r.  Andes  of  <  arahaya,  Yahuarmayo,  2  d";  Chaquimayo,  alt.  3000 
ft.,  2  d\  1  9  J  Bio  Inambari,  3  d\  1  9  ;  Santo  Domingo,  3  o",  3  9  ;  La  Pampa,  1 
cf;   Candamo,  2d1;    Rio  .lavara,  3  o* ,  1   9- 

Tangara  eyaneieoUu  nualrocephala. — Pkru  (north):  Nuevo  Loreto,  eastern 
Tayabamba,  2  <?J  Pina,  1  9-  Pkru  (central):  Chanchamayo,  alt.  3300-5000  ft., 
1  d\  1  9,1  9  juv.;  Prov.  Huanuco,— Pozuzo,  1  J1.  Ecuador  (east):  Rio  Napo, 
San  Jose,  1   9  juv.;  Zamora,  3  d\  3  9. 

Tangara  cyaneicoUis  granadmsu.  Colombia:  Bogota1  Collection,  3  d1,  1  9; 
Cauca  Valley,  1  d1;  La  Candela,  1   9;    Andalucia,  1     1;  near  San  Agustin,  2  d\  2  9. 

Tangara  cyaneicatUs  hannahxx.  Vknkzuela  (western):  Tachira, — San  Cristo- 
bal, 3  c?,  1  9;  MeVida,  1?  (Cas&in's  type.  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Phila- 
delphia). 

This  interesting  new  race  resembles  Tangara  rijaneicolUs  cseruleo- 
cephala  in  the  possession  of  a  strong  indigo  blue  tinge  on  the  middle  of  the 


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1923]       NEW  BIRDS  FROM   BRAZIL  AND  PARAGUAY  3 

throat,  in  the  color  of  the  upper  part  of  the  head,  and  in  the  decidedly 
golden  shoulder  patch.  When  compared  with  Tangara  cyaneicollis  cyanei- 
collis,  the  upper  part  of  the  head  is  of  a  darker  tinge,  slightly  washed 
with  purple  about  the  forehead  and  across  the  nape.  In  Tangara  cyanei- 
collis cxraleocephala,  however,  the  whole  of  the  lower  breast  and  abdomen 
is  mainly  deep  purplish  blue,  shading  into  azure  blue  on  the  flanks, 
whereas  in  the  new  race  the  entire  belly  is  either  wholly  black  or  slight 
obsolete  edges  of  dull  blue;  show  only  on  some  of  the  feathers  of  the  flanks 
and  anal  region,  this  being  especially  noticeable1  in  males  in  first  annual 
plumage  and  in  females.  In  the  absence  of  blue  on  the  belly,  Tangara 
cyaneicollis  melanogaster  recalls  Tangara  cijaiuirollis  hannahix,  from 
the  mountains  of  Venezuela  (Tachira  to  Oarabobo).  T.  c.  hannahin . 
however,  may  immediately  be  recognized  by  the  deeper  velvety  black  of 
the  under  parts,  the  much  clearer  verditer  blue  crown,  without  a  purplish 
tinge  on  forehead  and  neck;  by  the  decidedly  tighter,  more  bronzy  or 
silvery  greenish  shoulder  patch;  and  by  the  silver  greenish  rump  with- 
out any  bluish  admixture. 

Tangara  cyaneicollis  melanogaster  seems  to  have  a  peculiarly  re- 
stricted range,  it  being  as  yet  known  only  from  the  western  portion  of 
Matto  G rosso. 

Eupsittula  aurea  major,  new  subspecies 

Subspkc'ifk:  Characters. — Indistinguishable  in  coloration  from  Eupsittula 
aurea  aurea  from  various  Brazilian  localities  but  wing  and  tail  longer. 

Type.— No.  149401,  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.;  cT  ad.;  Puerto  Pinasco,  Rio 
Paraguay,  Paraguay;  October  20,  1916;  George  K.  Cherrie.  Wing,  159.5;  tail,  142; 
exposed  culmen,  20.5. 

Because  it  seems  desirable  to  have  a  specified  type  locality  for  Eupsittula  (tuna 
aurea,  a  bird  of  widespread  range,  we  formally  propose  Bahia,  eastern  Brazil. 

Specimens  Exam  onto 

Eupsittula  aurea  major.  Paraguay:  Puerto  Pinasco,  1  <?  (the  type),  1  9; 
Concepcion,  1  d\ 

Eupsittula  aurea  aurea.— -Brazil:  Bahia,— 2  d\  1  9  5  West  Minas  Geraes,— Agua 
Suja  near  Bagagem,  1  9,1?;  Matto  G rosso,— Palmiras,  1  d\  1  9 ,  Tapirapoan,  1  d\ 
Jose"  Bonifacio,  1  d>;  Maranhao—  Miritiba,  1  d" ,  1  9  ;  Isle  of  Marajo  —  Cachoneira, 
1  c? ,  1  9  5  Fazenda  Arary  on  the  upper  Rio  Arary,  1  d\  1  9  ;  Tuyuyu,  1  d\  1  9  ; 
Natal,  1    9. 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  N0V1TATES 


[No.  58 


Measurements 


Wing 

TsiJ 

Culiaen 

Collection 

Eupsitivla  aureo  aurea 

Brazil:  Bahia 

a 

142. 

132.5 

18.5 

Amor.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 

«                            IC 

:' 

139.5 

125.5 

18. 

Munich  Museum 

u               « 

9 

140. 

i 

17.5 

Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 

"     Minas  Geracs,  AguaSuja 

near  Bagagem 

9 

140. 

145.5 

17.5  : Munich  Museum 

•'    Minas  Geraes,  Agua  Suja 

near  Bagagem 

? 

148.5 

141. 

18. 

a               n 

"     Matto  Grosso,  Palmiras 

«r 

139.5 

123. 

18. 

Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 

it               It                   ((                       (1 

9 

141. 

126. 

17  5 

it              II                 tt                tt 

"        "          "   Tapirapoan 

cf 

141.5 

125.5 

18.5 

tt             IC              II               11 

"         "            "       Jas6  Boni- 

facio 

cf 

147.5 

136. 

IC 

tt         It          It          It 

"     Maranhao.  Mirit il>:i 

f 

139. 

118.5 

19.5 

Munich  Museum 

it                         It                                 11 

9 

145.5 

126.5 

20. 

<(                it 

Isle  of  Maraj6,  Caehoneira 

o* 

145. 

135.5 

20. 

tt                it 

"                Fazenda  Aran 

•■ 

148. 

i 

21.5 

tt                a 

Tuyuyu 

if 

141. 

128.5 

19.5 

U                   tt 

U                             tt 

9 

142.5 

134.5 

20. 

(i                     it 

"               Fazenda  Aran 

9 

143 

i 

20. 

tt                    it 

"               Caehoneira 

9 

137.5 

128. 

22. 

tt                    tt 

Natal 

9 

138. 

131 

19. 

a                     tt 

Bupsittula  (tuna  major 

Paraguay:  Puerto  Pinasco 

(the  type) 

P 

I.V.i  fl 

142. 

20.5 

Amer.  Nat.  Nat.  Hist. 

Puerto  Pinaeco 

9 

155. 

142. 

19. 

ii      ti       tt       tt 

"          Coooepdoo 

J 

153 

137.5 

18.5 

Munich  Museum 

Manacus  manacus  subpurus,  new  subspecies 
in  (  'iiak  wtkus.    Under  tail  ooverta  white  ai  in  Miniums  manacus 

Iturtix,  hut  with  the  gray  area  on  sides  and  flanks  more  extensive  and  deeper  in  color. 

iponding  to  the  graj  sjdea  and  flunks  of  Manacua  minimus  trinitatU,     There  is 
hi  grayish  wash  <>n  bread  and  abdomen,    The  blackish  area  on  the  back  is 

more  extended  lli;m  in   \l untn us  manaetU  imnis.  Mini  the  gray  color  of  lump  and  upper 
tafl  00  irkor. 

Ttfb,     \m  l-'T'.u  i    \ni. ii    Mus. Nat   Hist  .  I     ';  Tapirapoan, Siputuba River, 

\|:,i  il,     .hinu.irv    I'.t.    I'll  |;     George    K.    ( 'herrie.      Wing,    51:     tail, 

almon,  0 


1923]      NEW  BIRDS  FROM  BRAZIL  AND  PARAGUA  V  5 

Specimens  Examined 

Species  with  White  Under  Tail  Coverts 

Manacus  manacus  subpurus. — Brazil:  Matto  Groaso, — Tapirapoan  (type),  1 
d\  Mutum  Cavallo,  1  d\  Santa  Isabel  (Rio  Preto;  right  bank  of  the  Rio  Madeira),  1 
d\  Engenho  do  Oama,  1  d\  1  9,8.  Vicente,  1  9  • 

Manacus  manacus \purus.  —Brazil:  Santarem,  6  cF;  Baiao,  2d1;  Providencia, 
1  cf;  Pard,  1  cf;  Pedreira  near  Para,  1  cf  J  Utinga  near  Par*,  2  cf ;  Calama  (Rio 
Machados),  1  d1;  Borba,  3  d11;  Maranhfio.     Miritiba,  2  <?. 

Species  with  Gray  Under  Tail  Coverts 

Manacus  manacus  manacus. — Fbbncb  Guiana:  Cayenne,  l  '.  British 
Guiana:  Demarara,  1  ?;  Wiemar,  4  -  ;  Rockatone  (Essequibo  River),  3  <?  J  Faro, 
1  cf;    Monte  Alegre,  1  d1. 

Manacus  manacus  triniiatu. — Trinidad:    Prineeatown,  .")  d\ 

Manacus  manacus  abditivus.  Colombia:  SantaMarta.il  ';  Puerto  Valdi via, 
1  d1;   Malena,  1  d1. 

Manacus  manacus  gutturosus. — Bkazii.:  Babia,  ~  |  Sao  Paulo,— Fazenda 
Cayod  (Salto  Grande,  Bio  Paranapanema),  1  cf,  Sebaatiio,  l  •';  Baptrito  Santo,— 
Victoria,  2   d". 

Manacus  manacus  ftavsolus.  Colombia:  Bogota,  -i  J;  within  30  miles  of 
Honda,  6  d1;  Chicoral,  5  d\ 

Manacus  manacus  leucochUtmys.  Ecuadob:  Coast  of  Manavf,  3  ':  Ksmeral- 
<las,  6  d\ 

Manacus  manacus  bangsi.  -Colombian   Barbacoaa,  4  eT. 

Manacus  manuals  interior. — Venkziki.a:  Maripa,  o  /.  Colombia:  Yillavi- 
cencio,  1  cf  (type,  A.  M.N.  H.) ;  Bogota  Collection,  3    '■   Ecuadob:  RioNapo,  Id*. 

This  new  subspecies  is  intermediate  geographically,  as  weW  as  in  it> 

subspecific  characters,  between  Manacus  manacus  purus  (from  Santarem, 
type  locality,  and  the  whole  lower  Amazon  region)  and  Manacus  manacus 
gutturosus  (from  southeastern  Brazil).  As  far  as  we  know,  Manacus 
manacus  subpurus  is  confined  to  the  central  portion  of  Brazil.  On  the 
upper  parts  our  new  subspecies  resembles  Mamuus  manacus  manacus 
in  the  extent  of  the  black  area  and  in  the  gray  color  of  the  rump  and  tail. 
It  differs,  however,  in  having  the  nape  unbarred.  We  may  therefore  con- 
clude that  Manacus  manacus  subpurus  ranges  from  at  least  Calama,  on 
t  he  right  bank  of  the  Rio  Madeira,  down  to  western  Matto  Grosso,  while 
specimens  of  Manacus  manacus  purus  are  found  at  Borba  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  lower  Madeira,  east  to  Maranhao.- 


'The  three  males  from  Borba,  Rio  Madeira,  agree  in  their  main  characters  with  Manacus  manacus 
puitu  hut  form  the  connecting  link  with  Manacus  manacus  manacus  by  the  slight  grayish  admixture  of 
the  under  tail  coverts. 

Specimens  recorded  by  Miss  Snethlage  ('Cat.  Aves  Amaz.,'  p.  370,  1014),  from  Boim,  the  left  bank 
of  the  Tapajoz,  must  be  examined  before  ascertaining  to  which  race  they  are  referable  Specimens 
from  Pebas,  Iquitos  (Peru),  belong  to  Manama  manacua  inte rior  Chapman. 


6  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  58 

Nystalus  maculatus  pallidigula,  new  subspecies 
Subspecific  Characters. — Agreeing  with  Nystalus  maculatus  parvirostris  from 

Goyaz,  in  shortness  of  bill  and  tail,  but  differing  in  the  considerably  paler  deep  buff. 

instead  of  tawny  color,  of  the  throat  and  in  having  the  breast  and  sides  marked  with 

longitudinal  stripes  instead  of  rounded  "rhomboid"  spots. 

Type. — No.  127477,  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.;    d1  ad.;  Urucum,  near  Corumba, 

Matto  Grosso,  Brazil;    December  8,  1913;   George  K.  Cherrie.    Wing,  78.5;   tail, 

70;  exposed  culmen,  29.5;  culmen  from  nostril,  24. 

Specimens  Examined 

Nystalus  maculatus  paUidigula. — Brazil:  Matto  Grosso, — Chapada,  2  d\ 
Urucum,  4d,,3  9,  Retiro,  2  d\  Caicara,  1  d". 

Nystalus  maculatus  maculatus. — Brazil:  Ceara, — Quixada, 2  d\3  9,  Jua,  2  d" 
(the  type,  Field  Museum),  3  9  ;  Bahia, — (trade  skins),  18  ?,  Lamarao,  3  d\  Fazenda 
Taboa,  Rio  Preto,  1  9,  Joazeiro,  1  d1,  S.  Amaro,  1  d\  2  9,  Alagohinas,  1  9,  Mata 
de  S.  Joan,  1  9;  Piauhy, — Therezina,  1  d1;  Pernambuco, — Recife,  1  ?;  Maranhao,— 
1  9,  Miritiba,  1  o",  3  9  ;  Maraj6  Island, — Pacoval,  2  ?;  Santarem,  11  d1,  9  9,2 
ad  ?;  Rio  de  Janeiro,  1  ? 

Nystalus  maculatus  parvirostris. — Brazil:  Goyaz, — Rio  Araguaya,  2  c?  (the  type, 
Tring  Museum),  2  9. 

Nystalus  maculatus  striatipectus. — Bolivia:  Dept.  Mizque, — S.  Jos6,  1  ?;  Dept . 
Santa  Cruz, — Valle  Grande,  1  9 ,  b'amaipata,  1  9 ,  Pampa  de  la  Isla,  1  d\  Santa  Cruz 
de  la  Sierra,  2  d1 ,  Pampas  de  Taperas  (20  leagues  south  of  Santa  Cruz),  1  ?;  Prov. 
del  Sara, — 1  d";  Chiquitos, — Palmarito  (Rjo  S.Julian),  2  ?;  Dept.  do  la  Cordilliero, — 
Guanacos,  1  9  ;  Dept.  Tarija, — Villa  Montes  (Pilccmayo  River),  3  d1 ;  neither  locality 
nor  sex  given,  2;  Puerto  Suarez,  1  d".  Argentina:  Prov.  of  Jujuy, — Perico,  1  d\  1  9  ; 
Prov.  of  Salta, — Embarcacion,  2  d\  6  9,  Rosario  de  Lerma,  7  d\  4  9;  Prov. 
Tucuman, — Sarmiento,  2  d1;  Prov.  Santiago  del  Estero, — Suncho  Corral,  1  d1,  3 
9;  Prov.  de  Chaco, — A  via  Tend  (General  Pinedo),  1  d\  1   9- 

Nystalus  maculatus  pallidigula  agrees  with  Nystalus  maculatus 
striatipectus  from  Bolivia  and  northwest  Argentina  in  the  pale  color  of 
the  throat,  and  the  markings  of  the  lower  parts,  but  is  much  smaller,  the 
bill  csjM!cially  being  weaker.  The  range  of  this  subspecies  is  confined  to 
Matto  Grosso. 

None  of  the  Characters  claimed  by  Mr.  Cory  for  his  proposed  new 

raoe  of  NytUdut  smrafafrii  nuckaUt?  hold  good.    There  is  perhaps  m 

■tight  difference  in  tin-  coloration  of  the  under  parts,  the  birds  from  (  Vara 

being,  ai  1  rule,  less  heavily  spotted  beneath.  'This,  however,  may  be  due 
in  part  .ii  least  to  the  make-up  ol  the  skins,  and  is  nol  borne  out  by  the 
other  specimens  horn  aortheasi  BrasH  we  have  seen,  sim samples  from 

Miritiba.  Maianhao  and  the  neighboring  states  of  I'iauhv  are  not  dis- 
tinmii.-habli-  from  the  average  I'aliia  birds. 

>10ie,FMdMu».  Nm  Vo.  208.  ZoOl.  ferita.  XII  I.  E*Mrt  n.  No.  I,  p.  IN 


8  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOV  IT  AT  ES  [No.  58 

Nystalus  maculatus  macidatus  inhabits  northeastern  Brazil  from 
Bahia  to  Ceara,  Maranhao,  and  occurs  also  on  the  Island  of  Marajo 
and  at  Santarem. 

Nystalus  maculatus  parmrostris  is  as  yet  only  known  from  the  Upper 
Rio  Araguaya,  near  Leopoldina  in  the  state  of  Goyaz. 

Nystalus  maculatus  pallidigula  is  confined  to  west  and  east  Matto 
Grosso. 

Nystalus  maculatus  striati  pectus  ranges  over  eastern  Bolivia  and 
northwest  Argentina.- 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES 

No.  59 


TWO   NEW   SPECIES   OF  WEST   INDIAN 
CLERIDjE   (COLEOPTERA) 

By  A.  B.  Wolcott 


Issued  February  14,  1923 


By  Order  of  the  Trustees 

of 

THE  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 
New  York  Citt 


AMERICAN    MUSEUM    NOVITATES 

Number  59  February  14,  1923 


09.57,06(729) 

TWO  NEW  SPECIES  OF  WEST  INDIAN  CLERID^ 
(COLEOPTERA) 

By  A.  B.  Wolcott 

Field  Museum  of  Natural  History,  Chicago,  111. 

Through  the  kindness  of  The  American  Museum  of  Natural  History, 
the  writer  has  had  the  privilege  of  examining  and  describing  the  following 
interesting,  new  cleiids. 

Callotillus  crusoe,  new  specie- 
Figure  1 

Moderately  slender;  black.  Dorsal  surface  rather  feebly  shining;  ventral 
surface  very  shining;  front  of  head  narrowly  rutilous;  antenna;  (apical  two  segments 
black)  and  labium  at  sides  testaceous;  elytra  Mack,  apical  half  in  large  part  pale 
yellow,  a  large,  ovate,  ante-apical,  common  maculation,  black,  sides  at  middle  with  an 
oblique,  elevated,  white  maculation,  a  similar  minute,  slightly  transverse  maculation 
at  basal  fourth  at  middle  of  width  of  each  elytron. 

Head,  including  the  not  prominent  eyes,  equal  in  width  to  pronotum  at  apex; 
surface  rather  coarsely  rugoso-punctate;  pubescence  dense,  semirecumbent,  grayish 
white.  Antenna'  slightly  longer  than  head  and  prothorax.  ten-segmented;  basal 
segment  short,  very  stout ;  second  small,  subtriangular;  third  to  ninth  triangular. 
their  apices  acute;  ninth  and  tenth  forming  an  elongate  ovate  mass;  tenth  narrower 
than  eighth,  nearly  as  long  as  seventh  and  eighth  together;  color  testaceous;  ninth 
and  tenth  segments  black,  the  former  narrowly  testaceous  at  base. 

Pronotum  slightly  longer  than  wide;  apical  margin  truncate;  sides  parallel  to 
slightly  behind  the  middle,  then  rather  strongly  arcuately  narrowing  to  about  basal 
fourth,  thence  subparallel  to  base;  base  truncate,  the  extreme  edge  with  a  fine 
elevated  margin;  subapical  constriction  wanting;  subapical  transverse  impression 
nearly  obsolete,  only  faintly  indicated  in  certain  lights;  surface  with  sculpture  same 
as  that  of  head;  pubescence  same  as  that  of  head  but  with  long,  sparse,  erect,  black 
hairs  intermixed.  Elytra  at  base  nearly  twice  as  wide  as  pronotum  at  base;  length 
two  ami  one-third  times  width  at  base;  humeri  obtusely  rounded;  sides  from  humeri 
to  middle  straight,  nearly  parallel,  behind  the  middle  gradually  broadening  to  apical 
fourth,  thence  arcuately  narrowing  to  the  conjointly  rounded  apices;  color  black, 
apical  half  pale  yellow,  anterior  margin  of  yellow  portion  convex;  in  apical  third  a 
large,  elongate  ovate,  common,  sutural  maculation,  extending  very  nearly  to  apical 
margin,  black;  sides  slightly  anterior  to  middle  with  a  feebly  arcuate,  linear,  elevated, 
white  maculation,  this  extending  obliquely  and  attenuately  forward  from  lateral 
margin  halfway  to  suture;  at  basal  fourth  a  minute,  slightly  transverse,  elevated, 
white  maculation  midway  between  the  lateral  margin  and  the  suture;  base  with  a 
broad  triangular  area  having  one  angle  on  suture,  and  an  oblique  fascia  each  side. 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES 


[No.  59 


extending  from  immediately  behind  the  humeri  to  the  suture  at  a  point  .slightly  before 
the  middle,  composed  of  dense,  coarse,  grayish-white  pubescence;  a  large,  feebly 
elevated,  subbasal  tubercle,  midway  between  lateral  margin  and  suture,  densely 
clothed  with  a  tuft  of  long,  black  hairs;  black  portions  densely  clothed  with  short, 
semireeumbent,  black  pubescence,  longer  and  erect  in  humeral  region;  the  yellow 
portion  densely  clothed  with  pale  yellowish  pubescence,  a  few  nearly  erect,  long,  black 
hairs  intermixed;  surface  finely  and  sparsely  punctate  at  extreme  base,  becoming 
closerat  about  basal  fourth,  and  a  little  coarser  toward  the  apex,  punctuation  irregular 
throughout,  showing  no  tendency  to  become  seriate.  Abdomen  impunctate,  very 
sparsely  clothed  with  long,  black  hairs.  Mesosternum  smooth,  moderately  clothed 
with  semireeumbent,  grayish-white  pubescence.  Legs  rather  short  and  stout, 
moderately  clothed  with  rather  long,  white  hairs.     Length,  4.2  mm. 

Holotype—  A  male,  No.  26991,  Camuy,  Porto  Kico,  August  8,  1922  (G.  N. 
Wolcott,  collector  and  donor),  in  the  collection  of  The  American  Museum  of  Natural 
History. 


Fill.    1.      ('nllotilliis  rrusDi ,   new    species. 

Fiji.  2       ('minthisi-Hs  nrinnides,   new  species. 

C.  ■  allied  to  C.  elegant  Erichsoii  (ocddentalu  Qorham),  bu1 

diffen  from  thai  as  well  u  from  C,  vofer  Wolcott,  by  tin-  entire 

abeence  of  seriate  elytra]  punctures,  its  aomewhal  larger  si/cits  rather 
broader  form,  and  the  impunctate  metasternum  and  abdomen.  The 
differently  formed  and  arranged  raised  fascia'  or  maoulations  air  also 

nguishing  characters.    The  head  and  pronotum  in  C.  erusoe  are 

<|fiis/|\    |.iiIm  ,  |\    v(,   i,,    |b,.  oilier  species;     the  antenna'  arc 

differently  formed,  having  a  greater  Dumber  of  triangular  segments; 
the  color  patfc  inique,  the  arrangement  of  the  pubescence  in  basal 

half  of  elytni  in<l  the  densely  pilose  elvtral  tubercles  arc 

•,lllv   ill    (  OriitCtllS   Wolcott 


1923]       NEW  SPECIES  OF  WEST  INDIAN  CLERID&  3 

This  species  is  the  first  member  of  the  family  to  he  recorded  from 
Porto  Rico,  and  the  first  CaUoHUus  known  from  any  of  the  West  Indian 
islands. 

C  crusoe,  as  well  as  elegaus  and  vafer,  is  placed  in  CaUotillus  provi- 
sionally only,  as  it  differs  from  the  other  members  of  the  genus  in  several 
important  characters.  No  doubt,  eventually  the  creation  of  a  new  genus 
will  be  necessary  for  the  reception  of  this  new  species  and  ('.  elegant  and 
C.  vafer.  In  C.  eburneocinctus,  the  genoholotype,  the  terminal  segment  of 
the  maxillary  palpi  is  subcylindrieal,  the  eyes  are  einarginate  internally 
and  the  abdomen  has  bnt  five  visible  segments.  In  elegans,  raft r,  and 
crusoe  the  maxillary  palpi  have  the  terminal  segment  conical,  the  eyes 
are  deeply  emarginate  anteriorly,  and  the  abdomen  lias  six  distinct  well- 
developed  segments. 

Corinthiscus  axinoides,  new  species 
Figure  2 

Elongate;  black,  feebly  shining,  clothed  throughout  with  grayish  pubescence; 
palpi,  antenna?,  legs  (the  knees  black),  elytra  (a  common  scutellar  maculation,  the 
flanks  in  anterior  half,  a  small  Heck  before  the  middle,  and  a  large  irregular  lateral 
maculation  at  apical  fourth,  black:  and  abdomen  (three  basal  tegmenta  broadly  in- 
fuscate  at  middle)  ferruginous. 

Head,  including  the  eyes,  subequal  in  width  to  pronotum  at  apex;  black; 
surface  coarsely,  densely  rugosely  punctate;  pubescence  rather  sparse,  recumbent 
and  erect,  grayish  white.  Antenna-  extending  but  slightly  beyond  base  of  elytra, 
eleven-segmented;  segments  one  to  five  and  nine,  ten  and  eleven  (the  mass)  longer 
than  wide;  segments  six,  seven  and  eight  shorter,  their  width  subequal  to  their  length; 
basal  segment  rather  stout,  moderately  long;  seeond  and  fourth  subequal  in  width  and 
length;  third  one-third  longer  than  second;  fifth  segment  equal  in  length  but  slightly 
broader  than  the  fourth;  ninth  and  tenth  segments  much  larger,  width  .subequal  to 
length,  depressed,  subtriangular  and  rather  deeply  emarginate  at  apex,  thus  produc- 
ing a  short,  stout  ramus  at  apical  angle  on  anterior  margin;  eleventh  one-third  longer 
than  tenth,  depressed,  gradually  broader  from  base  to  the  obliquely  subtruncate  apex, 
broadly  infuscate  in  about  middle  third;    pubescence  similar  to  that  of  head. 

Pronotum  black,  slightly  wider  than  long;  surface  sculpture  same  as  that  of 
bead  but  much  coarser;  disk  at  middle  with  a  large,  slightly  longitudinal,  moderately 
deep  depression;  anterior  to  the  depression  a  very  fine,  longitudinal  carina  extends 
nearly  to  apical  margin;  posterior  to  the  depression  a  rather  broad,  nearly  smooth, 
slightly  elevated  area  extends  nearly  to  base;  pubescence  same  as  that  of  head:  apical 
margin  arcuate;  sides  rather  strongly  constricted  near  apex,  thence  nearly  straight 
and  strongly  divergent  to  basal  third,  in  basal  third  strongly  obliquely  narrowed  to 
base;  base  very  slightly  narrower  than  apex,  subtruncate,  scarcely  perceptibly 
bisinuate,  finely  margined.  Scutellum  subtriangular,  at  middle  longitudinally  sili- 
cate, black.  Elytra  at  base  slightly  wider  than  prothorax  at  its  widest  part;  length 
two  and  two-thirds  times  width  at  base;  humeri  obtuse;  sides  straight,  parallel  from 
humeri  to  about  apical  third,  thence  rather  rapidly,  amiately  narrowed  to  the  eon- 


4  AMERICAN  Ml'SEl.U  XOVITATES  [No.  59 

jointly  rounded  apices;  flanks  declivo-subinrlexed,  with  lateral  stripe  not  visible  from 
above;  surface  very  coarsely  punctate;  punctures  cribrate,  very  irregularly  arranged 
in  series,  those  bordering  the  suture  reaching  to  about  the  middle,  those  on  the  flanks 
and  those  upon  the  disk  extending  nearly  to  apex,  and  only  slightly  reduced  in  size 
but  more  feebly  impressed;  punctuation  of  extreme  apical  portion  coarse,  irregular, 
not  deeply  impressed;  intervals  throughout  rather  finely,  irregularly  punctuate; 
pubescence  uniformly  distributed,  moderately  dense,  especially  at  apex,  semierect. 
grayish  white;  color  ferruginous;  lateral  margin  from  base  nearly  to  middle  rather 
broadly,  and  five  maculations,  piceous;  first  maculation  common,  of  moderate  size, 
surrounding  the  scutellum;  second  antemedian,  small,  irregularly  rounded,  nearer  to 
suture  than  to  flanks;  third,  at  apical  fourth,  formed  of  a  broad,  longitudinal,  mar- 
ginal marking  broadly  coalescent  with  an  irregularly  rounded,  discal  maculation, 
the  maculation  as  a  whole  reaching  from  the  lateral  margin  two-thirds  distance  to 
suture.  Metasternum  rather  coarsely  and  densely  rugoso-punctate,  its  side  pieces 
more  finely  punctate  and  obliquely  strigose;  pubescence  sparse.  Abdomen  mod- 
erately coarsely,  closely,  rugoso-punctate.  the  posterior  margin  of  three  basal  seg- 
ments nearly  smooth;  sixth  ventral  semicircular;  pubescence  rather  short,  dense, 
recumbent,  grayish  white.  Legs  pale  ferruginous,  the  knees  black;  pubescence 
moderately  sparse;  tibia1  of  anterior  legs  with  outer  margin  in  basal  half  irregular, 
in  apical  half  closely,  irregularly  denticulate,  the  outer  apical  angle  with  a  moderately 
large,  strong  tooth;  tarsi  with  three  basal  segments  nearly  nude  beneath.  Length, 
20.5  mm. 

Holotype.  A  male  ?),  .No.  26992,  San  Carlos  Estate,  Rio  Seco,  Guantanaino. 
Cuba,  July  1.  IQlfi  (C.  T.  Ramsden,  collector  and  donor),  in  the  collection  of  The 
American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

Tliii  species,  tin-  largest  Pelonia  known  to  the  writer  and  believed 

to  exceed  in  size  any  other  described  species,  remarkably  resembles  the 
Peruvian  <  .  riveti  Lesne  in  most  details  of  structure  and.  to  a  consider- 
able extent .  in  the  coloration.  It  is,  however,  of  much  greater  size  {rioeti, 
6-8  nmi.!:  the  pronottim  is  proportionally  broader,  with  its  sides  more 
strongly  divergent,  not  from  the  apical  margin  but  from  the  subapical 

constriction;  the  pronotal  discal  depression  does  not  exceed  in  extent 
one-third  the  total  length  of  the  pronotmn  (entire  in  riveti)]  the  rows  of 
elytra!  puncture*  iie  longer  and  much  more  irregular  and  confused;   the 

interval!  punctate  (smooth  and  shining  in  riveti);  the  tibia  of  the  anterior 

leg]  have  their  outer  margin  distinctly  denticulate  in  apical  half  (simple 
in  riveti)',  ami  the  tarsi  have  the  three  basal  segments  nearly  nude 
bene.-ith  'densely  and  very  finely  villose  in  nnh 

In  the  new  ipeck  I  'he  system  ,,|  coloration  is  much  the  same  as  in 

the  principal  difference  being  that  in  riveti  the  stripe  bordering 

the  lateral  margin  in  basal  h:d!  of  the  .  1\  t  r:i  i-  wanting,  but  the  shoulder- 

with  a  piceous  maculation,  of  which  there  is  only  the  slight- 

md    the    post-median    maculation    is   common, 

ii  it  in  outline  and  Fails  to  reach  the  lateral  margin 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM   NOVITATES 

No.  60 


NOTES  ON  WEST  INDIAN  LYCID/E  AND 

LAMPYRIDiE  (COLEOPTERA),  WITH 

DESCRIPTIONS  OF  NEW  FORMS 

By  Andrew  J.  Mutchler 


Issued  March  15,  1923 


By  Order  op  the  Trustees 

op 

THE  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 
New  York  City 


AMERICAN    MUSEUM    NOVITATES 

Number  60  March  15,  1923 


59.57,66(729) 

NOTES   ON  WEST  INDIAN   LYCID^E  AND   LAMPYRIDiE 
(COLEOPTERA),  WITH  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  NEW  FORMS 

By  Andrew  J.  Mutchler 

INTRODUCTION 

In  a  recent  paper  (1922,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  XLVI,  pp. 
413-490)  Mr.  Leng  and  I  gave  a  treatise  on  the  then  known  species  of 
Lycidae,  Lampyridse,  and  Cantharidse  of  the  West  Indies.  We  described 
thirty-five  new  species  and  three  new  varieties,  making  a  total  of  one 
hundred  and  ten  species  and  seven  varieties  treated.  Since  that  time  I 
have  had  the  privilege  of  examining  a  number  of  West  Indian  species 
belonging  to  these  families,  among  them  some  species  which  I  believe 
to  be  new,  and  several  which  offer  locality  records  not  heretofore  recorded. 

The  specimens  were  received  from  several  different  sources:  Brit- 
ish Museum,  sent  by  Mr.  G.  J.  Arrow;  Mr.  Geo.  N.  Wolcott  of  the 
Insular  Experiment  Station  at  Rio  Piedras,  Porto  Rico;  University  of 
Iowa,  sent  by  Dr.  Dayton  Stoner;  Estacion  Experimental  Agronomica, 
Santiago  de  las  Vegas,  Cuba,  sent  by  Mr.  Stephen  C.  Bruner,  Chief  of 
the  Department  of  Entomology  and  Vegetable  Pathology ;  and  a  number 
from  Haiti,  collected  by  Mr.  F.  E.  Watson  of  this  Museum,  whose 
expedition  to  that  part  of  Hispaniola  was  made  possible  through  the 
generosity  of  Mr.  B.  Preston  Clark. 

The  locality  records  for  the  specimens  collected  in  Haiti  by  Mr. 
Watson  are  in  many  cases  accompanied  by  field  notes.  There  are  also 
some  records  which  refer  to  small,  somewhat  obscure,  places  not  indicated 
on  most  maps  of  the  Haitian  Republic.  The  following  is  a  list  of  these 
localities  with  the  field  notes. 

Port  au  Prince.  Material  taken  near  Hotel  Montagne,  about  two  miles  south- 
east of  center  of  town.    Altitude  about  250  to  350  feet. 

Carrefour.  On  the  south  coast  of  Port  au  Prince  Bay,  about  seven  miles 
west  of  the  city  of  Port  au  Prince. 

Petionville.  About  seven  miles  southeast  of  Port  au  Prince  and  located  in  the 
hills  at  about  1400  feet  altitude. 

Manville.  At  the  western  end  of  Lake  Assu6i  (called  Assu6i  or  Etang  Sau- 
matre).  The  present  termination  of  the  railroad  running  east  from  Port  au  Prince. 
Altitude  about  60  feet. 


2  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  60 

Fond  Pakisikx.  On  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Assuei,  about  ten  miles  on  a 
straight  line  (across  the  lake)  southeast  of  Manville.  Collecting  done  in  the  planta- 
tions back  from  tin-  beach.  This  region  would  be  arid  except  for  irrigation.  Altitude 
about  60  feet. 

La  Morinikrk.  Along  the  railroad  about  thirteen  iniles  east  of  Port  au  Prince. 
Altitude  about  125  feet. 

Pont  Beudet.  One  station  west  of  La  Moriniere,  or  about  eleven  miles  east  of 
Port  au  Prince.    Altitude  about  100  feet. 

Arx  Cayes.  (On  some  maps  as  Caves).  Fort  Ilet  district  along  the  coast  to 
about  one  and  one-half  miles  east  of  the  town  and  in  plantations  a  short  distance  back 
from  the  coast.  This  region  is  studded  with  lagoons  and  marshes.  Collecting  also 
done  about  one  and  one-half  miles  west  of  t  lie  town  to  the  River  La  Ravine. 

Charpentiku.  About  three  to  five  miles  north  of  Aux  Caves,  approximately  at 
sea-level. 

Scpplice.     On  St.  Marc  Bay,  about  two  miles  south  of  St.  Marc. 

Piveht.  About  two  and  one-half  miles  inland  east  of  St.  Marc.  Altitude  100 
to  400  feet. 

In  the  fallowing  records  and  descriptions,  which  include  the  Lycidae 
and  Lampyridie.  exclusive  of  the  genera  Photinus1  and  Photuris,  I  have 
arranged  the  genera  in  the  same  order  as  in  the  recent  paper  by  Mr.  Long 
and  myself  on  these  families,  and  have  also,  where  known,  given  the 
collector's  name  (in  parenthesis)  after  the  locality  records  and  indicated 
the  collections  in  which  the  various  specimens  are  located. 

LTomn 

Thonalmus  dominicensis  (<  'hevrolat  ) 
Haiti      \ii\  C-ives,  M.inh  to    IS  <  |\  K.  W'atsoni;    Coll.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 

Thonalmus  chevrolati  (Bourgeois) 
Haiti:     La    Monnniv.    Man-h    1    f>;     Au\   ('ayes,    March    15-18;    Charpent  u  t. 
March  Id;     Pfoft,  April]     I     EL  \\at>oin;     Coll.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat,  Hist.     I  have 
nee  mecimeni  from  Haina,  Dominican  Rjefctbuc,  in  the  collection  of  Goo.  N. 

Wolcott. 

Thonalmus  auavis  (Jacquelin  Duval) 
Santiago  di  December 28  (J.  Axmna);  Coll.  Amer.  Mus  Mat. 

Thonalmus  amabilis  (Jacquelin  Duval) 

april  ]  0  8  C  Bruner,  J.  Acuna,  and  C.  H.  Ballou);  Nagua 
<..  .i,,k  ,  rimer  and  C.  H.  Ballou);  Coll.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 

Thonalmus  aulicus  (.Jacquelin  Duval) 

•     Bruner,  and  < '.  n    Ballou);  Coll.  Amer, 


iT)*n>  arr.  kin<>n«  thr  material  nxwivml  from  tht  i  unmix  xmirrm  «pok»«ii  ..I  m  lli.   IntrodoOtiOB  Ol 
;  *p*r,  mtvotu  record*  of  l*nipyrtd»<  r*>lon»;  ..«,„.,-,  Mint  I'hoiur,    :u..l  ■..,, 

of  OmmJmumI  .  .|l.li«l.  Ilir-..-  ii.  it  • 


1923]         WEST  INDIAN  LYCIDjE  AND  LAMPYRIDM  3 

Thonalmus  aulicus  variety  distinguendus  (Jacquelin  Duval) 
Cuba:  Taco  Taco,  April  1-6  (S.  C.  Bruner,  J.  Acuna,  and  C.  H.  Ballou);  San- 
tiago de  las  Vegas,  April  28  (8.  C.  Bruner);  Coll.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 

Lampyridje 
Alecton  discoidalis  Castelnau 

Cuba:  Santiago  de  las  Vegas  (B.  T.  Barreto);  Coll.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 
Santiago  de  las  Vegas  (M.  Plasencia  and  J.  Acuna);  Coll.  Estacion  Exp.  Agronomica, 
Cuba. 

Alecton  flavum  Leng  and  Mutchler 
Cuba:  Taco  Taco,  April  1-6  (S.  C.  Bruner.  .1.  Acim.-i,  and  C.  \\.  Ballou);  Coll. 
Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 

Lucidota  Castelnau 

Among  the  material  sent  to  this  Museum  by  Mr.  Stephen  C.  Bruner 
are  several  specimens  which  represent  three  new  species.  I  have  placed 
them  in  this  genus  as  they  have  the  strongly  compressed  serrate  (especi- 
ally in  the  male)  antennae.  One  of  the  species  has  the  antennae  of  the 
male  a  little  longer  than  the  body;  in  another  the  male  antennae  are  just 
about  the  length  of  the  body;  while  in  the  third  species  the  male  antennae 
are  somewhat  shorter.  I  am  also  describing  as  new  one  other  species  and 
a  variety  represented  by  specimens  in  the  National  Museum  Collection, 
which  Mr.  Leng  and  I  failed  to  describe  in  our  paper  on  the  species.  In 
general  outline  the  species  which  have  been  placed  in  this  genus  come 
close  to  Photinus,  but  can  be  separated  from  that  genus  by  their  serrate 
antennae.  In  this  connection  it  may  be  well  to  quote  a  translation  of  one 
of  Ernest  Olivier's  remarks  on  the  subject:  "Some  Photinus  with  com- 
pressed antennae  come  close  to  this  genus  but  one  must  note  that  in  these 
the  joints  of  the  antennae  are  merely  depressed  without  being  dentate 
or  triangularly  broadened." 

The  West  Indian  representatives  of  Lucidota  could  be  separated  into 
groups,  based  on  the  relative  length  and  more  or  less  strong  serration  of 
the  male  antennae.  These  characters  do  not  hold  good  for  the  females  as, 
in  all  of  the  specimens  of  this  sex  which  I  have  examined,  the  female 
antennae  are  approximately  of  the  same  length  and  the  serration  does  not 
show  any  marked  difference  between  the  species.  I  have,  therefore,  in 
the  following  key,  avoided  using  the  male  antennal  character,  except  for 
species  which  could  not  otherwise  be  very  clearly  separated. 

Of  the  species  here  discussed  from  the  West  Indies  two  are  found  in 
Porto  Rico,  one  in  Dominica,  while  all  of  the  others  are  confined  to  Cuba. 
The  species  found  in  Porto  Rico  and  Dominica  are  so  noted  in  the  key. 


4  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  60 

1. — Disk  of  pronotum  yellow,  without  rosy  color 2. 

Disk  of  pronotum  more  or  less  red  (rosy),  with  or  without  black  or  dark  markings 

3. 
2. — Pronotum  darker  at  the  apex;  small  species,  less  than  5  mm.  in  length. 

fulvotinctus. 

Pronotum  wholly  j-ellow,  larger,  6.5  mm.  in  length fulvotinctus  var.  flavicollis. 

3. — Pronotum  with  a  well-defined  black  mark  on  middle  of  the  disk 4. 

Pronotum  not  generally  marked  with  darker  color,  but  if  marked  with  darker 
color,  then  with  a  black  or  brownish  spot  at  apex  or  an  ill-defined  dark  cloud 

on  the  central  portion  of  disk 7. 

4. — Elytra  black  or  brownish  black,  not  margined  with  paler  color  (Dominica). 

incognita. 

Elytra  margined  with  paler  color 5. 

5. — Discal  black  markings  on  the  pronotum  broad  and  of  approximately  the  same 
width  throughout;   antenna?  of  male  somewhat  strongly  serrate  and  about 

two-thirds  t lie  length  of  the  body  (Porto  Rico) marginipennis. 

Discal  black  marking  on  the  pronotum  much  narrower  at  base  than  at  apex.  .6. 
6. — Sutural  and  lateral  pale  margins  of  the  elytra  more  or  less  disconnected  at  the 
apex,  leaving  the  apical  margins  dark;  antennae  of  male  strongly  serrate  and 
about  as  long  as  the  body;  pygidium  of  male  narrowly  rounded  at  apex. 

bruneri. 

Pale  margins  of  the  elytra  continuous  around  the  apex;  antennae  of  male  more 

moderately  serrate  and  about  one-half  the  length  of  body;  pygidium  of  male 

squarely  truncate  at  apex subdubitata. 

7. — Pronotum  with  a  dark  spot  at  the  apex;  scutellum  pale  yellow;  antennae  of 
male  very  strongly  serrate  and  somewhat  (at  least  the  length  of  the  apical 

joint)  longer  t baa  the  body chevrolati. 

Pronotum  generally  without  dark  marking  at  apex;  antennae  of  male  not  longer 

than  the  body 8. 

8. — Scutellum  pain  to  dark  brown;  sutural  and  lateral  pale  markings  of  the  elytra 
more  or  less  disconnected  at  the  apex,  leaving  the  apical  margin  dark  or  very 
narrowly  pair,  and  sometimes  with  the  sutural  margin  dark;  antennae  of 
male  moderately  strongly  serrate  and  not  quite  as  long  as  the  body. 

miniatocollis. 

Siiiural  and  lateral  margins  of  the  elytra  continued  more  or  less  broadly  around 

the  apexj  antenna-  of  male  somewhat  strongly  serrate  and  about  as  long  as 

t  he  l>ody  (Porto  Rico) decorus. 

Lucidota  fulvotinctus,  new  species 

Malic. — Pale  brown     Bead  pale  t.>  dark  brown,  palpi  brown,  mandibles  paler. 
■  i wo  thirds  the  length  <>i'  the  body,  serrate  from  the  third  joint,  all  of 

the  joints  dark  brown.  Prtnotum  yellow  on  the  disk,  brownish  at  apex,  submargins 
and  apex  somewhat  M>ai>el\  with  disk  less  coarsely  DUnetate;  disk  with  a  median 
.  hannr  I  extending  from  lh>  I, a  |  tO  the  middle.  Keutcllum  brownish  yellow.  Klytra 
pall  brown,  margined  a(  the  imlen  and  SUtUre  With  paler  color,  apex  not  completely 

margined,  pubescence  short ,  yellow .    i  tadenidi  pale  brow  n  ■  m  h  a  darker  brown  mark 

on  t he  sides  Which  extend*  from  lh.    prosternum  and  covers  the  metasternnni,  then 


1923]         WEST  INDIAN  LYCIDM  AND  LAMPYRIDM  5 

extends  along  the  ventral  segments,  leaving  the  lateral  margin  and  central  portion 
pale  brown  to  the  seventh  segment,  this  and  the  eighth  segment  wholly  pale  yellowish 
brown.    Legs  brown,  femora  slightly  darker.    Length,  4-4.5  mm. 

Female. — Unknown. 

Described  from  two  male  specimens  collected  by  E.  A.  Schwarz  at  Cayamas, 
Cuba,  May  18  and  31. 

Holotype:  Coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Paratype:  No.  26962;  Coll.  Amer.  Mus. 
Nat,  Hist. 


Lucidota  fulvotinctus  variety  flavicollis,  new  variety 

Male. — Pale  brown.  Head  yellow,  slightly  infuscate  at  the  front,  palpi  and 
mandibles  yellow,  the  latter  brown  at  apex.  Antennae  about  two-thirds  the  length 
of  body,  serrate  from  third  joint,  first  to  third  joints  more  or  less  pale  beneath.  Pro- 
notum  yellow,  apex  and  sides  somewhat  coarsely  with  disk  less  coarsely  punctured; 
disk  with  a  median  channel  extending  from  the  base  to  about  the  middle.  Scutellum 
yellow.  Elytra  pale  brown,  margined,  except  at  base,  with  yellow,  covered  with  a 
short  yellow  pubescence.    Underside  and  legs,  pale  yellow.    Length,  6.5  mm. 

Female  . — Unknown . 

Holotype:  Baracoa,  Cuba;  September;  Aug.  Busck,  Collector;  Coll.  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus. 

The  above  species  and  variety  are  represented  by  specimens  which 
Mr.  Leng  and  I  set  aside  when  studying  the  West  Indian  Lampyridae, 
but  my  further  study  has  convinced  me  that  they  represent  a  species 
unlike  anything  previously  described.  They  have  the  elytra  light  brown 
in  color,  with  the  thorax  yellow,  differing  in  this  respect  from  other  West 
Indian  species  of  the  genus  which  have  the  elytra  dark  brown  or  black 
and  the  thorax  more  or  less  tinged  with  rosy  red. 

The  specimens  from  which  the  species  were  described  were  examined 
by  the  late  Ernest  Olivier  and  returned  to  the  U.  S.  National  Museum 
without  a  name. 

Lucidota  miniatocollis  Chevrolat 
There  are  thirteen  specimens  in  the  material  we  received  from  Mr. 
S.  C.  Bruner  which  are  smaller  (5-6  mm.  in  length)  than  the  specimens 
Mr.  Leng  and  I  considered  as  belonging  to  miniatocollis,  but  otherwise 
they  agree  with  the  description  which  we  gave  of  the  species.  They  are 
from  Cuba:  Nagua  Oriente,  July  7;  Sierra  Maestra,  July  10-20;  and 
Taco  Taco,  April  1-6;  (S.  C.  Bruner,  J.  Acuna,  and  C.  H.  Ballou); 
Coll.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.;  Nagua  Oriente,  July  7  (S.  C.  Bruner  and 
C.  H.  Ballou) ;  Taco  Taco,  April  1-6  (S.  C.  Bruner,  J.  Acuna,  and  C.  H. 
Ballou) ;  Los  Sibalos,  Cienga  de  Zapata,  July  19,  on  Chrysobalanus  icaco; 
Coll.  Estacion  Exp.  Agronomica,  Cuba. 


6  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  60 

Lucidota  subdubitata,  new  species 

Male. — Elongate,  brownish  black.  Head  black  on  the  occiput,  labium  and 
space  between  the  antennae  paler.  Mandibles  pale  brown,  darker  at  the  tips.  Palpi 
brown,  apical  joint  black.  Antennae  black,  pubescent,  slightly  more  than  one-half 
the  length  of  the  body,  serrate  from  the  third  joint.  Pronotum  somewhat  narrowly 
rounded  at  apex,  hind  angles  slightly  acute,  margins  pale  yellow,  somewhat  trans- 
lucent, subapical  margin  black;  disk  rosy  with  a  more  or  less  noticeable  median 
channel  and  with  a  median  black  marking  which  extends  narrowly,  for  a  short  dis- 
tance, along  the  basal  margin  and  is  more  or  less  narrowed  basally,  becoming  broader 
apically  and  fusing  with  the  broad  apical  spot.  Elytra  black,  margined  except  at 
base  with  yellow,  pubescence  yellowish.  Pygidium  dark  at  base  paler  apically, 
somewhat  broadly  and  squarely  truncate  at  apex.  Prosternum  rosy,  this  color  ex- 
tending more  or  less  into  the  apex  of  the  mesosternum  which  is  otherwise  black. 
Ventral  segments  of  the  abdomen  dark,  last  two  segments  somewhat  paler  in  one 
specimen.    Legs  piceous,  femora  somewhat  paler.    Length,  8.5  to  11.5  mm. 

Femalk. — Similar  in  color  and  markings  to  the  male.  Head  between  the  eyes 
not  as  pale.  Antennae  shorter,  less  serrate.  Pygidium  black  triangular,  narrowed  at 
apex.  Femora  in  one  specimen  paler  on  the  inner  side  and  basally.  Last  ventral 
segment  of  the  abdomen  slightly  paler  and  with  light  organs  at  each  side  of  the  base. 
Length,  10.5  to  13  mm. 

Cuba. — Holotype  male,  No.  26964,  and  allotype  female,  No.  26965,  summit1  of 
Pico  Turquino,  July  22,  1922.  Paratype  female,  No.  26966,  Sierra  Maestra,  July 
10-20,  192.'  Paratype  male,  No.  26967,  summit  of  Pico  Turquino,  July  22,  1922  (C. 
H.  Ballou  and  S.  C.  Bruno);  Coll.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Paratypes,  female,  Pico 
Turquino,  July  20  and  22;  alt.  5500  to  6000  feet  and  summit  (S.  C.  Bruner  and  C.  H. 
Ballou);  Coll.  Estacion  Exp.  Agronomica,  Cuba. 

Lucidota  bruneri,  new  species 

M ai.k.  Elongate,  blackish  brown.  Head  black,  pink  around  the  antennal 
sclerite,  (possibly  deciduous).  Mandibles  dark  at  tip.  Palpi  dark  brown,  somewhat 
thickly  covered  with  \  ill<i\\  i>h  pubescence.  Antenna'  dark  brown,  approximately 
as  long  as  the  body,  Strongly  serrate  from  the  third  joint,  covered  with  short,  stiff, 
brown  hair>.  Pronotum  somewhat  broadly  rounded  at  apex,  hind  angles  straight; 
side  margins  p:de,  .-oiiie\vh:it  translucent,  apical  margin  with  a  dark  spot,  basal 
margin  ro>\  at  the  central  portion,  -ide,  apical  and  basal  margins  with  somewhat 
coarse  pun.  ti;  in.  what  obsoletely  channeled,  finely  punctata  and  with 

a  black  central  marking  which  extendi  narrowly  from  the  base  and  joins  with  (lie 

broad  apical  ipol :  in  one  specimen  the  baeal  pari  of  the  ducal  black  mark  is  almost 

entirely  obliterated  leaving  only  ■  small  dark  spot  at   the  base  and  becoming  dark 

again  at  about  the  middle.  Bcutauum  dark  brown.  Klyt  ra  brownish  black,  margined 
dea  with  pale  yellow, apical  margins  darker;  closely  punctate  and 

covered  with  orl  brown  pubeeoenoe.     Pygidium  rounded  at  apex,  pale 

rkei  basallj      I  aderside  dark  brown.    Prosternum  and  middle 

•Them  arc  aavaral  ap»<  >>;  th«  material  aent  by  Mr.  8   C.  Bronsr  which  arc  marked 

"'  Uiii.rr"  Qmsm»  '     '         i' i.-rrint  in  nliiiuilo      VII  ipi-.-inii-iiM  ao  marked  are  from  Pico  Turquino. 

U>«  aiifi.!..  '  >.f  *■  puhlmhad  r*  ppn  U octan  (about  7800 

sasfs  sss4sfeL 


1923]         WEST  INDIAN  LYCIDjE  AND  LAMPYRIDM  7 

of  apex  of  mesosternum  extending  into  the  coxal  cavities  rosy,  other  parts  of  meso- 
sternum  and  ventral  abdominal  segments,  except  the  last  two,  dark  brown,  last  two 
(including  the  eighth)  segments  pale  yellow.    Legs  dark  brown.    Length,  12  mm. 

Female. — Unknown. 

Cuba.— Holotype,  No.  26963,  summit  of  Pico  Turquino,  July  22,  1922  (S.  C. 
Bruner  and  C.  H.  Ballou);  Coll.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat  Hist.  Three  paratypes  near  Pico 
Turquino,  July  20,  alt.  4500  to  5000  feet  and  Pico  Turquino,  July  22,  alt.  4500 
to  5500  feet  and  summit  (8.  C.  Bruner  and  C.  H.  Ballou);  Coll.  Estacion  Exp 
Agronomica,  Cuba. 

This  species  and  subduhitata  are  somewhat  similar  in  size  and  color 
markings  but  the  males  can  readily  be  separated  on  the  following  char- 
acters. In  subdubitata  the  antennae  are  much  shorter  than  the  body; 
the  basal  angles  of  the  thorax  are  slightly  acute  and  the  discal  dark 
marking  in  all  the  specimens  I  have  seen  extends  narrowly  for  a  short 
distance  along  the  basal  margin;  the  apical  margins  of  the  elytra  are  not 
clouded  with  darker  color  but  are  as  pale  as  the  sutural  and  lateral 
margins  and  the  pygidium  is  dark  and  squarely  truncate  at  the  apex. 

Lucidota  chevrolati,  new  species 

Male. — Elongate.  Front  of  head,  antenna,  and  palpi  black.  Antenna  much 
flattened,  strongly  serrate  from  the  third  joint,  longer  than  the  body  by  more  than 
the  length  of  the  last  joint.  Pronotum  rosy  on  the  disk,  side  margins  yellow,  apex 
with  a  fuscous  spot,  disk  with  a  short,  shallow  impression.  Scutellum  yellow,  rosy 
at  the  base.  Elytra  black,  margined  at  the  sides  and  suture  with  pale  yellow,  extreme 
apical  margins  dark;  punctate  and  covered  with  a  short,  pale  brown  pubescence. 
Underside  of  thorax  pale  yellow  with  rosy  tint.  Meso-  and  metasternum  pale  yellow 
with  side  pieces  of  both  and  central  portion  of  metasternum  dark.  First  to  sixth 
ventral  segments  whitish  yellow  at  the  sides  and  middle,  broadly  brown  at  the 
sublateral  margins,  seventh  segment  pale  whitish  yellow,  eighth  pale  brown.  Legs 
pale  brown,  with  inner  side  of  femora  paler.    Length,  6.5  to  7.5  nun. 

Female  . — Unknown . 

Cuba. — Holotype,  No.  26968,  and  paratype,  No.  26969,  Sierra  Maestra,  July 
10-20,  1922,  alt.  2000  to  3000  feet  (C.  H.  Ballou  and  S.  C.  Bruner);  Coll.  Amer.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.  Two  paratypes,  Sierra  Maestra  July  10-20,  1922,  alt.  2000  to  3000  feet 
(C.  H.  Ballou  and  S.  C.  Bruner) ;  Coll.  Estacion  Exp.  Agronomica,  Cuba. 

The  males  of  this  species  and  bruneri  have  the  antennae  longer  and 
more  strongly  serrate  than  any  of  the  other  West  Indian  species  of  the 
genus.  The  two  species  may  be  readily  separated  on  their  relative  size, 
also  bruneri  has  the  central  portion  of  the  disk  of  the  pronotum  more  or 
less  marked  with  darker  color;  the  scutellum  dark  brown  and  the  ventral 
surface  of  the  body  darker  colored. 

I  have  been  informed  by  letter  from  Mr.  Stephen  C.  Bruner,  from 
whom  the  specimens  which  I  have  described  as  chevrolati  were  received, 
that  there  are  in  the  Gundlach  collection  at  Havana  specimens  which 


8  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  60 

may  be  representatives  of  this  species.  These  specimens  bear  the  specific 
name  virilis.  I  can  find  no  description  of  any  such  species  and,  therefore, 
believe  virilis  to  be  a  manuscript  name. 

Callopisma  monticola,  new  species 

Male. — Elongate  oval,  reddish  yellow,  front  of  head,  antennae,  palpi,  apical  two- 
thirds  of  the  elytra,  tibiae,  tarsi  and  protruding  parts  of  dorsal  segments,  except 
pygidium,  black  or  dark  brown.  Head  prolonged  and  narrowed  in  front.  Mandibles 
reddish  yellow,  slightly  darker  at  tips.  Palpi  large,  four  jointed.  Antennae  compressed 
and  moderately  serrate  from  the  third  joint,  about  one-half  the  length  of  the  body. 
Pronotum  wider  than  long,  apical  and  lateral  margins  broadly  turned  up,  somewhat 
translucent  and  coarsely  punctured,  disk  yellow  with  (in  one  specimen)  a  small  black 
spot  on  the  middle  of  the  basal  half,  central  portion  with  a  short,  narrow  impressed 
line.  Elytra  with  about  basal  third  reddish  yellow;  somewhat  finely  and  closely 
punctate,  pubescent.  Pygidium  bisinuately  truncate,  the  middle  lobe  being  much 
shorter  than  the  lateral  ones.    Legs  compressed.    Length,  11  to  11.5  mm. 

Female. — Unknown. 

Cuba. — Holotype,  No.  26970,  and  paratype,  No.  26971,  Pico  Turquino,  July 
20,  1922,  alt.  6000  to  5500  feet  (S.  C.  Bruner  and  C.  H.  Ballou);  Coll.  Amer.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.  Four  paratypes,  Pico  Turquino,  July  20, 1922,  alt.  4500  to  5500  feet  (S.  C. 
Bruner  and  C.  H.  Ballou);  Coll.  Estacion  Exp.  Agronomica,  Cuba. 

This  species  is  similar  in  color  and  length  to  borencona,  but  monticola 
is  much  broader,  the  thorax  is  more  broadly  rounded  at  the  apex,  the 
apical  black  color  of  the  elytra  does  not  end  in  as  straight  a  line  but  is 
irregularly  indented  where  it  meets  the  yellow  color,  and  the  dorsal 
abdominal  segments  which  protrude  beyond  the  ventral  ones  are  black. 
These  segments  do  not  protrude  as  far  and  are  of  the  same  color  as  the 
ventral  ones  in  bormcona. 

Callopisma  maestra,  new  species 

Mali:.  Klongate  oval.  Antenna'  black,  approximately  two-thirds  as  long  as  the 
body  in  tin-  bolotype,  bul  in  the  seventeen  specimens  examined  the  antenna;  vary  in 
length  bona  0S|y  slightly  more  than  one-half  the  length  of  the  body  to  at  least  as  long 
as  the  whole  intOOtj    third  and  following  joints  compressed,  feebly  serrate,  densely 

pnbosocnt.    Head  prolonged  and  narrowed  In  front}  ranging  in  color  from  dark  hrown 

!     Ipi  <lark,  lour  jointed.     IVonotiim  orange-yellow,  about  twice  as  broad 

Iff  as  long,  margins  turned  up,  disk  u  ilh  a   somewhat    narrow   median  channel 

BO  the  mb-bajal  margin  tO  the  middle.       Klytra   yellow  at   basal  part, 

tending  beyond  the  halt,  and  In  one  specimen  to  the  basal  third  black; 

pobeioenj  u it  h  three  eoMta-,  tWO  00  the  Upper  portion  and  one  on  the 

-ill. lateral  margin,  one  of  im.n    « . i   than  0OSt*9  \ei\    vaguely  outlined  in  some  speci- 

'ii'  n     l'\gidium  i.i-imiateh  eiiiarginnti     i  oderside  yellow.    Femora  yellow,  darker 

M  base.    Tibial  ami  tarsi  da  1 1.  I. low  ii       Length.  7  to  8.6  mm. 

Fkmai.e. — Unknot 


1923]         WEST  INDIAN  LYCIDM  AND  LAMPYRIDM  9 

Cuba. — Holotype,  No.  26972,  and  six  paratypes,  No.  26973,  Sierra  Maestra, 
alt.  4000  to  5000  feet,  July  10-20,  1922;  one  paratype,  No.  26974,  Pico  Turquino, 
alt.  4500  to  5000  feet  (C.  H.  Ballou  and  S.  C.  Bruner);  Coll.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 
Five  paratypes,  Sierra  Maestra,  July  10-20,  1922,  alt.  3000  to  4000  feet;  Pico  Tur- 
quino, July  20,  1922,  alt.  3000  to  5000  feet  (S.  C.  Bruner  and  C.  H.  Ballou);  Coll. 
Estacion  Exp.  Agronomica,  Cuba. 

This  species  somewhat  resembles  emarginata  in  color-markings,  but 
maestra  is  less  broadly  oval.  The  antennae  are  generally  longer;  the  disk 
of  the  thorax  is  yellow  without  rosy  hue,  and  the  apical  black  portion  of 
the  elytra  extends  farther  toward  the  base.  The  differences  in  the  anten- 
nal  length,  which  result  from  a  proportionate  lengthening  or  shortening 
of  each  joint,  are  the  most  remarkable  variations  observed  in  my  study 
of  the  West  Indian  Lampyridse. 

There  is  also,  among  the  seventeen  examined,  one  specimen  which  has 
the  left  antenna  distorted  in  such  a  manner  that  the  apex  of  the  eighth 
and  base  of  the  ninth  joint  are  unusually  broadened  and  from  the  apex 
of  the  eighth  and  attached  to  the  inner  basal  part  of  the  ninth  joint  is  a 
one-jointed  projection  which  resembles  an  apical  antennal  joint.  This 
projection  is  about  twice  the  length  of  the  ninth  joint.  The  left  antenna 
is  also  somewhat  shorter  than  the  right  one. 

Callopisma  postica  (E.  Olivier) 
Haiti.— Pont  Beudet,  March  3-4  (F.  E.  Watson);  Coll.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 
St.  Domingo. — No  definite  locality;  Coll.  British  Museum. 

Callopisma  borencona  Leng  and  Mutchler 
Pokto  Rico. — No  definite  locality,  Coll.  British  Museum;  Vega  Alta,  January 
7  (R.  T.  Cotton);     Larres,  June  14  (Geo.  N.  Wolcott);      Coll.  Insular  Exp.  Sta. 
Porto  Rico. 

Callopisma  adjuncta  (E.  Olivier) 
Cuba.— Palma  Mocha,  Sierra  Maestra,  July  10-20,  alt.  3500  to  4370  feet  (C.  H. 
Ballou  and  S.  C.  Bruner);  Coll.  Estacion  Exp.  Agronomica,  Cuba. 

Callopisma  fuscotermina,  new  species 
Male. — Elongate  oval,  reddish  yellow.  Front  of  head  flat,  pubescent. 
Mandibles  darker  at  apex.  Antennae  Mack,  first  joint  slightly  paler  basally;  mod- 
erately serrate  from  third  joint  on.  Pronotum  moderately  narrowly  rounded  at 
apex,  basal  angles  acute,  disk  with  a  short,  shallow,  longitudinal  impression  at  basal 
center;  submargins  somewhat  coarsely  punctate,  disk  more  finely  punctate;  pubes- 
cence sparse.  Elytra  reddish  yellow  for  about  the  basal  two-thirds,  apical  third  black, 
the  two  colors  joining  in  a  somewhat  straight  line;  discal  costse  more  or  less  obscure; 
moderately  finely  punctate  and  covered  with  a  short  pubescence.  Underside  red- 
dish yellow.  Femora  and  tibia?  reddish  yellow.  Tarsal  joints  black  at  apex,  claw 
joint  reddish  yellow.    Length,  7.5  mm. 


10  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  60 

Female. — Unknown. 

Cuba.— Holotype,  No.  26975,  Taco  Taco,  April  1-6,  1922  (S.  C.  Bruner,  J. 
Acuna  and  C.  H.  Ballou);  Coll.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 

This  species  comes  close  to  postica  in  color,  but  the  insect  is  broader 
throughout.  The  thorax  is  more  broadly  rounded  at  the  apex  and  the 
basal  angles  are  more  acute. 

It  should  be  placed  in  the  key  to  species  of  Callopisma  (Leng  and 
Mutchler,  1922,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  XLVI,  p.  439)  in  the 
section  with  ramsdeni,  but  can  be  separated  from  that  species  by  the 
color  of  the  legs,  etc.  The  tibiae  are  pale  in  this  species  and  black  in 
ramsdeni.  It  is  also  not  as  broad  as  ramsdeni  but  rather  intermediate  in 
that  respect  between  ramsdeni  and  postica. 

Callopisma  ramsdeni  Leng  and  Mutchler 

Cuba. — Near  Nagua  Oriente,  July  7,  alt.  700  to  900  feet  (S.  C.  Bruner  and 
C.  H.  Ballou);  Coll.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  and  Coll.  Estacion  Exp.  Agronomica, 
Cuba. 

Callopisma  bellicosa  (E.  Olivier) 

Cuba. — St.  Vineente,  April  6-9  (S.  C.  Bruner  and  J.  Acuna);  Coll.  Amer.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist. 

Callopisma  janthinipennis  (Jacquelin  Duval) 

Cuba: — Est.  Cent.  Agric.  de  Cuba,  June  11  and  October  7  and  12,  on  leaves  of 
sugar  cane  (B.  T.  Barreto);  Coll.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  and  Coll.  Estacion  Exp. 
Ajcronomica,  Cuba. 

Erythrolychnia  Motschulsky 
This  genus,  peculiar  among  the  Lampyridae  on  account  of  the  males 
having  only  seven  segments  on  tin-  ventral  part  of  the  abdomen,  seems 
to  be  confined  t<>  the  island  of  Hispaniola.  The  six  species  (one  of  which 
I  am  describing  as  new)  thus  far  included  in  the  genus  are  from  that 
island.   The  species  may  \«-  separated  by  the  following  key. 

1. — Elytra  black  :it  ipn  only  2. 

ih  Im.iIi  baM  ;in. i  apes  black  or  brown i 

2. — Color  "lull  \r\]nw  ;   antenna;  pale  in  color,  basal  part  of  all  the  joints  pale,  apical 
ends  waxy  white;    palpi  pale  brOWn        nlbopnlpis. 

r  reddish  "i  reddiah  relloi .  antenna  dark  In  color  and  apical  parts  of  joints 
oolor  io  ill.  ii  centra]  portion;  palpi  dark 

3. —  I'ronotiiiii  (general I v  with  '  WO  -mall,  almost  .•ipproximatc  dark  spots  on  tlicccntr.il 

portion  of  diak;    epical  black  mark  on  the  elytra  at  Its  greatest  length, 

approxin  half  the  length  of  the  elytra fxdgidua. 

mihih  without  i.i.i.  i  :,i,.,i  black  ipot  on  the  elytra  at  Its  greatest 

length  obi  fourth  to  our  third  the  length  <>f  the  elytra  bipartitua. 


1923]         WEST  INDIAN  LYCIDM  AND  LAMPYRIDM  11 

4. — Disk  of  pronotum  without  black  or  dark  spot;   apical  and  basal  black  spots  on 

the  elytra  small  but  well  defined.     Length,  9  mm olivieri. 

Disk  of  pronotum  with  dark  spot 5. 

5. — Color  somewhat  pale  yellow;    apical  and  basal  black  spots  on  the  elytra  small, 

apical  ones  sometimes  ill  defined quinquenotatus. 

Color  reddish  brown;    apical  and  basal  spots  on  the  elytra  very  black,  well 
defined,  apical  spots  larger  than  the  basal  ones clarki. 

Erythrolychnia  bipartitus  (E.  Olivier) 
St.  Domingo. — No  definite  locality;  Coll.  British  Museum. 

Erythrolychnia  quinquenotatus  (Castelnau) 
St.  Domingo. — No  definite  locality;  Coll.  British  Museum.      Haiti. — Port  au 
Prince  (at  light),  January  1  to  April  7  (F.  E.  Watson);  Coll.  Amor.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 

Erythrolychnia  clarki,  new  species 

Figure  I 

Reddish  brown.  Front  of  head  blackish  brown,  somewhat  deeply  excavated  be- 
tween the  eyes  in  the  male,  nearly  flat  in  the  female.  Antennae  blackish  with  basal 
joint  and  basal  part  of  each  joint  reddish  brown;  pubescent  and  with  longer  stiff 
hairs,  especially  noticeable  on  the  apical  ends  of  the  joints.  Pronotum  broadly 
rounded  in  front,  basal  angles  slightly  acute;  anterior  and  lateral  margins  turned 
upward;  lateral' submargin  somewhat  more  deeply  impressed  apically;  somewhat 
coarsely  punctate,  more  finely  on  the  disk  than  on  the  margins;  pubescence  short, 
yellowish;  disk  with  an  elevated  ridge  which -extends  from  the  basal  margin  to  about 
the  apical  third,  and  with  a  large,  more  or  less  squarely  outlined,  discal  black  spot 
which  does  not  extend  to  the  basal  margin.  Scutellum  moderately  punctate  and 
somewhat  thickly  clothed  with  a  short  yellow  pubescence.  Elytra  elongate  oval, 
base  and  apex  black,  basal  black  color  covering  the  basal  and  humeral  margins  and 
the  sutural  margin  from  the  base  to  the  apex  of  the  scutellum  where  it  branches 
outward  from  the  suture;  it  also  somewhat  irregularly  curves  from  the  lateral  margins 
a  short  distance  behind  the  humeri,  extending  on  the  disk  to  about  one-third  the 
length  of  the  elytra.  The  apical  black  marking  extends  to  about  the  middle  on  the 
disk  of  the  elytra  and  is  slightly  more  advanced  on  the  middle  of  the  disk  than  on  the 
lateral  margin  and  about  twice  as  far  as  on  the  suture,  making  a  V-shaped  sutural 
indentation  of  the  red  color.  Underside  yellowish  brown,  pubescent;  ventral  seg- 
ments of  the  abdomen  more  or  less  mottled  with  darker  color,  fifth  segment  with  a 
luminous  spot  on  its  central  portion  which  extends  to  the  apical  and  basal  margins 
and  about  one-half  the  width  to  the  side  margins.  Legs  reddish  brown,  last  joint  of 
tarsi  slightly  darker.    Length,  11.5  to  14  mm. 

Haiti. — Holotype  male,  No.  26976,  and  allotype  female,  No.  26977,  Charpentier, 
March  19,  1922.  Two  male  and  two  female  paratypes,  No.  26978,  La  Moriniere, 
March  1-5;  Aux  Cayes,  March  15  to  18;  Charpentier,  March  19  (F.  E.  Watson); 
Coll.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 

This  species  is  generally  larger  than  any  of  the  other  five  species  of 
the  genus.    The  black  color  on  the  apex  of  the  elytra  is  similar  in  outline 


12 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES 


[No.  60 


to  that  on  fulgidus.  The  basal  black  marking  is  much  larger  and  the 
spot  on  the  pronotum  is  also  much  larger  than  in  any  of  the  other  species 
which  are  similarly  marked;  this  spot,  in  some  of  the  specimens,  is 
slightly  indented  at  the  middle  of  the  base  with  paler  color. 

Dedicated  to  Mr.  B.  Preston  Clark  in  recognition  of  his  many  gen- 
erous gifts  to  the  American  Museum  and  especially  those  which  enabled 
Mr.  Watson  to  make  an  expedition  for  this  Museum  to  Haiti  during  the 
winter  of  1921  to  1922. 


■ 


Kig.  1.      Erylhroh/<  hnin  clarki,  new  species.      Type. 


Aspisoma  ignitum  (Linnaeus) 
Jam  1  mikI  July  12  Cli.  St  oner);  Coll.  Univ.  of  Iowa. 

Pyraciomena  vitticollis  Motschulsky 
This  ipocilM  was  not  represented  in  (lie  collections  which  Mr.  Leng 
and  I  had  Ix'fore  us  during  our  studies  of  the  West  Indian  material  but  it 
•  been ooUeoted by  Mi    P.E  Watson. 
In  hull.  Am.  i    Mu  .  N.it    lli-i.  \  I, VI,  jn  454,  Mr.  Leng  and  I  gave 
a  translation  of  ption  of  the  species  which  reads: 

'.notiim  fceftaeeoiis  with  two  very  approximate  brown  vittse  each 
having  at  base  an  orange  spot  whieh  reaches  the  margin  in  some  ex- 
amples.      Klvtra    black,   Imrdered   with   testaceous.      Scutellum    black. 


1923]         WEST  INDIAN  LYCIDM  AND  LAMPYRIDJE  13 

bordered  with  yellow.  Length,  8.6  mm."  The  three  specimens  which 
were  collected  by  Mr.  Watson  vary  slightly  from  the  above,  as  the 
following  description  will  point  out. 

Pronotum  testaceous,  with  two  dark  brown  vittae  on  the  disk  which  are  approxi- 
mate to,  but  do  not  reach,  the  apical  and  basal  margins;  basal  parts  of  the  vittae 
somewhat  squarely  turned  outward  and  extending  along  the  sub-basal  margin  at 
right  angles  with  the  discal  portion  of  the  vittae,  the  rosy  spot  on  the  disk  extends  from 
the  dark  sub-basal  line  toward  the  apex,  covering  nearly  the  basal  half  of  the  prono- 
tum, but  the  rosy  color  does  not  extend  to  the  margins.  Scutellum  dark,  without 
perceptible  paler  margins.  Elytra  dark,  margined,  except  at  base,  with  yellow,  lateral 
pale  color  slightly  broader  than  the  sutural.  Underside  dark  brown.  Female  with  the 
central  portion  of  the  five  basal  ventral  segments  of  the  abdomen  yellow,  sixth  and 
seventh  margined  at  apex  with  yellow;  seventh  with  a  somewhat  narrow  A -shaped 
incision  at  the  apex.  Male  with  the  four  basal  segments  yellow  at  their  central  por- 
tion, fifth  and  sixth  yellow,  seventh  and  eighth  brown;  seventh  squarely  truncate. 
Legs  dark  brown,  apex  of  femora  and  tibiae  darker.    Length,  10  mm. 

Haiti. — Carrefour,  January  7;  Manville,  February  6-10;  Aux  Cayes,  March 
15-18  (F.  E.  Watson);  Coll.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 

Pyractomena  galeata  E.  Olivier 

Porto  Rico.— La  Pata,  June  11  (G.  B.  Merrill);  Coll.  Insular  Exp.  Sta. 
Porto  Rico. 

Pyractomena  gamma  (Jacquelin  Duval) 

Cuba.— Manzanello,  July  31  (C.  H.  Ballou  and  S.  C.  Bruner);  Playa  de  Bata- 
bano;   Coll.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 


k- 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM   NOVITATES 

No.  61 


SIX  NEW  BATRACHIANS  FROM  THE 
DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC 

By  G.  K.  Noble 


Issued  March  Hi,  1923 


By  Order  of  the  Trustees 

op 

THE  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 
New  York  Citt 


AMERICAN    MUSEUM     NOVITATES 

Number  61  March  16,  1923 


59.76(729.3) 

SIX  NEW  BATRACHIANS  FROM  THE  DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC 

By  G.  K.  Noble 

Through  the  generosity  of  Museum  friends,  the  donors  of  the 
"Angelo  Heilprin  Exploring  Fund,"  an  expedition  was  sent  during  the 
past  summer  to  study  the  reptiles  and  amphibians  of  the  Dominican 
Republic. 

Although  the  primary  purpose  of  the  expedition  was  to  secure 
exhibition  material,  a  large  amount  of  scientific  data  was  brought  together 
at  the  same  time.  The  present  paper  deals  briefly  with  the  new  species 
of  Salientia  secured  by  the  expedition.  In  a  subsequent  paper,  now  in 
preparation,  these  species  will  lx>  more  fully  discussed.  This  second 
paper  will  deal  with  the  habits  and  life  histories  of  most  of  the  Dominican 
Amphibia.  The  species  described  below  will  be  figured  in  that  paper 
and  a  comparison  of  their  voices  and  habits  made.  It  may  be  stated  here 
that  all  the  species  described  lielow  have  a  distinctive  voice  and  coloration 
in  life.  Never  in  the  field  did  the  slightest  confusion  arise  in  recognizing 
the  species.  In  the  following  descriptions  the  distinctive  features  of  only 
preserved  material  have  been  indicated.  Each  species  is  represented  in 
our  collections  by  a  large  series  of  specimens. 

Hyla  heilprini,1  new  species 

Diagnosis. — A  medium-sited  Hyla  differing  remarkably  from  any  other  Greater 
Antillean  species  in  possessing  a  dagger-shaped  prepollex  visible  in  both  sexes  but 
enormously  developed  and  with  exposed  point  in  the  male;  fingers  two-thirds,  toes 
completely  webbed;  vomerine  teeth  in  two  straight  series  on  a  level  with  the  posterior 
border  of  the  choana\  Coloration  in  preserved  material  largely  dependent  on  fixation; 
a  series  of  transverse  bars  of  a  dark  color  and  a  scattering  of  white  specks  usually 
present  on  the  dorsal  surface  and  readily  distinguishing  the  species  from  other 
Dominican  forms. 

Tin:.  A.  M.  N.  11.  No.  11401;  adult,  d";  among  stones  in  ravine  of  mountain 
torrent,  Lo  Bracita,  Prov.  Pacificador;  August  20,  1922;  G.  K.  Noble. 

I  DESCRIPTION  of  Type. — Tongue  broader  than  long,  emarginate  behind;  vomer- 
ine teet  h  in  two  groups  in  contact  and  forming  almost  a  continuous  series  between  the 
choanal  on  a  level  with  their  posterior  margin;  head  much  broader  than  long; 
nostrils  near  the  end  of  the  snout,  the  distance  from  the  extreme  tip  (midpoint)  of 

'Named  in  honor  of  tho  late  Professor  Angelo  Heilprin,  geologist,  artist,  philosopher;   student  of 
natural  phenomena  in  the  West  Indian  region. 


2  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  61 

snout  to  nostril  contained  more  than  two  times  in  the  distance  between  nostril  and 
eye;  snout  rounded;  interorbital  width  greater  than  the  greatest  diameter  of  the  eye; 
no  indication  of  ossification  in  the  derm  of  head;  canthus  rostralis  rounded,  the  loreal 
region  sloping  gradually;  tympanum  distinct,  slightly  more  than  half  the  greatest 
diameter  of  the  eye.  Hind  limb  being  adpressed,  the  tibio-tarsal  articulation  reaches 
nearly  to  the  nostril;  digits  with  large  discs,  of  the  same  diameter  as  the  tympanum; 
fingers  two-thirds  webbed,  toes  completely  webbed  (but  the  web  does  not  reach  the 
disc  of  the  fourth  toe);  a  large,  recurved  prepollex  with  an  exposed  spine  directed 
inward.  Skin  finely  glandular  above,  almost  smooth;  skin  of  abdomen  and  ventral 
surfaces  of  the  thighs  coarsely  granular;  a  supra-tympanic  fold  but  no  dorso-lateral 
one;  a  subgular  vocal  sac  present. 

Ground  tone  (of  preserved  specimen)  pale  grayish  blue  above,  suffused  with  a 
darker  tone;  some  indication  of  nine  transverse  bars  of  a  dark  brown  on  the  back; 
a  more  distinct  series  of  five  or  six  bars  on  the  thighs;  upper  surface  sprinkled  with 
about  thirty  small  white  spots;  ventral  surfaces  straw-color  to  yellowish;  axilla  a 
bright  orange;  groin  and  inner  side  of  arms  and  part  of  the  gular  region  a  bluish  tone; 
posterior  surfaces  of  thighs  of  the  same  pale  tone  as  the  ventral  surfaces. 

Measurements 

Tip  of  Snout  to  Vent 48 . 0  mm. 

Tip  of  Snout  to  Posterior  Border  of  Tympanum 17.0 

Greatest  Breadth  of  Head 18.5 

Distance  from  Axilla  to  Tip  of  Longest  Finger 31.0 

Distance  from  Vent  to  Tip  of  Longest  Toe 81.0 

Tibia 26.0 

Eleutherodactylus  flavescens,1  new  species 

Diagnosis. — A  medium  sized  Eleutherodactylus,  with  broad  head  and  depressed 
body.  Readily  distinguished  from  all  other  Dominican  frogs  by  its  notched  digital 
expansions,  warty  skin,  and  distinctive  coloration. 

Tvj-k.  A.  M.  V  II.  No.  11402;  adult,  9;  bushes  along  stream  bank,  Lo 
Brarita,  I'rov.  I'a«ili<  ad<-r.  Dominican  Republic;   August  8,  1922;   G.  K.  Noble. 

Des<  kii-i  i<>\  Off  Tl  ii.  Iliad  slightly  broader  than  long,  broader  than  the  body; 
distance  between  anterior  corner  of  eye  and  nostril  equals  the  interorbital  width,  two 
and  a  half  times  as  grea.1  as  the  distance  lietween  nostril  and  tip  of  snout;  canthus 
rostralis  sharp,  Imt  the  loreal  region  not  concave;  tympanum  very  distinct,  one-half 
the  ^reate-t  i  haiiieter  of  the  eye,  separated  from  the  eye  by  a  trifle  less  than  half  its 
own  diameter.  Til  no  t.  real  joints  of  either  side  overlap  when  the  legs  are  placed  at 
right  angles  to  the  l.od\  ;  tibio-tarsal  articulation  reaches  midway  lietween  eye  and 
I  I         of  tinner-  and  toe-  ver\   pronounced,  more  or  less  distinctly  notched 

iioriv,  the  OUter  fingen  appearing  blltrt  ihipod;  digits  slender;  a  rudiment  of  a 
wel,  between  the  two  OUtet  tOSS,  other  digits  free;  a  slight  indication  of  a  tarsal  fold. 
Vomerine  teeth  m  two  rid  extending  outward  .slightly  beyond  (he  inner 

edge  of  the  choanie,  the  tWOMnen  Wpa rated  from  each  other  I >\  a  space  equal  to  half 

the  h  'lie  series;  vomerine  teeth  woU  behind  the  ohoane,  separated  from  them 

«d  in  NfofWM  to  iU  ynllowiali  color n I     i    m  1,|V 


1923]  DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC  BATRACHIANS  3 

by  a  space  equal  to  the  distance  between  the  two  series  of  vomerine  teeth;  tongue 
large,  slightly  nicked  behind.  Skin  warty  above,  the  warts  of  various  sizes  and  tend- 
ing to  form  longitudinal  series.  The  largest  warts  form  a  row  on  each  side  of  the  body, 
the  next  largest  form  a  dorso-lateral  row  on  each  side  and  a  medial  row;  between 
these  five  rows  smaller  warts  tend  to  form  one  or  more  regular  rows;  ventral  surfaces 
of  abdomen  and  thighs  granular. 

Ground  tone  (in  alcohol)  pale  grayish  to  straw-color;  dorsum  marked  with  an 
irregular  pattern  of  dark  brownish  or  black  markings.  Of  these  the  most  conspicu- 
ous is  a  wedge-shaped  mark  between  the  eyes,  an  irregular  YY  on  the  shoulders  and  an 
irregular  figure  on  the  sacrum;  the  dark  tone  forming  a  canthal  stripe,  a  tympanic 
ring,  three  or  four  cross  stripes  on  the  fore  arm,  and  a  few  irregular  bars  on  the  tibia. 

Measurements 

Tip  of  Snout  to  Vent 36 . 0  mm. 

Tip  of  Snout  to  Posterior  Border  of  Tympanum 12.5 

Greatest  Breadth  of  Head 13.8 

Distance  from  Axilla  to  Tip  of  Longest  Finger 23.0 

Distance  from  Vent  to  Tip  of  Longest  Toe 60 . 0 

Tibia 20.0 

Eleutherodactylus  auriculatoides,  new  species 

Diagnosis. — Closely  allied  to  E,  Jlarrsans  and  E.  tiun'culutux;  distinguished 
from  the  latter  by  its  smaller  size,  broader  head,  shorter  leg  and  different  coloration. 

Type. — A.  M.  X.  11.  No.  11408;  adult,  9;  bromeliads  near  Constanza-Jara- 
baooa  Trail,  Paso  Bajito,  Dominican  Republic;  September  4,  1922;  G.  K.  Noble. 

DESCRIPTION  of  Type. — Head  broader  than  long,  broader  than  body;  distance 
between  anterior  corner  of  eye  and  nostril  equals  the  greatest  diameter  of  the  eye,  a 
trifle  less  than  the  interorbital  width;  distance  between  nostril  and  tip  of  snout  con- 
tained a  trifle  over  two  times  in  the  distance  between  nostril  and  eye;  canthus 
rostralis  distinct,  although  the  loreal  region  -lop.  s  gradually;  tympanum  distinct,  its 
greatest  diameter  equal  to  a  trifle  less  than  half  the  greatest  diameter  of  the  eye; 
separated  from  the  eye  by  a  space  equal  to  its  diameter.  Tibio-tarsal  joints  of  either 
side  overlap  when  the  legs  are  placed  at  right  angles  to  the  body;  tibio-tarsal  articu- 
lation reaches  the  posterior  corner  of  the  eye.  Disks  of  fingers  and  toes  pronounced, 
rounded;  digits  free;  second  toe  (measured  with  dividers  from  distal  side  of  its  base) 
longer  than  first ;  no  tarsal  fold.  Vomerine  teeth  in  two  oblique  series  well  behind 
choame,  extending  outward  not  beyond  the  inner  edge  of  the  choanae;  the  two  series 
separated  from  each  other  by  less  distance  than  that  which  separates  them  from  the 
choanaj;  tongue  thick,  slightly  nicked  behind.  Skin  finely  granular  above;  the 
granules  forming  more  or  less  regular  rows  on  the  sides;  belly,  and  thighs  (except 
flash  surfaces)  coarsely  granular. 

Ground  tone  (in  alcohol)  a  pale  gray  or  flesh-color;  tip  of  snout  and  parietal 
region  with  adjacent  parts  of  eyelids  dark  reddish  brown,  this  giving  the  appearance 
of  a  light  band  across  the  head  in  front  of  the  parietal  region;  a  canthal  and  supra- 
tympanic  streak  of  dark  reddish  brown;  back  and  upper  surfaces  of  limbs  diffused 
with  brown,  leaving  only  an  indistinct  W  on  the  occiput  and  a  )(  mark  anterior  to 
the  pelvis  of  the  pale  ground  tone;  ventral  surfaces  straw-color,  slightly  diffused  with 
brown  on  the  sides. 


4  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  61 

Measurements 

Tip  of  Snout  to  Vent 33.0  mm. 

Tip  of  Snout  to  Posterior  Border  of  Tympanum 12.0 

Greatest  Breadth  of  Head 14.0 

Distance  from  Axilla  to  Tip  of  Longest  Finger 18.5 

Distance  from  Vent  to  Tip  of  Longest  Toe 51.5 

Tibia 16.0 


Eleutherodactylus  minutus,  new  species 

Diagnosis. — Closely  allied  to  "Abbott's  Macito"1  preserved  specimens;  distin- 
guished from  that  species  by  their  smaller  size,  more  distinct  dorso-lateral  fold,  their 
narrower  head  and  blunter  snout;  the  coloration  alone  is  distinctive;  side  of  the 
body  below  dorso-lateral  fold  mottled  or  spotted  with  dark  brown,  while  in  "Abbott's 
Macito"  the  mottling  is  indefinite  or  at  least  does  not  form  a  dark  dorso-lateral  stripe 
posteriori}-. 

Type. — A.  M.  N.  H.  No.  11404;  adult  9  ;  on  ferns  in  dense  palm  thicket  near 
Paso  Bajito,  Jarabacoa-Constanza  Trail,  Dominican  Republic;  September  4, 1922; 
G.  K.  Noble. 

DhscjuiTioN  Off  Tvi'K.  Head  ;i.s  long  as  broad,  slightly  narrower  than  body; 
distance  between  anterior  corner  of  the  eye  and  nostril  less  than  the  greatest  diameter 
of  the  eye.  abort  equal  to  the  interorbital  width;  distance  between  the  nostril  and 
tip  of  the  snout  contained  two  times  in  the  distance  between  nostril  and  eye;  cant  hus 
rostralis  very  sharp,  the  lorea.1  region  concave;  tympanum  distinct;  its  diameter 
contained  a  little  over  two  timet  in  the  diameter  of  the  eye;  separated  from  the  eye 
by  a  space  equal  to  three-fourths  of  its  diameter.  Tihio-tarsal  joints  of  either  side 
overlapping  slightly  when  the  lege  are  placed  at  right  angles  to  the  body;  tihio-tarsal 
joint  reaches  the  posterior  border  of  the  tympanum.  Digital  dilations  very  small,  the 
discs  equal  to  a  third  or  a  fourth  the  greatest  diameter  of  the  tympanum;  dibits  free, 
second  toe  slijrhtly  longer  than  the  6rtl ;  HO  tarsal  fold;  vomerine  teeth  in  two  small, 
Oblique  groUP*  ^ar  behind   the  choalUB  and  separated  from  each  other  by  a   wide 

spaee;   tongue  elliptical,  unemarginate  behind.    Skin  smooth  above  and  below;  a 
glandular  dono  lateral  fold  extending  from  the  eye  to  lumbar  region. 

Ground  tone  above'  Beeh-color  to  pale  gray,  ventral  surfaces  slightly  pater;  a 

itripe  Of  dark  brown  extending  from  the  nostrils  along  the  canthui  rostralis  to  eye. 

broadening  out  behind  the  eye  to  form  a  oonapiououi  supra-tympanic  crescent, 

another  -tripe  of  dark  brown  extending  along  the  dorso-lateral  fold  to  anus,  the  stripe 

interrupted  >t  a  aumbei  oi  points;  sides  of  the  body  immediately  below  the  dorso- 
lateral fold  mo!  I  lid  oi  -potted  with  dark  I  Town;    I  he  lower  half  of  the  sides  feebly 
tippled   with   brOWn,   po  Of  the  thighs  dark   brown,   B    narrow    white 

line  running  oblique!)  across  eaeh  thigfa  and  meeting  its  mate  of  the  opposite  side 
above  tin  oi    urfaeea  of  the  tibia  washed  with  dark  brown;   two  or 

ossi  the  doi  iaJ  surfaces  of  the  tibia. 


.  ,.l    I  >i  .   \\      I.    Alilnitt,  the  collccloi .      II   is 

(I.. -  ■  ..II. in'.;. ■   i  i"n      i  /  ',/'.    in  Siiniii  l>iiiniMK<<     I  >i    Vhhntt'M  material  is  being  described 

iiy  Mi*.  l<  '  •  inn,  mill  ii  «iii  in. i  be  l"nu  before  i  leientlfia  mum  Ii 


1923]  DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC  BATRACHIANS  5 

Measurements 

Tip  of  Snout  to  Vent 17.5  mm. 

Tip  of  Snout  to  Posterior  Border  of  Tympanum 6.5 

Greatest  Breadth  of  Head 6.2 

Distance  from  Axilla  to  Tip  of  Longest  Finger 9.5 

Distance  from  Vent  to  Tip  of  Longest  Toe 25  0 

Tibia 8.2 

Eleutherodactylus  schmidti1  new  species 

Diagnosis. — Allied  to  E.  weinlandi  and  E.  lentus  of  the  Dominican  Republic 
and  to  E.  richmondi  of  Porto  Rico,  but  readily  distinguished  from  these  species  by 
its  coloration.  Tibio-tarsal  articulation  marking  anterior  corner  of  eye  or  slightly 
beyond;  discs  of  digits  small;  dorsal  surface  grayish  brown,  heavily  marbled  with 
dark  brown;  a  light  interorbital  streak;  two  pale  dorso-lateral  stripes  rarely  present; 
under-surfaces  of  hind  limbs  bright  salmon  to  pink. 

Type. — A.  M.  N.  H.  No.  11405;  adult  o  ;  among  stones  along  stream  lied,  Lo 
liracita,  Prov.  Pacificador,  Dominican  Republic;   August  9,  1922;  G.  K.  Noble. 

Description  of  Type. —  Head  as  long  as  broad,  slightly  narrower  than  body; 
distance  between  anterior  corner  of  eye  and  nostril  slightly  less  than  the  greatest 
diameter  of  the  eye,  slightly  greater  than  the  interorbital  width;  distance  between 
nostril  and  the  tip  of  snout  contained  once  and  four-fifths  times  in  the  distance 
between  nostril  and  eye;  canthus  rostralis  rounded;  lorcal  region  moderately  abrupt; 
tympanum  distinct,  its  greatest  diameter  contained  a  trifle  over  two  times  in  the 
greatest  diameter  of  the  eye,  separated  from  the  eye  by  a  space  equal  to  two-thirds 
its  diameter.  Tibio-tarsal  joints  of  either  side  overlap  slightly  when  the  legs  are 
placed  at  right  angles  to  the  body;  tibio-tarsal  joint  reaehei  the  anterior  corner  of 
the  eye.  Digital  dilations  small,  the  discs  not  greater  than  half  the  diameter  of  the 
eye;  digitsfree;  second  toe  much  greater  than  the  first;  notaraalfokL  Vomerine  teeth 
in  two  oblique  series  extending  outward  to  the  outer  edge  of  the  choaiue;  vomerine 
teeth  very  close  to  choana\  separated  from  them  by  less  distance  than  separates  the 
two  vomerine  series  from  each  other;  tongue  large,  slightly  nicked  behind.  Skin 
finely  granular  above,  the  granules  not  forming  distinct  rows,  ventral  surfaces  smooth. 

Ground  tone  above  pale  brownish  gray,  heavily  spotted  and  marbled  with  dark 
brown,  the  dark  tone  forming  cross-bars  on  the  limbs  a  pale  interorbital  stripe  pre- 
sent and  some  indication  of  a  semicircle  above  the  anus.  Ventral  surface  of  body 
flesh-color,  under  surfaces  of  hind  limbs  salmon-color;  throat,  chest  and  sides  of  ab- 
domen stippled  and  suffused  with  dark  brown. 

Mkxsikkmia  re 

Tip  of  Snout  to  Vent 43 . 5  nun. 

Tip  of  Snout  to  Posterior  Border  of  Tympanum 16.0 

Greatest  Breadth  of  Head 16.0 

Distance  from  Axilla  to  Tip  of  Longest  Finger 26.0 

Distance  from  Vent  to  Tip  of  Longest  Toe.   71 .0 

Tibia 22.0 

'Named  in  honor  of  Mr.  Karl  Patterson  Schmidt,  formerly  associated  with  the  American  Museum 
but  now  in  charge  of  HerpetoloKy  at  the  Field  Museum  of  Natural  History.  Chicago. 


6  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  61 

Eleutherodactylus  ruthi,'  new  species 

Diagnosis. — Closely  allied  to  E.  inoptatus  but  readily  distinguished  from  that 
species  and  all  other  West  Indian  frogs  by  its  shovel-shaped  snout;  it  further  differs 
from  E.  inoptatus  in  its  shorter  head,  shorter  leg  and  more  spotted  dorsum. 

Type. — A.  M.  N.  H.  No.  11406,  adult  d";  Samand,  Dominican  Republic; 
November  8,  1922;  John  King. 

Description  of  Type. — Head  broader  than  long,  slightly  narrower  than  body; 
distance  between  nostril  and  eye  slightly  greater  than  the  greatest  diameter  of  the 
eye,  equal  to  the  interorbital  width;  distance  between  nostril  and  tip  of  snout  con- 
tained less  than  twice  in  the  distance  between  eye  and  nostril;  snout  pointed,  pro- 
duced into  a  shovel,  the  latter  one-third  the  diameter  of  the  eye;  the  shovel  in  profile 
forming  a  step  with  the  rostrum  proper;  canthus  rostralis  sharp,  loreal  region  concave 
and  sloping  gradually;  tympanum  distinct,  its  greatest  diameter  contained  once  and 
two-thirds  in  the  greatest  diameter  of  the  eye,  separated  from  the  eye  by  a  space 
equal  to  one-half  its  diameter.  Tibio-tarsal  joints  of  either  side  slightly  overlap  when 
the  legs  are  folded  at  right  angles  to  the  body;  tibio-tarsal  joint  reaches  midway 
between  eye  and  nostril.  Digital  dilations  moderate,  those  of  the  manus  about  half 
the  diameter  of  the  tympanum,  distinctly  larger  than  those  of  the  pes;  digits  free 
except  for  a  slight  indication  of  a  web  between  the  two  outer  toes;  second  toe  slightly 
longer  than  the  first,  no  tarsal  fold.  Vomerine  teeth  in  two  oblique  series  extending 
outward  to  the  outer  edge  of  the  ehoame,  separated  from  the  choanae  by  a  short 
distance,  which  is  about  equal  to  the  space  separating  the  two  series  of  vomerine 
teeth  from  each  other;  tongue  large,  slightly  emarginate  behind.  Skin  glandular  and 
finely  warty  above,  a  dorso-lateral  glandular  fold,  a  supra-tympanic  fold  and  an 
oblique  fold  on  the  side  of  the  body;  warts  best  developed  on  sides  of  body;  periph- 
ery of  the  abdomen,  and  posterior  faces  of  the  thighs  highly  glandular. 

Ground  tone  (in  alcohol  i  a  pale  purplish  gray  or  clay-color;  a  canthal  stripe,  an 
interorbital  stripe,  ■  supra-tympanic  spot  and  two  rows  of  large  irregular  spots  on  the 
hack  of  |  dark  purplish  brown;  two  cross-bars  on  the  forearm,  six  on  the  thighs  and 
three  or  four  on  the  lower  le^  of  the  same  color;  upper  surfaces  suffused  with  a  dark 
tone  leaving  pale  ring!  oi  (round  tone  around  many  of  the  dark  spots  and  bars; 
posterior  surfaces  of  the  thighs  purplish  brown  spotted  with  gray  or  white;  ventral 
surface-  whiti-h.  throat,  sides  of  abdomen,  and  thighs  stippled  with  purplish  brown. 

Mi  \-i  hi  \n  \  rs 

Tip  of  Snout  to  Vent,    ...  49.0  nun. 

Tip  of  Snout  to  J  Holder  of  Tympanum 18.5 

Qreateal  Breadth  ,,\  m.  a.i 20.0 

Distance  from  Axilla  In  Tip  of  Longest   Kinger '.V2.0 

Distance  from  Vent  to  Tip  >.f  Longi  79.0 

Tibia,  . .  . .  27  5 


•Named  In  honor  of  my  wife,  M  n  why  Noble,  who  discovered  this  species  and  collected  the 

first  series  of  specimens,  nil  h«»  living  m  Um   '  inoM  garden*"  of  The  American  Museum  of  Natural 
lorjr. 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES 

No.  62 


THE  SUPPOSED  PLUMAGE  OF  THE  EOCENE 
BIRD  MATRYMA 

BV  T.    D.    A.    COCKERELL 


Issued  March  16,  1923 


By  Order  of  the  Trustees 

of 

THE  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 
New  York  City 


AMERICAN    MUSEUM     NOVITATES 

Number  62  March  10,  1923 

56.85.D(1 181:78.8) 

THE  SUPPOSED  PLUMAGE  OF  THE  EOCENE  BIRD 
hJATRYMA 

By  T.  I).  A.  Cockerell 

Plumage,  the  unique  possession  of  birds,  dates  hack  to  at  least  the 
Upper  Jurassic.  It  is  so  well  developed  in.  the  Archseopteryx  of  that  era 
that  we  may  reasonably  expect  to  find  it  considerably  earlier,  should 
there  exist  a  deposit  capable  of  preserving  recognizable  traces  of  it. 
According  to  Petronievics.  the  specimens  of  supposed  Archseopteryx  in 
the  British  and  Berlin  Museums  represent  different  genera,  not  merely 
species  as  Dames  bad  maintained.  It  appears  that  the  Berlin  specimen 
must  take  the  name  A fclutornis  siemenaii  (Dames),  and  in  certain 
characters  it  is  said  to  approach  the  carinate  type,  while  the  British 
Museum  example  shows  more  ratite  features.  As  the  genus  Archseopteryx 
was  based  by  Meyer  (1861)  on  a  feather,  it  appears  to  l>e  somewhat 
hazardous  to  identify  it  with  one  or  another  of  the  well-preserved  forms 
and,  according  to  the  facts  given  by  Lydekker  ('('at.  Fossil  Birds,'  p. 
362),  the  British  Museum  specimen  seems  to  be  entitled  to  the  name 
GHphosawruB  probUmatieue, 

In  the  light  of  these  facts,  and  in  consideration  of  all  we  know  about 
Mesozoic  birds,  we  have  little  ground  for  considering  any  Tertiary  or 
modern  bird  primitive  on  account  of  its  lacking  the  power  of  flight  or 
possessing  hair-like  feathers.  Even  in  the  Cretaceous,  certain  birds 
were  so  far  advanced  that  Shufeldt  has  not  hesitated  to  refer  one  of  them 
(Graculdvus  lewtua  Marsh*  t<>  the  modern  genus  Pedioecetes,  judging  from 
the  distal  end  of  a  tarso-metarsus.  In  the  heading  of  his  account  (Trans. 
Conn.  Acad.,  XIX,  p.  25)  he  actually  calls  it  P,  phtisianellus  (L.),but  the 
true  purport  of  the  observations  below  would  be  better  indicated  by 
calling  it  Pedioecetes  (?)  lentu*.  As  Matthew  and  Granger  indicate,  it  is 
hardly  to  be  doubted  that  the  discovery  of  the  whole  skeleton  would 
compel  us  to  recognize  a  perfectly  distinct  genus.  Nevertheless,  mod- 
ernization and  differentiation  had  gone  far  by  the  time  we  come  to  the 
Eocene  and,  as  regards  the  feathers,  there  was  probably  no  striking 
advance  remaining  to  be  made.  The  promise  of  the  future  was  rather 
in  the  development  of  the  voice  and  in  arboreal  and  nest-building  adapta- 
tions and  developments.  Even  the  mechanism  for  maintaining  a  high 
temperature  must  have  been  already  perfected. 


3  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  62 

In  the  midst  of  this  rather  orderly  and  consistent  development 
certain  extraordinary  types  appear,  both  in  the  living  and  extinct  faunas. 
They  do  not  represent  the  expectations  of  orthogenesis  and  must  be 
regarded  as  specially  adapted  forms,  made,  like  the  caricatures  of  the 
cartoonist,  by  exaggerating  certain  features  to  the  point  of  grotesqueness. 
Such  a  bird  is  the  Diatryma  of  the  Wasatch,  fully  elucidated  from  a  mag- 
nificent specimen  by  Matthew  and  Granger  (Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist ..XX  XVII,  pp.  307-326) .  Of  the  four  species  ascribed  to  Diatryma, 
only  D.  steini  is  known  by  t  he  major  part  of  the  skeleton.  The  others  are 
represented  by  very  imperfect  fragments  of  the  feet.  Nothing  has  been 
known  of  the  plumage  but,  although  the  authors  (p.  309)  suggest  that  the 
bird  is  closest  to  Cariama,  the  very  convincing  restoration  by  Mr. 
Erwin  S.  Christ  man  (PI.  xxxm)  shows  hair-like  plumage  like  that  of  a 
cassowary. 

The  vicinity  of  Roan  Creek  in  western  Colorado  has  long  been 
known  to  palaeontologists  on  account  of  the  discovery  of  numerous  fossil 
insects,  ascribed  to  the  Green  River  Eocene.  It  is  a  region  of  high  mesas 
or  hills,  separated  by  gigantic  valleys,  which  have  not  yet  been  accu- 
rately mapped,  topographically  or  geologically.  The  enormous  exposures 
are  all  in  the  Eocene,  apparently  Wasatch  at  the  bottom  of  the  valleys 
and  Green  River  at  the  top.  Before  going  there  I  was  prepared  to  be- 
lieve tli.it  the  Bhalee  ascribed  to  the  Green  River  were  not  really  con- 
temporaneous with  the  typical  beds  in  Wyoming;  but  the  longer  one 
worked  in  them  the  closer  seemed  to  be  the  resemblance  to  the  genuine 
Green  River  deposit,  and  no  hesitation  remains  in  ascribing  the  whole 
-ciic-  to  a  single  epoch.  Granting  this,  it  is  of  course  still  true  that 
horizons  will  have  to  be  elucidated  and  will  probably  show  marked  differ- 
ences in  their  contents.  The  good  fossiliferous  levels  in  the  Roan  Moun- 
tain- are  high  up.  but  some  distance  below  the  tops  of  the  mesas.  In 
certain  places  they  are  indeed  on  top,  but  this  occurs  on  spurs  from  the 
main  elevation.-  which  haw  been  worn  down  to  a  lower  level.  The 
fossil-hearing  beds  are  known  as  the  oil  shales,  and  the  hard  gray  rock  will 
l.in-t  into  Maine  when  placed  QO  a  lire.     At  very  numerous  places  assess- 

ment  holes  have  been  dug  and,  although  it  is  doubtful  whether  the  money 

thUS    Invested    will    he   recovered,    the    pahconl ologist    finds  most  of  his 

l<»ne  for  him  and  has  only  to  pick  up  and  split  the  shale  upon 

the  diimp-       \ou  in. Iced  i-  the  golden  time  to  collect  fossils  in  this  area, 

as  in  h\  •  time  the  exposed  -halo  will  have  crumbled  to  dust  and  it 

.1  probable  that  the  digging  of  hotel  will  continue  indefinitely. 


1923]      l'L (  MA OE  OF  THE  ECK  EXE  BIRD  DIA TR YMA  3 


Fig.  1.     Feathers  from  the  Eocene. 

A,  Contour  feather  of  unknown  bird. 

B,  C,  Plumage  of  Diatryma  (?)  ftlifera. 


Passing  up  the  old  Ute  trail  above  Seller's  Ranch,  a  mile  or  more 
before  reaching  the  Osborn  cabin,  there  is  a  considerable  excavation 
which  we  designated  Station  No.  1.  The  holes,  blasted  out  in  successive 
years,  are  like  so  many  gigantic  steps  on  the  side  of  the  mountain,  the 
uppermost  practically  on  the  top.    Later  on  it  will  be  possible  to  describe 


4  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOV IT AT 'ES  [No.  62 

the  fossil  insects  and  plants  taken  from  this  location.  Among  other 
things,  we  found  a  typical  contour  feather  of  a  bird,  perhaps  the  oldest 
ordinary  feather  known  (Fig.  1).  At  the  lowest  hole,  which  was  in 
general  unproductive,  Mtb.  Cockcrell  was  so  fortunate  as  to  find  long 
strands  of  plumage  which  look  as  if  they  might  have  come  from  the  very 
Diatryma  figured  by  Mr.  Christman.  Repeated  study,  with  lens  and 
microscope,  shows  that  they  are  not  vegetable  fibres,  nor  are  they  mam- 
malian hairs.  They  are  not  filopluimes,  according  to  Chandler's  ('A 
Study  of  the  Structure  of  Feathers,  with  Reference  to  their  Taxonomic 
Significance,'  Univ.  of  Calif.  Publ.,  Zool.,  I&16)  definition,  but  are  like 
the  very  slender  simple  feathers  of  the  CasuariVormes,  particularly  the 
cassowary.    Chandler  says  of  the  cassowary: 

The  naked  terminal  portion  of  the  feather,  which  sometimes  constitutes  three- 
fourths  of  the  entire  feather  and  reaches  a  length  of  over  20  cm.,  .sometimes  has  the 
stiff  bristle-like  naked  barbs  present  in  decreasing  numbers  all  the\way  to  the  tip, 
where  there  are  only  two  or  three  per  centimeter  on  each  side,  while  lh  other  cases, 
especially  in  shorter  feathers,  the  naked  shaft  is  produced  as  a  very  V-oarse,  stiff 
bristle.  ; 

The  fossil  plumage  now  described  had  a  length  of  fully  20  cm\  ,  prob- 
ably much  more.  It  was  apparently  very  dark,  appearing  black  up6n  the 
stone.  It  was  soft  and  wavy,  not  bristly.  All  the  filaments  appear  to-  be 
perfectly  simple.  The  average  filament  has  a  diameter  of  about  65  m) 
but  there  also  occur  slender,  pale  brown  ones  only  half  as  wide.  Tk\e 
surface  mottling  resembles  that  in  Chandler's  figure  of  Casuarius.  In 
places  the  filaments  are  bent  instead  of  curved.  There  is  no  resemblano  \ 
to  the  plumage  of  Cariama,  but,  as  compared  with  the  cassowary,  thte 
plumage  seems  to  have  been  even  more  filiform,  more  delicate  and  soft!, 
less  bristly. 

Among  the  known  Koccne  birds,  this  could  only  have  come  from 
Diatryma.  The  horizon  is  considerably  higher  than  any  known  for  that 
genus  and  no  doubt  a  different  species,  at  least,  is  concerned.  Until  we 
know  more  about  the  matter,  this  plumage  may  be  designated  Diatryma 
(?)  filifera,  new  specie*! 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES 

No.  63 


NOTES   ON   WEST   INDIAN  LAMPYRIDiE  AND 

CANTHARID/E  (COLEOPTERA)  WITH 

DESCRIPTIONS  OF  NEW  FORMS 

By  Andrew  J.  Mutchler 


Issued  March  29,  1923 


By  Order  of  the  Trustees 

op 

THE  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 
New  York  City 


AMERICAN    MUSEUM    NOVITATES 

Number  63  March  29,  1923 

59.57,6(729) 

NOTES  ON  WEST  INDIAN  LAMPYRID^  AND  CANTHARID^ 
(COLEOPTERA)  WITH  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  NEW  FORMS 

By  Andrew  J.  Mutchler 

In  Novitates  No.  60,  footnote  on  page  2, 1  remarked  that  I  had  in 
hand  records  of  Lampyridae  belonging  to  the  genera  Photinus  and 
Photuris  and  some  species  of  Cantharidae.  These  records,  now  ready  for 
publication,  include  specimens  received  from  the  following  sources: 
British  Museum,  sent  by  Mr.  G.  J.  Arrow;  Mr.  Geo.  N.  Wolcott  of  the 
Insular  Experiment  Station  at  Rio  Piedras,  Porto  Rico ;  Uni versity  of 
Iowa,  sent  by  Dr.  Dayton  Stoner;  Estacion  Experimental  Agronomica, 
Santiago  de  las  Vegas,  Cuba,  sent  by  Mr.  Stephen  C.  Bruner,  Chief  of 
the  Department  of  Entomology  and  Vegetable  Pathology;  also  a  number 
from  Haiti,  collected  by  Mr.  F.  E.  Watson  of  this  Museum,  whose  expedi- 
tion to  that  part  of  the  Island  of  Hispaniola  was  made  possible  through 
the  generosity  of  Mr.  B.  Preston  Clark. 

Lampyridae 

Photinus  pallens  (Fabricius) 

Jamaica:   without  any  definite  localty;   Coll.  British  Museum. 

Photinus  heterodoxus  Leng  and  Mutchler 
Two  specimens  of  this  species,  in  the  collection  of  the  Insular 
Experiment  Station  of  Porto  Rico,  which  are  merely  labeled  "Porto 
Rico,"  differ  slightly  from  the  type.  One  of  the  specimens  has  a  some- 
what well-defined  brown  spot  on  the  disk  of  the  pronotum,  which  extends 
from  the  base  to  about  the  apical  third.  The  elytra  in  both  specimens  are 
somewhat  darker.  The  basal  abdominal  segments  are  darker  and  the 
apical  ones  are  not  waxy  white. 

Photinus  ceratus  Leng  and  Mutchler 
Jamaica:  no  definite  locality;  Coll.  British  Museum. 

Photinus  glaucus  (G.  A.  Olivier) 
Cuba:   Sierra  Maestra,  July  10-20,  alt.  3600  to  4300  feet  (C.  H. 
Ballou  and  S.  C.  Bruner) ;  Coll.  Estacion  Exp.  Agronomica,  Santiago  de 
las  Vegas,  Cuba. 


2  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  68 

The  three  specimens  from  Cuba  which  I  have  seen  do  not  agree  in 
every  respect  with  those  from  Jamaica.  Further  study  with  a  larger 
series  may  show  sufficient  differences  to  require  them  to  l>e  separated 
from  glaucus. 

Photinus  lutzi  Leng  and  Mutchler 
Dominica:  Laion  (G.  A.  Ramage);   Coll.  British  Museum. 

Photinus  dubiosus  Long  and  Mutchler 

Porto  Rico:  Larres,  March  7  (F.  Sein);  Rio  Piedras,  April  5 
(Geo.  N.  Wolcott);  Coll.  Insular  Exp.  Sta.,  Rio  Piedras,  Porto  Rico. 

Photinus  pygmseus  E.  Olivier 

Cuba:  Siena  Maestra,  alt,  3000  to  4200  feet,  July  10-20;  Pico 
Turquino,  alt,  3500  feet,  and  summit,1  July  20  and  22;  and  Nagua 
Oriente,  July  7  (S.  C.  Bruner  and  C.  H.  Ballou);  Camagiiey,  July  to 
August  (J.  Acuna);  Coll.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  and  Coll.  Estacion 
Exp.  Agrononiica.  Cuba. 

There  are  thirteen  specimens  among  the  above  material  received 
from  Mr.  S.  C.  Brunei  which  I  have  identified  :is  this  species.  These 
specimens  range  from  brownish  black  to  deep  black  in  color  and  are 
from  3  to  6.5  mm.  in  length. 

Photinus  lengi,    new  species 

Figure  1 
M  \i.k. — Elongate.    Head  blade,  somewhat  deeply  dent  oared  between  the  eyes. 
Mandibles  brown,  darker  on  inner  margin.    Antenna  blank,  longer  than  the  bend  and 
thorax.    Pronotum  teataoeoua,  thinly  dad  with  moderately  long,  yellow  pubeeoenee, 

disk  rosy  with  more  or  less  defined  darker  spots  or  markings;  margins  somewhat 
-cly  hjit  not  very  closely  punctate,  disk  less  coarsely  punctate.  Scutellum  yellow, 
more  or  less  KM  ■"',  base.  Klytra  covering  the  ahdomen,  dark  lirown  bordered  except 
at  ban  with  pale  yellow,  somewhat  closely  punctate  and  covered  with  a  short  yellow 
pul>escence,  lateral  margins  somewhat  broadly  llattcned.  t  nderside  reddish  yellow. 
\Ief;i>tcrnal  epi>ti  niiim  wholly,  and  sides  of  inetasternuin  narrowly  fuscous,  lirst  to 
fourth  ventral  MWtnciit*  of  the  abdomen  more  or  less  hroadly  darkened  through  t  he 
<  <rift.it  portion,  fifth  and  M\lh   Mack,  seventh  with  waw    while  light   organs  at    t  he 


among  the  material  wal  b)   Mi    B   C.  Brunei  which  are  marked 

<  unibre"  (Huminit)  when  referring  to  altitude     All  speoiineae  so  marked  are  from  Pico  Turquino, 

the  summit  of  which,  eccording  to  published  record*,  In  approximate!1]  2400  meten  (about  7,st»o  feat) 

to  in)  bimkI  friend  nnd  co-worker,  Mi  Chat  w    Lang,  senior  author  of  our  work  on  the 
i    :   ;.  ridti<)  of  the  W«|  Indies,' to  whom  I  am  indebted  foi 

msny  f*v'>r»  nnd  nUofnr  his  kit  idingthe  manusci  Ipt  snd  cheeking  up  the  ne*  ipecic  Included 

in)  forma  papal 


1923]  WEST  INDIAN  LAMPYRIDM  AND  CANTHARID&       3 


basal  part,  apex  of  seventh  and  the  small  eighth  segment  dark.     Femora  yellow. 
Tibiae  and  tarsi  darker.    Length,  8.5  to  10.5  mm. 

Female. — Head  broad  and  feebly  depressed  between  the  eyes.  Pronotum  yel- 
low, disk  yellow  with  dark  central  spot.  Scutellum  wholly  yellow.  Elytra  about  one- 
half  as  long  as  the  abdomen,  leaving  four  dorsal  segments  fully,  and  the  greater 
part  of  a  fifth,  uncovered.  Exposed  dorsal  segments  of  the  abdomen  with  a  median 
costa,  first  three  exposed  segments  becoming  gradually  darker,  the  two  apical  ones 
black.  Underside  yellow;  metasternal  episternum  black;  apical  three  segments  of  the 
abdomen  darker,  last  segment  with  a  pair  of  waxy  white,  light  organs  at  the  base, 
otherwise  as  in  the  male.    Length,  11.5  mm. 

Haiti:  Holotype  male,  No.  26979,  and  allotype  female, 
No.  26980,  Port  au -Prince  (at  light),  December  22  to  31,  1921. 
Paratypes  male  and  female,  Nos.  26981  and  26982,  Port  au 
Prince  (at  light),  December  22,  1921  to  April  11,  1922  (F.  E. 
Watson);   Coll.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 

The  males  of  this  species,  at  a  superficial  glance, 
resemble  some  specimens  of  quadrimaculatus  but  on 
examination  they  will  be  found  to  have  the  pale  mar- 
gins (especially  the  lateral  ones)  of  the  same  width 
throughout,  also  the  general  color  of  the  paler  por- 
tions of  the  elytra  whitish  yellow.  There  are  also  two 
male  specimens  in  the  type  lot  in  which  the  dark  color 
on  the  disk  of  the  elytra,  behind  the  scutellum,  is  not 
fully  developed,  making  the  suture  appear  broadly 
margined  basally;  in  these  same  specimens  the  dark 
spot  on  the  disk  of  the  thorax  is  barely  perceptible,  there 
being  merely  a  dusky  mark  to  indicate  the  spot.  The 
two  female  paratypes  seem  to  have  just  emerged  (before  capture)  from 
the  pupal  shell  as  none  of  the  darker  colors  are  as  well  developed  as  in 
the  allotype. 

The  species  should  be  placed  in  the  Pantoni  group  near  pantoni  and 
suavis. 


Fig.  1.  Photi- 
nus  lengi,  new 
species.  Female 
allotype. 


Photinus  magnus,  new  species 

Elongate.  Front  of  head  light  brown,  somewhat  deeply  excavated  between  the 
eyes  in  the  male,  moderately  impressed  in  the  female,  punctate  and  covered  with  a 
light  brown  pubescence.  Mandibles  pale  yellowish  brown  at  base,  apex  black.  Palpi 
pubescent  with  an  intermixture  of  longer  hairs,  black,  apical  joint  with  a  streak  of 
light  brown  at  each  side.  Antennae  reaching  about  to  the  hind  coxae,  black,  pubescence 
moderately  long  and  somewhat  coarse.  Pronotum  somewhat  broadly  rounded  in 
front,  subapical  and  sublateral  margins  depressed,  the  sublateral  being  much  more 
deeply  so  in  the  male  than  in  female,  somewhat  coarsely  punctate;  pubescence  very 
short,  pale  yellow  with  a  few  scattered  black  hairs;  disk  rosy,  with  darker  spots. 
Male  with  a  large  dark  spot  on  the  middle  of  the  disk,  longitudinally  divided  at  the 


4  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  63 

base  to  about  the  apical  third  by  the  rosy  color  in  the  holotype,  almost  completely 
divided  in  the  paratype,  and  with  two  minute  dark  spots  on  each  side  at  the  base,  the 
inner  spots  paler  than  the  outer  ones.  Female  with  four  spots  on  the  middle  of  disk, 
the  two  front  ones  smaller  and  paler  in  color  than  the  two  hinder  ones,  basal  spots 
similar  to  those  in  the  male.  Scutellum  pale  yellow,  coarsely  punctate  and  pubescent. 
Elytra  smoky  black,  moderately  coarsely  punctate  and  covered  with  a  short,  pale 
yellow  pubescence,  margined  at  the  sides  and  suture  with  pale  yellow;  apex  very 
vaguely  margined.  Underside  yellow,  more  or  less  marked  with  dark  brown  in  the 
holotypc  and  allotype,  brownish  black  in  the  paratype.  Female  with  the  apex  and 
sides  of  the  Hist  to  fifth  ventral  segments  of  the  abdomen  more  or  less  black  at  the 
sides  and  apex,  sixth  wholly  black,  seventh  with  a  waxy  white  spot  at  each  side  of  the 
1  iasc  and  with  a  pale-colored  longitudinal  line  through  the  center.  Male  with  the  sides 
and  apex  of  the  four  basal  segments  very  narrowly  darker  in  the  holotype,  only 
slightly  paler  basally  in  the  paratype,  fifth  and  sixth  black,  seventh  waxy  white, 
small  eighth  yellowish  brown.  Legs  yellow,  apex  of  femora,  inner  margin  of  tibiae 
and  all  of  tarsi  brown.     Length,  male  14.5  mm.,  female  1(5.5  mm. 

Cuba:  Holotypc  male,  No.  26983,  and  allotype  female,  No.  26984,  Sierra 
Maestra,  alt.  4500  feet,  July  10-20,  1922  (C.  H.  Ballon  and  S.  C.  Bruner);  Coll. 
Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  His).  Paratype  male,  Sierra  Maestra,  July  10-20.  alt.  3600-4200 
feel  (C.  H.  Ballon  and  S.  C.  Bruner);   Coll.  Estacion  Exp.  Agronomica,  Cuba. 

Photinus  magnus  variety  turquino,  new  variety 

Mai.k.  Form  slightly  more  elongate.  Center  of  the  impressed  front  part  of 
the  head  black,  sides  and  apex  margined  with  rosy  color.  Pronotum  with  only  one 
large,  central,  squarely  outlined  black  spot  which  has  the  basal  center  longitudinally 
divided  by  a  narrow  pale  line.  Elytra  dark  with  pale  margins  continuous  around  the 
apex  Inderside  brownish  black,  seventh  segment  waxy  white  at  base  and  sides. 
Otherwise  at  in  the  s|>ceies. 

I'kmai.k.     Unknown. 

Cuba:  Holotyi>c,  No.  26085,  Summit  of  Pico  Turquino,  -Inly  2.  1022  (S.  C. 
Bruner  and  C.  H.  Ballou);  Coll.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 

Photinus  unicus,  new  species 

M  w.i..  (  )l. long  elongate.  Head  very  moderately  excavated  between  the  eyes, 
yellow.  Palpi  yellowish  brown.  Antenna'  dark  brown,  about  one-half  as  long  as 
the  body.  Pronotum  yellow,  moderately  broadly  rounded  at  apex,  snbmargins 
BUghth  impressed,  disk  with  :i  longitudinal  depression  at  basal  hall'.  Scutelluin  yel- 
low. Ehtra  brownish  Mark,  margined,  except  at  base,  with  yellow;  siitural  and 
.ipnal  margin!  narrower  t  han  t  he  lateral.  I  nderside  dark  brown,  last  t  wo  (including 
the  small  eighth)  ventral  segments  of  the  abdomen  whitish  yellow.  Legs  brown, 
marked   with   paler  eolor.      Length,  5  mm. 

i  i  \i  mi.     i  nknown. 

Jamah  \     Holotype;  ("oil.  British  Muaeum, 

This  M|x'eies  ilifTeix  from  all  of  the  others  from  Jamaica,  which  have 
tin-  elytra  margined  with  paler  color,  in  having  the  thorax  of  a  uniform 


1923]  WEST  INDIAN  LAMPYRIDJJ  AND  CANTHARIDM       5 

pale  color.  In  general  appearance  it  resembles  apoplecticiis  and  simplex. 
It  differs  from  apoplecticiis  in  the  form  of  the  pronotum  which  is  much 
more  elongate  and  broader  in  apoplecticiis.  The  antenna?  also  differ,  they 
being  shorter  in  apoplecticiis  than  in  this  species.  The  species  differs 
from  simplex  in  the  following  respects:  the  antennae  are  longer  and  the 
basal  joint  is  not  testaceous;  the  disk  of  the  thorax  is  not  rosy;  the 
apical  pale  margin  of  the  elytra  is  much  narrower;  the  body  beneath  is 
darker  in  color;   and  the  apex  of  the  pronotum  is  less  broadly  rounded. 

Photinus  simplex  (E.  Olivier) 
Dominica:   Laudat,  March 30;  Coll.  British  Museum. 

Photinus  nefarius  (E.  Olivier) 

Cuba:  Nagua Oriente,  July  7  (S.  C.  Brunei- and  C.  H.  Ballou);  Coll. 
Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Nagua  Oriente,  July  7  and  Vara,  July  5  (S.  C. 
Brunei-  and  C.  H.  Ballou);  Coll.  Estacion  Exp.  Agronomica,  Cuba. 

Photinus  quadrimaculatus  (( 'astelnau) 

Santo  Domingo:  no  definite  locality;  Coll.  British  Museum. 
Dominican  Republic:  Haina  (Geo.  N.  Wolcott).  Haiti:  Port  au 
Prince  (at  light),  December  22,  1921  to  March  29,  1922;  Fond  Parisien, 
February  11-18,  and  Aux  (  ayes  (at  light),  March  15  20  (F.  E.  Watson); 
Coll.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 

The  five  male  and  eleven  female  specimens  which  are  before  me  show 
a  marked  variation  in  the  elytra!  markings.  The  black  color  on  the  disk 
of  the  efytra  in  many  of  the  specimens  forms  a  continuous  line  narrowed 
toward  the  middle  and  extending  from  the  base  to  near  the  apical  margin. 
In  some  this  line  is  almost  separated  at  the  middle  of  the  elytra,  thus 
making  the  apical  and  basal  parts  appear  darker.  There  is  also  a  speci- 
men in  which  the  black  color  is  barely  noticeable  at  the  base  but  is  very 
prominent  and  forms  a  black  spot  near  the  apex  of  each  elytron,  and 
another  which  has  the  discal  black  markings  covering  the  apical  margins 
of  the  elytra. 

Photinus  commissus  E.  Olivier 

Jamaica:   no  definite  locality;   Coll.  British  Museum. 

The  three  specimens  of  this  species  which  were  received  from  Mr. 
G.  J.  Arrow  of  the  British  Museum  are  an  extremely  dark  form  of  com- 
missus.    They  have  the  disk  of  the  pronotum  darker  and  the  elytra 


6  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOV  I  TATE  S  [No.  63 

blackish  brown,  leaving  the  outer  apical  margin  pale.  There  is  also  a 
pale  spot  on  the  basal  third  and  on  the  apical  half  of  each  elytron.  In  one 
of  the  specimens  these  spots  are  fairly  large,  in  another  they  are  quite 
small,  and  in  a  third  they  are  scarcely  discernible. 

Photinus  discoideus  (Sahlberg) 

One  specimen  of  this  species  in  British  Museum  Collection,  labeled 
"West  Indies,"  is  probably  from  Guadeloupe,  as  there  are  no  records  of 
the  species  being  found  in  any  of  the  other  islands. 

Photinus  limbipennis  Jacquelin  Duval 

Cuba:  Camaguey,  December  29  (J.  Acuna) ;  Coll.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist,  and  Coll.  Estacion  Exp.  Agronomica,  Cuba. 

Photinus  sublateralis,  new  species 

Male. — Elongate  oval.  Head,  between  the  eyes,  black,  very  feebly  excavated. 
Mandibles  brown.  Palpi  with  the  two  apical  joints  black,  basal  joints  generally  light 
brown.  Antennae  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  body,  dark  brown,  somewhat  densely 
pubescent.  Pronotum  moderately  broadly  rounded  at  apex,  basal  angles  acute,  sub- 
margins  depressed,  somewhat  coarsely  but  not  closely  punctate,  lateral  margins  yel- 
low, apical  dusky;  disk  with  a  median  longitudinal  depression  which  extends  from 
the  base  to  slightly  beyond  the  middle;  rosy  red,  with  a  longitudinal  dark  mark  which 
is  narrow  at  the  base  and  gradually  broadens  to  apex.  Scutellum  dark  brown. 
Elytra  brown,  slightly  darker  basally,  broadly  expanded  at  the  basal  two-thirds, 
closely  punctate  and  covered  with  a  short  pubescence;  margined  with  yellow,  nar- 
rowly at  the  suture,  more  or  less  distinctly  at  the  apex,  moderately  broadly  at  basal 
two-thirds  of  the  lateral  margins  where  the  elytra  are  dilated.  The  extreme  outer 
edges  of  the  elytra  are  dark  brown.  Thorax  beneath,  rosy  red.  Underside  of  body 
blackish  brown,  except  the  two  apical  (including  the  eighth)  segments  of  the  abdomen 
which  are  pale  brown.    Legs  varying  from  pale  to  dark  brown.    Lengt  h,  9.5-10.5  mm. 

I  i. mm. k.     I'nknown. 

Cuba:  Holotype,  No.  20980,  and  par: i type,  No.  20987,  Pico  Turquino,  alt,  5500 
to  MOO  ft.,  July  20,  1922  (S.  C.  Bruner  and  C.  H.  Ballou);  Coll.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat. 
Ili^t.  live  parat  \|hs,  I 'in  i  Turquino,  July  20  and  22,  alt.  5000  to  5500  ft,,  and  summit 
Bruner  and  C.  II.  Ballon);  Coll.  Kstacion  Kxp.  Agronomica,  Cuba. 

This  species  differs  from  any  West  Indian  species  in  having  the  outer 
edge  of  the  lateral  pule  margin  of  the  elytra  bordered  with  a  darker  color. 
One  nf  the  pantype  specimens  does  not  agree  in  every  respect  with 
the  holotype.  The  disk  of  the  pronotum  is  not  as  bright  rosy  red  and 
the  baial  pari  ol  the  black  marking  is  merely  indicated  by  black  hairs. 
The  pale  n  argin.s  of  the  elytra  in  some  of  the  specimens  are  more  or  less 
disconnected  at  the  apex.    I  believe  (he  specimens  represent  one  species. 


1923]  WEST  INDIAN  LAM  PY  RID  A  AND  CANTHARIDsE       7 

Photinus  vittatus  (G.  A.  Olivier) 

Porto  Rico:  Guanica,  December  10;  Rio  Piedras,  March  23 ;  Tao 
Alta,  January  1;  and  La  Plata,  June  11  (Geo.  N.  Wolcott);  Coll. 
Insular  Exp.  Sta.,  Rio  Piedras,  Porto  Rico. 

Photuris  brunnipennis  Jacquelin  Duval 

Cuba:  Taco  Taco,  April  1-6  (S.  C.  Brunei-,  J.  Acuna  and  C.  H. 
Ballou) ;  Coll.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat .  1 1  ist .  Taco  Taco,  April  1-6  (S.  C.  Bruner 
and  C.  H.  Ballou);  Santiago  de  las  Vegas,  October  31  (B.  T.  Barreto); 
Habana,  January  20  (J.  Acuna);  Baracoa,  April  19  (P.  Cardini);  Coll. 
Estacion  Experimental  Agronomica,  Cuba. 

The  specimen  from  Santiago  de  las  Vegas  has  lost  all  trace  of  the 
paler  elytral  margins  but  otherwise  agrees  with  the  description  of 
brunnipennis. 

Photuris  jamaicensis  E.  (  Mivier 

Jamaica:  Trouthall.  Clarendon,  November  17  (A.  H.  Ritchie); 
( Oil.  British  Museum. 

The  specimen  which  I  have  identified  as  this  species  is  much  dis- 
colored, but  I  believe  it  to  be  jaiiiuict'nsis. 

Cantharidae 

Belotus  cacumenum,  new  species 

Elongate.  Head  reddish  yellow .  with  inconspicuous  cloudy  spots  on  the  vertex, 
apex  of  labrum  margined  with  black;  moderately  finely  and  somewhat  closely  punc- 
tate, covered  with  a  short  yellowish  pubescence.  Mandible-  somewhat  long  with  a 
broad  triangular  tooth  on  the  middle.  Palpi  blackish  brown,  last  joint  moderately 
stout.  Anteniue  black,  arising  from  frontal  bosses,  nearly  as  long  as  the  body,  mod- 
erately serrate;  extreme  base  of  the  basal  joint  paler.  Pronotum  reddish  yellow, 
somewhat  finely  and  moderately  closely  punctate,  subquadrate,  somewhat  longer 
through  the  middle  line  than  at  the  sides;  disk  with  a  transverse  impression  at  the 
base.  Scutellum  reddish  yellow .  apex  arcuately  emarginate.  Elytra  nearly  two-thirds 
as  long  as  the  body  black,  somewhat  shiny;  each  elytron  with  two,  more  or  less 
obsolete,  diseal  carina,  the  basal  parts  of  which  are  joined  together  in  a  curve  and  begin 
on  the  basal  center  a  short  distance  behind  the  base  and  extend  obliquely  to  about 
the  apical  third;  disk  coarsely  wrinkled  punctate;  extreme  base  and  apical  third 
finely  wrinkled  punctate;  pubescence  short,  brown.  Head  and  thorax  beneath  red- 
dish yellow.  Body  beneath  dark  brown  to  black.  Legs  blackish  brown  covered  with 
paler  brown  pubescence.    Coxa-  and  trochanters  pale  yellow.    Length,  5  mm. 

Cuba:  HolotyjK-  male?,  No.  26988,  Pico  Turquino  (Summit),  alt.  6620  ft.,  July 
20,  1922  (S.  C.  Bruner  and  C.  H.  Ballou);  Coll.  Amer.  Mas.  Nat.  Hist. 


8  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  63 

Belotus  balloui,  now  species 

Elongate.  Head  reddish  yellow  with  a  faint  dark  V-shaped  mark  which  extends 
from  slightly  in  front  of  the  middle  of  each  eye  to  the  center  of  the  basal  margin  in 
the  holotype,  front  of  head  black  in  the  paratype;  granulate  punctate  and  covered 
with  a  short  whitish  pubescence.  Palpi  with  the  last  joint  moderately  stout;  an- 
tenna; arising  from  frontal  bosses,  moderately  serrate,  black,  base  of  first  joint  yellow; 
second  joint  slightly  more  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  third;  third  and  following 
joints  approximately  equal  in  length.  Pronotum  reddish  yellow,  punctate,  pubescent, 
broader  than  long,  rectangidar,  slightly  longer  at  the  middle  line  than  at  the  sides. 
Elytra  rather  indefinitely  wrinkled  punctate,  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  abdomen, 
brownish  black,  margined  at  the  suture  with  yellow  and,  in  the  holotype,  narrowly 
yellow  on  the  side  margins.  The  sutural  pale  margins  extend  to  the  base  in  the  holo- 
type; only  to  the  apex  of  scutellum  in  the  paratype,  those  on  the  sides  of  the  holotype 
are  post-humeral.  Body  beneath  black,  except  central  portion  of  presternum,  apex 
of  metasternum,  and  apical  ventral  segments  of  the  abdomen,  which  are  yellowish, 
abdominal  segments  margined  at  the  sides  with  yellow  in  the  paratype.  Legs  yel- 
lowish, base  of  femora,  tibia;  and  tarsi  on  first  two  pair  somewhat  darker,  hind  pair 
with  base  of  femora,  apex  of  tibiae  and  tarsi  only  slightly  darker.    Length,  6  mm. 

Cuba  :  Holotype,  male?,  No.  26989,  Palma  Mocha,  Sierra  Maestra,  July  10-20, 
1922,  alt.  3500  to  4400  ft..  (C.  H.  Ballou  and  S.  C.  Bruner);  Coll.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.  Paratype,  Pafana  Mocha,  Sierra  Maestra,  July  10-20,  alt,  3500  to  4000  ft.. 
(C.  H.  Ballou  and  8.  ( '.  Bruner);  Coll.  Estacion  Exp.  Agronomica,  Cuba. 

The  two  specimens  from  which  this  species  was  described  do  not 
agree  in  every  respect  as  to  color  markings.  The  one  which  I  have 
marked  as  paratype  has  the  front  of  the  head  dark;  the  sutural  pale 
margin  of  the  elytra  does  not  extend  to  the  base  and  the  outer  margins 
arc  not  bordered  with  paler  color;  the  abdominal  segments  have  the 
lateral  margins  bordered  with  pale  yellow  and  the  apical  abdominal 
segments  arc  not  pale  yellow.  I  believe  they  represent  one  species,  as  I 
can  find  do  structural  differences  on  which  to  separate  them. 

Tytthonyx  marginicollis,  new  species 

M.m.i..  Elongate,  whining.  I'pper  part  of  head,  from  base  to  between  the 
.ini'ima-,  blackish  gray;  sides,  front,  and  underneath  pale  yellow.  Mandibles  some- 
what long,  u  ith  I  moderately  large  triangular  toot  1 1  00  the  inner  side  of  the  middle; 
palfl  \<-llou.  apex  and  tOOth  slightly  darker.  Labial  palpi  moderately  long,  pale  yel- 
low, apical  joint  darker.     Antenna'  ahoiit  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  body,  somewhat 

aghj  ■errate,  light  brown,  pale  beneath,  basal  joint  ehib-ehaped,  second  joint 
broad  al  apex,  fointi  throe  to  eleven  gradually  diminishing  In  thickness  and  gradually 
Infiweaing  in  length.     Pronotum  blackiah  gray,  margined  at  the  apical  angles,  sides, 

buMJil  angle-  :md  li.i-.d  center  with  pale  yellow,  apical  and  basal  angles  broadly  round- 
•  .iii.  w  li.it    linelv    punctate,   pubescence  light   brown,  disk   impressed  somewhat 
i||\  ill  the  apical  nide    and  basal  center,  apical  center  more  narrowly  longit  ndinally 
in.pn  nfc||nm  pale  vcllowish,  apex  s<pmrely  truncate.     Klvtra  less  than  one- 

half  Hie  IciiKlh  of  tin-  b.idv  .  dcln-.ccnt    rounded  at  ape\.  slight  I  v  paler  than  the  thorax 


1923]  WEST  INDIAN  LAMPYRIDJE  AND  CANTHAR1DM       9 

in  color.  Underside  pale  yellow.  Last  ventral  segment  completely  divided,  penulti- 
mate segment  deeply  arcnately  emarginate,  the  two  segments  forming  together  an 
elongate  cavity  in  which  the  genitalia  lie.  Legs  yellow,  apex  of  tibia-  and  tarsi  slightly 
darker.    Length,  3  to  4.25  mm. 

Female. — Unknown. 

Antigua:  Holotype,  No.  20990;  Cull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  One  par&type; 
Coll.  University  of  Iowa.    Both  specimens  collected  June  is. 

Tytthonyx  discolor  Leng  and  Mutchler 

Porto  Rico:  Lanes?  Coll.  Insular  Exp.  Sta..  Rio  Piedras,  Porto 
Rico. 

Silis  marginella  Jacquelin  Duval 

Cuba:  Vifiales,  April  6  9;  Qbmagttey,  July  to  August  (8.  C.  Bruner 
andJ.  Acuna);  Coll.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.   Camagfley,  July  to  August; 

TacoTaco,  April  1-6  (S.  C.  Bruner,  .1.  Acuna  and  C  H.  Ballon):  (oil. 
Kstacion  Exp.  Agronomica,  Cuba. 

Silis  ( Haplacroselis )  impressa  (Pic) 

Cuba:  near  Pico  Turquino,  alt.  4500  ft,  July  20  (S.  C.  Bruner  and 
C.  H.  Ballou);  Coll.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Pico  Turquino,  July  20, 
alt.  4500-5500  ft.,  (S.  C.  Brunei-  and  C.  H.  Ballou):  Coll.  Kstaeion 
K\\).  Agronomiea,  <  Hiba. 

Tylocerus  coriaceus  Leng  and  Mutchler 

Haiti:  Port  au  Prince,  January  15  to  March  21  (at  light)  andPetion- 
ville,  January  25  to  29  (at  light),  (F.  E.  Watson);  Coll.  Amer.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist, 


AMERICAN   MUSEUM   NOVITATES 

No.  64 


# 


FOUR   NEW   LIZARDS   FROM   BEATA   ISLAND, 
DOMINICAN   REPUBLIC 

By  G.  K.  Noble 


Issued  March  29,  1923 


By  Order  ok  the  Trustees 

OF 

THE  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 
New  York  City 


AMERICAN    MUSEUM    NOVITATES 

Number  64  March  29,  1923 


59.81,1(729.3) 

FOUR  NEW  LIZARDS  FROM  BEATA  ISLAND, 
DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC 

By  G.  K.  Noble 

This  is  the  second  paper  to  appear  dealing  with  the  results  of  the 
"Angelo  Heilprin  Expedition  to  the  Dominican  Republic. "  While  in- 
vestigating the  life  history  of  the  Rhinoceros  Iguana,  Cyclura  cornuta 
(Bonnaterre),  I  spent  four  days  (October  1  to  4  inclusive)  on  Beata 
Island  off  the  southwestern  coast  of  the  Dominican  Republic.  As 
no  reptiles  had  previously  been  recorded  from  Beata,  I  made  an  effort 
to  secure  a  representative  collection.  The  four  species  described  below 
were  recognized  in  the  field  as  distinct  from  their  relatives  on  the 
mainland  (Dominican  Republic). 

The  four  species  include  only  a  part  of  the  herpetological  fauna  of 
Beata  Island.  In  a  subsequent  paper  I  shall  discuss  the  fauna  as  a 
whole  and  compare  it  with  that  of  the  mainland.  It  may  be  mentioned 
here  that  all  the  reptiles  of  the  island  have  been  derived  from  stocks 
existing  today  in  the  arid  southwestern  part  of  the  Dominican  Republic. 
The  species  described  below  are  represented  in  the  collection  by  a  series. 

Ameiva  abbotti,1  new  species 

Diagnosis. — A  brilliantly  colored  lizard  closely  related  to  A.  chrysolsema;  agree- 
ing with  that  species  in  its  straight-keeled  caudal  scales,  its  four  supraoculars,  and  its 
ten  rows  of  ventral  scales;  differing  from  A.  chrysolxma  in  having  the  prefrontals  more 
broadly  in  contact,  the  frontal  in  contact  with  the  third  ocular,  or  separated  by  a  row 
of  small  scales.  The  preaxial  row  of  antebrachials  and  the  brachials  small,  femoral 
pores  more  than  twenty.  Differing  from  A.  chrysolsema  and  all  other  species  of  the 
genus  in  its  coloration:  dorsal  surface  of  head  olive-brown,  of  body  black  or  very 
dark  brown  mottled  with  black;  a  series  of  large  spots  (1  to  3  mm.  in  diameter) 
forming  about  12  to  18  longitudinal  rows  extending  from  the  occiput  to  the  base  of 
the  tail;  the  spots  bluish  or  whitish  above,  bluish  on  the  sides  of  the  body  and  bright 
blue  along  the  periphery  of  the  abdomen;  gular  region  and  venter  rosy  pink;  a  broad 
band  of  black  across  the  throat  and  chest,  fading  gradually  into  the  pink  of  the  ab- 
domen. In  life  the  dorsal  spots  greenish,  the  lateral  ones  bright  blue  in  striking  con- 
trast to  the  black  ground-tone  of  the  back,  the  chestnut  head  and  the  rosy  venter. 
Young  with  the  distal  part  of  the  tail  pale  clay-color  to  white. 

'I  take  pleasure  in  naming  this  Ameiva,  probably  the  most  attractive  teiid  in  the  West  Indian 
region,  after  the  naturalist,  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott,  whose  intimate  knowledge  of  the  Dominican  Republic 
contributed  greatly  to  the  success  of  the  expedition. 


2  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  64 

Type.— A.  M.  N.  H.  No.  24327;  adult  male:  Beata  Island,  Dominican  Republic; 
October  3,  1922;  G.  K.  Noble. 

Description  of  Type. — Rostral  forming  an  acute  angle  behind;  nostril  on 
the  posterior  pari  of  anterior  nasal;  anterior  nasals  narrowly  in  contact  behind 
rostral;  fronto-nasal  as  wide  as  long,  broadly  in  contact  with  the  loreal;  prefrontals 
broadly  in  contact,  their  suture  nearly  half  the  length  of  either  prefrontal;  frontal  in 
contact  with  the  first,  second,  and  third  supraoculars  of  each  side;  four  supraoculars, 
the  last  half  the  size  of  the  first;  front o-parietals  separated  from  the  third  supra- 
ocular by  one  or  two  rows  of  granules;  nine  supraciliaries  on  one  side,  eleven  on  the 
other;  these  separated  from  the  three  posterior  supraoculars  by  two  rows  of  granules; 
the  anterior  granules  enlarged  and  partly  separating  the  first  supraocular  from  the 
second;  five  occipitals,  the  median  larger  than  the  two  outer  but  smaller  than  the  two 
adjacent  scales;  two  to  three  rows  of  post-oceipitals;  six  enlarged  upper  labials  to 
the  middle  of  the  eye,  five  enlarged  lower  labials  to  the  same  point)  between  lower 
labials  and  chin  shields  a  wedge  of  small  scales  extending  anteriorly  to  the  post- 
raental.  Chin  and  throat  covered  with  granular  scales;  of  these  the  largest  do  not 
form  a  band  across  the  middle  but  form  three;  indistinct  patches,  the  median  patch 
not  as  extensive  as  the  two  lateral  ones;  collar  with  three  rows  of  only  slightly  en- 
larged scales. 

Dorsal  Scales  minute,  granular,  uniform;  ventral  scales  in  ten  longitudinal  rows 
(not  including  the  outer  row  of  half  size  or  smaller  plates')  and  thirty-six  transverse 
rows;  preanal  plates  in  a  triangle  three  rows  high  and  seven  scales  broad  at  the  base. 
Antebrachials  in  one  row  of  large  scales  and  two  series  of  smaller  scales  on  t  he  preaxial 
side;  brachials  in  three  to  four  rows  of  small  scales,  these  not  larger  than  the  small 
antebrachials;  antebrachials  and  brachials  not  forming  a  continuous  series  but  inter- 
rupted by  many  rows  of  granules;  underside  of  thighs  covered  with  six  or  seven  series 
of  hexagonal  plates,  I  he  anterior  largest ;  twenty-one  to  I  wenty-t  wo  femoral  pores  on  a 
side;  ventral  surface  of  tibia  with  three  rows  of  plates,  the  prcaxials  three  times  as 
wide  as  the  postaxials,  first  (preaxiab  toe  distinctly  shorter  than  the  fifth;  forty-two 
Beaks  around  the  tail  at  the  fifteenth  ring. 

GrOUnd-tone  above  and  on  the  sides  black,  fading  to  olive  on  the  neck;  head 
chestnut-olive;  sixteen  rows  of  large  blue  spots  extending  from  neck  to  groin,  five 
rows  of  whitish  spots  of  the  same  size  on  the  hind  legs,  numerous  white  spots  on  the 
tail;  thro.it  and  abdomen  rosy  except  where  the  blue  spots  encroach  upon  the  pe- 
riphery; collar  chest,  and  ventral  surfaces  of  the  forelegs  black;  ventral  surface  of  the 
tail  whitish,  indistinctly  spotted  with  brown. 

Length,  287  mm.    tail  reproduced);   body.  I  hi  mm.;  arm.  II  mm.;  leg,  83.5  mm.) 

head-length,  85  mm.;  head-breadth.  10  mm. 

Ameiva  beatensis,  now  species 
Diagnosis.    Closely  related  to  Amtioa  Knaolofa  Dumeril  and  Bibron,  with 

which  it   agrees  in  its  small  SUM,  smooth  oblique  caudal  scales,  and  conspicuously 

triped  dorsum     Distinguished  from  that  species  b}  its  different  color  pattern;  only 

six  white  stri|>cs  in  the  occipital  region,  lour  of  these  stripes  continued  to  the  tip  of 
the  snout;    sppSfldafSJ  and  tail  much  bluer.      Adult  specimens  l.irgcr  than  adult    .1. 


n ti hi/  i .  iir, i  i  Mi|,i.,\,  .i  i,'.  n  ,i i.., mi  unit  Nobis,  1018,  Hull   Mu.--  Coop,  loM., 

:  i  \  .  i,|,    ||7   i '/'•  but  not  it  hem, 


1923]  NEW  LIZARDS  FROM  BE  AT  A  ISLAND  3 

lineolata,  the  outer  row  of  ventral  plates  much  larger  than  in  that  species;  other  less 
conspicuous  differences  in  the  larger  anterior  chin  scales,  somewhat  different  preanals 
and  tibials.  In  some  of  these  characters,  such  as  the  reduction  in  the  number  of 
stripes  and  the  pattern  continued  to  the  tip  of  the  snout,  this  sj>ecies  approaches  .4. 
wcttnorei  of  Porto  Rico. 

Type. — A.  M.  N.  H.  No.  24328;  adult  male;  Beata  Island,  Dominican  Republic; 
October  3,  1922;   Ci.  K.  Noble. 

Description  of  Type. — Nostril  between  two  nasals;  anterior  nasals  broadly  in 
contact  behind  rostral;  front o-nasal  broader  than  long,  in  contact  with  the  loreal; 
supraoculars  four;  frontal  in  contact  with  the  first  three-  supraoculars;  a  pair  of 
small  fronto-parietals  broadly  in  contact  with  the  third  supraocular;  five  large  occipi- 
tals  and  two  smaller  post-occipitals;  the  median  occipital  approximately  the  same 
size  as  the  two  adjacent  ones;  two  outer  occipitals  of  each  side  separated  from  the 
supraoculars  by  a  row  of  small  scales;  seven  supraciliaries,  the  first  largest  and  in 
contact  with  the  loreal;  supraciliaries  separated  from  the  supraoculars  by  a  single 
row  of  small  scales;  five  supralabiais  to  the  middle  of  the  eye,  the  first  in  contact 
with  the  nasals  only;  five  infralabials  to  the  middle  of  the  eye;  a  mental,  a  post  mental 
and  five  pairs  of  large  chin  shields,  the  first  pair  fully  in  contact,  the  second  pair  in 
contact  for  about  one-third  their  length;  between  chin  shields  and  infralabials  a  row 
of  small  scales  extending  M  far  forward  as  the  loreal;  chin  and  throat  covered  with 
small  scales,  those  on  the  anterior  half  of  the  throat  twice  as  large  as  those  on  the 
posterior  half;  collar  with  five  rows  of  enlarged  scales,  the  scales  of  the  three  medial 
rows  nearly  twice  as  large  as  the  largest  throat  scales. 

Back,  sides,  and  upper  surfaces  of  the  limbs  covered  with  numerous  small  round- 
ish scales,  some  of  these  angular,  subhexagonal;  the  medial  scales  no  larger  than  those 
immediately  adjacent  to  tliem;  ventral  side  of  the  body  with  eight  longitudinal  rows 
of  scales  and  an  outer  incomplete  row;  the  largest  scales  of  this  outer  row  having  one- 
third  to  half  the  area  of  the  abdominal  scutes  adjacent  to  them;  abdominal  scales 
forming  thirty-four  transverse  rows;  preanal  plates  in  a  transverse  and  a  longitudinal 
row,  the  three  medial  scales  much  the  largest  and  forming  a  triangle,  the  anterior  of 
these  three  scales  much  larger  than  t  he  two  posterior  ones;  on  the  lower  arm  two  rows 
of  antebrachials  of  which  the  outer  is  enormous,  at  least  three  times  as  broad  as  the 
inner  row;  on  the  upper  arm  two  rows  of  brachials,  the  anterior  series  three  times  as 
broad  as  the  posterior;  brachials  and  antebrachials  forming  a  continuous  series,  not 
interrupted  by  small  scales.  Under  side  of  the  thigh  covered  with  six  rows  of  scales, 
the  post  axial  much  smaller  than  the  prcaxial,  but  grading  into  the  latter;  fifteen  or 
sixteen  femoral  pores  to  each  femur;  tibial  shields  in  three  rows,  the  second  or  larger 
postaxial  series  from  one-third  to  one-half  the  size  of  the  enormous  scales  in  the  first 
(preaxial)  series;  first  (preaxial)  toe  extending  not  quite  as  far  as  the  fifth  (postaxial) 
one;  scales  of  the  tail  smooth,  oblique  except  for  the  medial  series  above  and  below, 
these  median  scales  wedge-shaped;  eighteen  scales  in  the  fifteenth  ring  from  the 
base  of  the  tail. 

Ground-tone  (in  alcohol)  jet-black  above  with  a  series  of  narrow  white  stripes 
extending  from  the  extreme  tip  of  the  snout  to  about  half  the  length  of  the  tail;  nine 
of  these  stripes  in  the  pelvic  region  (not  counting  the  white  flanks),  these  converging 
anteriorly  to  form  onjy  six  across  the  occiput  and  sides  of  the  head,  and  only  three 
anterior  to  the  eye  on  the  top  of  the  head;  the  medial  stripe  of  the  pelvic  region  dis- 
appears at  a  point  not  one-third  the  distance  to  the  anterior  legs;  the  two  adjacent 


4  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  64 

stripes  converge  just  behind  the  shoulders  to  form  a  single  stripe,  and  this  stripe  dis- 
appears just  anterior  to  the  shoulders;  the  two  stripes  adjacent  to  this  median 
stripe  of  the  shoulder  region  converge  just  anterior  to  the  frontal  plate,  while  the 
two  outer  stripes  of  either  side  extend  to  the  tip  of  the  snout;  ventral  surfaces  white, 
tinged  with  blue;  tail  and  appendages  tinged  both  above  and  below  with  bright  ultra- 
marine blue. 

Length,  177  mm.;  body,  57  mm.;  arm,  19  mm.;  leg,  37  mm.;  head-length,  15 
mm.;    head-breadth,  8.5  mm. 

Anolis  longi tibialis,  new  species 

Diagnosis. — Closely  allied  to  Anolis  cybotes  Cope,  from  which  it  differs  in  its 
much  longer  hind  limb;  its  larger  dorsal  scales;  its  double  series  of  enlarged  medial 
scales;  its  supraorbitals  separated  from  the  supraorbital  semicircular.  Its  coloration 
alone  is  distinctive;  the  fine1  penciling  of  dark  brown  not  found  in  A.  cybotes,  nor  the 
bright  dewlap  (which,  oddly  enough,  sometimes  retains  its  color  in  preservative). 

Type. — A.  M.  N.  H.  No.  24329;  adult  male;  Beata  Island,  Dominican  Republic; 
October  3,  1922;  G.  K.  Noble. 

Description  of  Type. — Habitus  slender;  body  slightly  compressed;  head  large 
with  sharp  canthus;  snout  broad  but  not  depressed;  tibio-tarsal  articulation  reach- 
ing nearly  to  the  ear  opening;  tail  compressed  with  a  dorsal  keel  of  short,  pointed, 
backwardly  directed  scales;  a  low  nuchal  crest. 

Head  scales  mostly  smooth,  some  faintly  keeled;  four  sharply  edged  canthal 
scales  (not  including  the  first  long  scale  over  the  eye);  one  plate  of  the  broad  supra- 
orbital semicircles  of  each  side  in  contact,  the  other  plates  separated  from  their 
mates  of  the  opposite  side  by  a  single  row  of  small  scales;  supraorbital  semicircle 
separated  from  the  occipital  plate  by  one  or  two  rows  of  scales;  separated  from  the 
supraorbitals  by  one  row  of  small  scales.  Occipital  plate  small;  about  as  large  as  tin- 
ear  opening;  scales  of  the  frontal  region  small,  about  as  large  as  supraorbitals; 
frontal  ridge  faint;  nine  enlarged  supraorbitals,  all  distinctly  keeled;  two  rows  of 
scales  under  the  orbit  parallel  to  the  labials;  five  rows  between  cantlial  scales  and 
labials  at  the  widest  point  of  the  loreal  region;  six  upjxvr  and  six  lower  labials  to  the 
mid-point  of  the  eye. 

Dorsal  scales  small  but  larger  than  in  .1.  cybotes;  about  one-fourth  as  large  as 
i  he  ventral*!  which  arc  smooth  or  swollen  but  not  keeled,  two  rows  of  enlarged  scales 
extending  from  occiput  to  caudal  crest;  a  small,  but  well-defined,  fleshy  nuchal  fold; 
tail  with  keeled  scales  and  a  low  crest;  seventeen  scales  around  the  tail  at  its  mid- 
point; tWO  enlarged  postanals  and  one  smaller  one  on  either  side.  Limbs  covered 
with  enlarged  scales  01.  their  postaxial  sides,  except  on  the  tibia  when*  the  enlarged 
vrr  the  ventral  surface;  a  large  dewlap  extending  posteriorly  beyond  the 
•  id  region. 

Color  (in  alcohol)  pale  ohoOOUte-brOWll  above,  finely  marked  with  a  number  of 
narrow  line-  <>f  dark  brown;  of  these  fine  lines,  the  most  conspicuous  are  one  across 
the  occiput,  one  behind  tb*  eye,  and  several  short  but  longitudinally  directed  ones 

on  1 1  the  bodyj  two  or  three  transverse  bars  cross  the  back,  the  most  anterior 

of  which  i-  widened  OUi  into  a  blotch;  the  dark  tone  forms  about  ten  ill-defined  rings 
on  the  tail;    ventral  wirface  dirty  white,  the  throat  region  dnskv  ;    expanded  dewlap 

reOoe 


1923]  NEW  LIZARDS  FROM  BE  ATA  ISLAND  5 

Length,  198  mm.;  body,  66  mm.;  arm,  33  mm.;  leg,  56  mm.;  head-length,  23 
mm.;   head-breadth,  14  mm. 

Leiocephalus  beatanus,  new  species 

Diagnosis. — Very  closely  allied  to  Ltionph'iht.s  barahonensu  Schmidt,  from 
which  it  differs  only  slightly  in  scutation.  It  possesses  one  less  supraocular  than  that 
species,  and  the  medial  shields  of  the  snout  are  proportionately  larger,  making  con- 
tacts between  the  adjacent  plates  different  than  those  found  in  L.  barahonemvs.  Very 
different  from  L.  barahonenti*  in  its  large  size  and  coloration;  color  pattern  somewhat 
the  same  in  both  species,  except  for  the  striping;  young,  unlike  the  immature  L. 
barahonemis,  are  brown  above  with  four  longitudinal  stripes  of  white  in  addition  to 
the  one  on  the  lower  flanks,  older  specimens  become  iridescent  green  above  and  the 
two  median  stripes  disappear;  the  bright  reddish  tail  and  hind  limbs,  as  well  as  the 
cross-banded,  not  mottled  throat,  are  equally  distinctive  features;  the  bright  yellow 
abdomen  of  the  adult  male  is  not  found  in  L.  biirahonensis. 

Type. — A.  M.  N.  H.  No.  24330;  adult  male;  Beats  Island.  Dominican  Republic; 
October  3,  1922;   G.  K.  Noble. 

Description  of  Type.  Head  shields  large,  ridged;  00  the  crests  of  these  ridges 
a  series  of  fine  sense  pores;  three  scales  between  the  rostral  and  the  first  supraocular; 
a  pair  of  frontals,  a  pair  of  prefrontals,  and  a  pair  of  supranasals  embracing  a  medial 
series  of  three  scales;  the  second  medial  very  large  and  preventing  the  prefrontal 
from  making  contact  with  its  mate  of  the  opposite  side,  the  anterior  and  posterior 
medial  scales  small;  frontals  and  prefrontal!  separated  from  the  canthal  scales  by  an 
elongate  rhomboidal  scale;  three  supraorbitals  on  one  side,  four  on  the  other; 
^'vvn  supraoculars  on  each  side,  the  first  very  small;  a  small  occipital  bordered 
anteriorly  by  two  narrow  parietsis;  four  parietali  in  all,  the  outer  pair  three  times  as 

broad  as  the  inner  pair;  all  head  shields  ridged;  the  supraoculars  and  parietals  most 
distinctly;  six  to  ten  ridges  on  the  larger  scales;  four  upper  and  five  lower  labials  to 
the  middle  of  the  eye.  Dorsal  and  lateral  scales  sharply  keeled,  mucronate;  ventral 
scales  smooth  with  denticulated  edge;  about  forty-one  scales  around  the  middle  of 
the  body;  scales  of  the  neck  like  the  dorsals;  scales  behind  ear  keeled  and  imbricate, 
not  granular;   dorsal  and  caudal  crests  low. 

Color  (in  alcohol)  iridescent  green  above,  with  two  pale  dorso-lateral  stripes 
becoming  whitish  in  the  shoulder  and  neck  region,  some  indication  of  two  additional 
pale  stripes  between  these,  but  extending  only  half  the  length  of  the  body;  sides  of 
the  head  and  body  below  dorso-lateral  stripe  a  dark  brown,  a  whitish  stripe  on  the 
lower  pari  of  the  flanks  extending  from  shoulder  to  groin;  dorsal  surface  of  the  head 
dull  brown;  upper  surfaces,  sides,  and  ventral  surfaces  of  posterior  limbs  and  tail  a 
reddish  brown;  this  color  much  paler  below  than  above.  Ventral  surface  of  throat  and 
chest  whitish  or  bluish,  marked  with  seven  irregular  cross-bands  of  black  or  very 
dark  brown;  two  of  these  bars  broken,  but  the  bars  not  divided  into  spots  as  in  L. 
barahoneiisis;  the  first,  second,  and  third  bars  continued  on  the  sides  of  the  head  to 
form  three  vertical  bars  as  in  L.  barasOfMiwis,  but  better  defined.  Center  of  abdomen 
a  brilliant  yellow,  sides  of  abdomen  washed  with  grayish  and  studded  with  a  series  of 
azure  blue  spots;   base  of  the  thighs  suffused  with  pinkish. 

Length,  188  mm.;  body,  76  mm.;  arm,  27  mm.;  leg,  57  mm.;  head-length,  21 
nun.;    head-breadth,  15  mm. 


0 


V 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITA^ 

No.  65 


A  NEW  WRASSE  AND  TWO  NEW  CICHLIDS 
FROM  NORTHEAST  AFRICA 

By  John  Treadwell  Nichols 


Issued  March  29,  1923 


By  Order  op  the  Trustees 

op 

THE  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 
New  York  City 


AMERICAN     MUSEUM     NOVITATES 


Number  65 


March  29,  1923 


59.7,58(6NE) 

A  NEW  WRASSE  AND  TWO  NEW  CICHLIDS  FROM  NORTH- 
EAST AFRICA 

By  John  Treadwell  Nichols 

In  1920  Mr.  Barnum  Brown  made  a  small  collection  of  marine 
fishes  in  Somaliland,  and  presented  these,  together  with  a  few  fresh- 
water fishes  which  he  obtained  in  Abyssinia,  to  The  American  Museum  of 
Natural  History.  Examination  of  this  material  shows  it  to  be  of  con- 
siderable interest  and  to  contain  three  species  herewith  described  as  new. 

Tilapia  browni,1  new  species 

Scales,  cycloid,  32.  Gill-rakers,  about  20  (17  on  lower  limb  of  first  arch).  Anal 
spines,  4.  Pectoral,  a  little  shorter  than  head.  Dorsal  XVII,  10;  anal  IV,  9.  Mouth 
extending  to  anterior  border  of  eye.  Caudal  truncate,  with  a  few  scales  on  the  base 
only.    Depth,  2.8.    Eye,  4  in  head. 


Fig.  1.  Tilapia  bruimi,  type.     105  mm.  to  base  of  caudal. 

The  type,  our  only  six-cimen,  No.  8186,  American  Museum  of  Natural  History, 
is  from  the  Ramis  River  near  Ganame,  Harrar  Province,  Abyssinia,  October  25,  1920, 
Barnum  Brown.  It  measures  105  mm.  to  base  of  caudal.  Depth,  2.8  in  this  length; 
head,  3.0.  Eye,  4.0  in  head;  snout,  3.0;  maxillary,  2.8;  interorbital,  3.0;  depth  of 
peduncle,  2.3;  4th  dorsal  spine,  3.5;  last,  2.4;  longest  dorsal  ray,  1.1;  last  anal  spine, 
2.5;  longest  anal  ray,  1.2;  pectoral,  1.1;  ventral,  1.1;  caudal,  1.3. 

The  jaws  are  equal;  mouth  reaches  anterior  border  of  eye;  peduncle  is  a  little 
deeper  than  long.     Pectoral  narrow  and  pointed;    ventrals,  soft  dorsal  and  anal 

'Named  for  the  collector,  Mr.  Barnum  Brown. 


2  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  65 

pointed,  slightly  filamentous.  Teeth  moderately  broad,  the  outer  row  obliquely 
bicuspid,  inner  teeth  tricuspid  in  4  or  5  rows.  Gill-rakers  3  +  17.  Scales,  cycloid,  32. 
Dorsal  XVII,  10;  anal  IV,  9. 

Color  in  alcohol,  almost  uniform.  A  faint  dark  blotch  on  opercular  angle;  two 
or  three  others  on  side;  dorsal  spotted  with  darker. 

Tilapia  cancellata,1  new  species 

Scales,  cycloid.  Gill-rakers,  short,  and  numerous,  about  20  to  25  on  lower  limb  of 
first  arch.  Anal  spines,  3.  Pectoral,  pointed,  as  long  as  head.  Caudal,  well  scaled. 
Outer  teeth,  rather  broad,  irregularly  bicuspid,  inner  cusp  the  larger;  inner  teeth, 
tricuspid  in  3  or  4  rows.  Three  rows  of  scales  on  cheek.  Peduncle,  a  trifle  deeper 
than  long.  Caudal,  slightly  rounded,  sharply  barred  with  blackish.  Dorsal  XVI- 
XVII,  12-13;  anal  III,  10.    Scales  32  to  34. 

The  type,  No.  8187,  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  is  from  the  water- 
hole  of  a  hippopotamus  in  the  Abano  River  about  6  kilometers  west  of  Addagalla, 
Abyssinia,  collected  by  Barnum  Brown.  It  measures  50  mm.  to  base  of  caudal. 
Depth,  2.7  in  this  length;  head,  2.7.  Eye,  3.5  in  head;  snout,  3.2;  maxillary,  3.2; 
interorbital,  3.0;   depth  of  peduncle,  2.7;   4th  dorsal  spine,  3.0;   last,  2.5;   longest 


AAMWM  N*  8187  * 

Big.  2.  Tilupia  canccUalu,  type.  50  mm.  to  base  of  caudal. 

dorsal  ray,  1.8;  last  anal  s|  inc,  2.5;  longest  anal  ray,  1.8;  pcctorali  1.0;  ventral,  1.5; 
caudal,  about  1.6. 

The  jaws  arc  equal]  mouth  docs  not  reach  vertical  from  anterior  border  of  eye; 
peduncle  is  slightly  deeper  than  long.  Pectoral,  narrow  and  pointed;  ventrals,  soft 
dorsal  and  anal  l.lunt.  ( '.ill -rakers,  44-21.  Scales,  cycloid,  34;  .scattered  scales  on 
caudal,  which  is  not  quite  perfect  but  appears  to  have  Immii  truncate  or  slightly 
roundel.     Doml    Mil.   12;    anal,  III,  10. 

About  nine  narrow  dark  cross-bars  on  the  sides.    Soft  dorsal  and  caudal  sharply 
and  anal  faintly  barred.     A  dark  l.lotch  at  angle  Of  operclo. 

'Canrttiata,  bftrrod. 


1923]       A  NEW  WRASSE  AND  TWO  NEW  CICHLIDS  3 

A  less  perfect  specimen  of  the  same  size  and  a  very  poorly  preserved 
one,  145  mm.  to  base  of  caudal,  have  caudal  rather  thickly  scaled,  indicat- 
ing that  such  scales  have  been  lost  in  the  type.  The  large  one  has  the 
following  proportions:  Depth,  2.5;  head,  2.5;  eye,  4.3;  snout,  3.2; 
interorbital,  2.6.  Diagnosis  of  the  species  based  on  these  three.  Besides 
them,  there  are  four  smaller  ones,  all  with  the  same  data. 

Cheilinus  lunifer,1  new  species 

The  type,  our  only  specimen,  No.  8185,  American  Museum  of  Natural  History, 
Djibouti,  French  Somaliland,  Barnum  Brown  collector,  is  160  mm.  long  to  base  of 
caudal.  Head,  2.6  in  this  (standard)  length;  depth,  2.4.  Eye,  5.6  in  head;  snout, 
3.3;  maxillary,  3.1;  interorbital,  4.0;  last  dorsal  spine,  3.4;  longest  dorsal  ray,  2.0; 
third  anal  spine,  2.7;  longest  anal  ray,  1.8;  depth  of  peduncle,  2.2;  pectoral,  1.7; 
ventral,  1.6;   caudal,  1.4.    Dorsal  rays  IX,  11;   anal  III,  9.     Scales,  21;  in  8  or^9 


AfWH      n<  »i»y 


Fig.  3.  Cheilinus  lunifer,  type.  160  mm.  to  base  of  caudal. 

longitudinal  series;  upper  (anterior)  and  lower  (posterior)  lateral  lines  not  continuous, 
overlapping.  Large  scales  on  cheek  opercle  and  nape  forward  to  center  of  eye.  Thence 
to  snout,  naked,  as  is  lower  jaw.  Head  and  body,  strongly  compressed.  Two  strong 
canines  above  and  below  in  the  front  of  the  jaws;  none  behind.  Spinous  dorsal, 
low.  Soft  dorsal  and  anal,  moderately  pointed,  reaching  base  of  caudal.  Third  anal 
spine  the  longest  and  strongest.  Ventral,  pointed,  reaching  slightly  more  than  two- 
thirds  distance  to  anal.  Pectoral,  rounded.  *J| 
Color  in  alcohol,  plumbeous,  back  and  sides  under  the  spinous  dorsal  irregularly 
darker  in  several  ill-defined,  dark  cross-shades,  each  scale  with  a  narrow  vertical  pale 
central  streak,  and  numerous  scattered  pale  specks.  Peduncular  region,  pale.  A 
black  blotch  in  the  center  of  the  side  under  the  last  dorsal  spine  and  a  smaller  black 

lLunifer,  in  reference  to  the  pale  mark  on  the  opercular  flap  as  in  C.  lunulatus  (Forsk.) . 


4  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  65 

spot  at  the  base  of  the  caudal  occupying  most  of  the  last  lateral  line  scale;  opercular 
flap,  conspicuously  black  with  a  vertical  somewhat  crescent-shaped  white  bar. 
Spinous  dorsal  and  entire  anal,  dark,  vaguely  mottled;  soft  dorsal,  pale,  a  dark  spot 
on  the  base  of  the  eighth  and  ninth  rays.  Caudal,  pale  greenish,  upper  and  lower 
edges  white,  posterior  three-fifths  somewhat  dusky  on  the  membranes.  Pectorals 
colorless.    Ventrals  green. 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NO VITATES 

No.  66 


A* 


TWO   NOCTURNAL   BEES   AND   A   MINUTE 

PERDITA  V    ur% 


By  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell 


Issued  March  29,  1923 


By  Order  op  the  Trustees 

of 

THE  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 
New  York  City 


AMERICAN    MUSEUM     NOVITATES 

Number  66  March  29,  1923 


59.57,99 

TWO  NOCTURNAL  BEES  AND  A  MINUTE  PERDITA 
By  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell 

The  bees  described  below  were  received  from  Dr.  J.  Bequaert,  to 
whom  I  am  greatly  indebted  for  the  opportunity  to  examine  and  describe 
such  unusual  and  interesting  forms.  The  types  will  be  placed  in  the 
American  Museum. 

Megalopta  (Megaloptella)  vigilans,  new  species 
Figure  5 

cf. — Length  about  11  nun.,  anterior  wing,  8.4  mm.  Rufotestaceous,  the  head 
and  thorax  strongly  suffused  with  yellowish  green;  apical  half  of  flagellum  dusky; 
wings  dusky.  Very  like  M.  idalia  Smith  (specimen  from  Manaos,  Brazil,  compared), 
at  first  sight  appearing  identical,  but  clearly  separable  by  the  following  characters: 
face  not  bicolored;  the  clypeus  and  supraclypeal  area  (which  is  conspicuously  narrower 
than  in  idalia)  testaceous,  strongly  suffused  with  golden  green;  lateral  margins  of 
front  (along  emargination  of  eyes)  brilliant  rosy-purple;  third  antennal  joint  shorter 
(about  as  broad  as  long);  first  recurrent  nervure  joining  second  submarginal  cell 
before  end;  scutellum  shorter;  third  ventral  segment  of  abdomen  strongly  and  nar- 
rowly emarginate,  and  with  a  very  fine  raised  median  line  running  its  whole  length. 
By  the  structure  of  the  third  ventral  segment  this  approaches  M.  segis  Vachal  from 
Brazil  and  M.  mUiautu  Vachal  from  Peru. 

Exact  locality  unknown.  The  unique  specimen  was  collected  by  Mr.  Austin 
Curtis  at  one  of  the  harbors  of  the  Caribbean  Sea,  perhaps  on  the  coast  of  Venezuela. 

Megalopta  has  been  found  as  far  north  as  Mexico  (M.  tabescens 
Cockerell) ;  it  has  not  been  reported  from  the  West  Indies.  Megaloptella 
Schrottky,  to  include  the  group  of  M .  idalia,  is  certainly  a  valid  subgenus. 

Xerophasma,  new  genus  (Panurgidae) 

Pale  nocturnal  bees,  with  immense  ocelli;  compound  eyes  large,  inner  orbits 
approximately  parallel,  facial  quadrangle  much  longer  than  wide;  thorax  thinly  hairy. 
Abdomen  rather  broad,  with  little  hair  except  at  apex.  Legs  thinly  hairy.  Wings 
ample,  with  very  large  stigma;  lower  section  of  basal  nervure  strongly  arched,  falling 
a  considerable  distance  short  of  the  nervulus;  marginal  cell  moderately  elongate, 
broadly  and  squarely  truncate,  forming  an  angle  with  the  costa  a  little  less  than  a 
right  angle;  three  cubital  cells,  the  first  very  long,  much  longer  than  the  others  com- 
bined; second  small  and  triangular,  petiolate  above,  receiving  the  first  recurrent 
nervure  a  short  distance  before  its  end;  third  large  and  subquadrate,  broader  below 
than  above,  receiving  the  second  recurrent  nervure  at  its  extreme  end,  meeting  the 


I 


2  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  66 

outer  intercubitus;  other  features  of  venation,  and  hind  wings,  as  in  Perdita.  Female 
with  mandible  straight  and  simple;  facial  fovea*  linear,  but  short;  a  Y-shaped  carina 
on  front,  the  anterior  ocellus  between  the  forks;  claws  with  an  inner  denticle;  pul- 
villi  very  large.  I  have  not  ventured  to  extract  the  mouth-parts  of  the  unique  type. 
Type. — X.  beqtuterti. 

Xerophasma  bequaerti,  new  species 
Figures  1  and  2 

9  . — Length  about  10.5  mm.  Light  testaceous,  without  dark  markings,  but  eyes 
dark;  flagellum  rufescent  apically.  Wings  clear  hyaline;  stigma  pale  clear  ferru- 
ginous, lighter  in  middle;  nervures  very  pale,  reddish.  Mesothorax  with  four  longi- 
tudinal grayish-pellucid  stripes,  and  a  faint  median  one;  base  of  metathorax  large, 
dullish.  Abdomen  moderately  shining,  with  obscure  reddish  subapieal  bands,  and 
on  the  fifth  segment  a  pair  of  spots.  Hind  tibia*  long  and  slender;  hind  basitarsi 
somewhat  longer  than  the  remaining  joints  together. 

1'abens,  El  Paso  Co.,  Texas  (about  30  miles  southeast  of  El  Paso,  in  the  valley 
of  the  Rio  Grande);   taken  at  light,  about  10  p.m.,  July  9,  1917;    (J.  Bequaert). 

This  is  a  most  extraordinary  bee,  closely  related  to  Perdita,  but 
with  the  gigantic  ocelli  of  the  halictine  Megalopta  and  a  small  second 
<ubmarginal  cell.  Large  ocelli  have  developed  in  nocturnal  Mutillida? 
and  various  groups  of  bees,  evidently  quite  independently.  The  testace- 
ous color  is  also  characteristic  of  these  nocturnal  insects,  no  less  in  the 
present  insect  than  in  the  great  Xijlocopa  tranquebarica  (Fabrieius)  of 
India,  which  Bingham  says  "is  crepuscular;  on  fine  moonlight  nights  its 
loud  buzzing  can  often  be  heard  all  night  long."  On  the  whole,  however. 
Xerophasma  is  the  most  extreme  of  the  nocturnal  bees  vet  discovered. 

It  is  an  interesting  question  whether  Xerophasma  diverged  from  the 
ancestral  stem  of  Perdita  before  the  second  submarginal  cell  had  been  lost, 
or  whether  t  he  small  second  cell  is  a  later  development .  I  strongly  incline 
to  the  latter  view,  and  it  is  possible  that  the  nervures  bounding  it  an*  not 
the  two  intercubitals  of  ancestral  bees,  but  one  intercubital  which  has 
become  split  to  admit  the  small  cell.  In  any  event,  Xerop/iasma ,  which  is 
undoubtedly  allied  to  Perdita,  shows  us  how     striking  characters  may 

arise  independently  in  different  series  and  illustrates  the  possibility  of 

artificial  classified  ions  based  on  such  characters. 

In  describing  Perdtia  bradleyi,  Viereck  states  that   in  a  specimen 

before  him  "the  left   wing  has  three  submarginal  cells  by  virtue  of  the 
first   1 1: iii  ubit  us  forking  near  its  base  where  it  joins  the  cubitus. 

In  the  right    wing  there  are  but    the  normal   (for  this  genus)   two  sub- 

tnargmal  •■ells."    in  describing  P.  novmanglim,  he  leaves  us  to  suppose 

that  the  Venation  il  quite  normal  for  the  genus;   but  in  1917  he  erects  for 


1923]     NOCTURNAL  BEES  AND  A  MINUTE  PERDITA 


Fig.  1.  Forewing  of  Xtmpkatmw  btquaertt,  9. 

Fig.  2.  Head  of  Xerophasmu  Iwquaerti. 

Fig.  3.  Forewing  of  Allo/urdita  nnnmnglise  Viereck. 

Fig.  4.  Forewing  of  PerdiUi  minima. 

Fig.  5.  Head  of  Megaloptu  vigilant,  d". 

it  a  subgenus  Alloperdita  and  states  that  there  are  three  submarginal 
cells.  Thus  it  would  seem  that  Xerophaxma  might  be  allied  to  Allo- 
perdita, but  this  is  not  necessarily  the  case.1 

The  scanty  or  thin  hair  on  the  legs  of  Xerophas?na  might  suggest 
that  it  was  parasitic,  but  I  feel  confident  that  this  is  not  the  case.    Species 


Robertson  (1922,  Psycho,  p.  159)  thinks  that  in  Perdita  the  original  first  and  second  intercubiti 
or  transverse  cubitals  have  united,  and  according  to  this  view  they  are  partly  separated  in  Xero- 
phasma,  the  small  cell  being  the  genuine  second  cubital. 


4  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  66 

of  Perdita  with  thinly  haired  legs  can,  nevertheless,  carry  very  large 
loads  of  pollen. 

Perdita  minima,  new  species 

Figure  4 

9 . — Length  about  or  not  quite  3  mm.  Head  and  thorax  shining  rufotestaceous, 
without  dark  markings,  except  that  the  metathorax  is  dark  brown  dorsally;  scape 
pale  reddish,  flagellum  dark  brown;  legs  brown,  pallid  basally.  Wings  hyaline; 
stigma  dilute  sepia;  nervures  pale  but  not  colorless.  Abdomen  highly  polished,  dark 
red-brown  above  and  below,  without  bands.  Head  normal,  circular  seen  from  the 
front,  face  very  wide,  cheeks  unarmed;  clypeus  rather  high.  The  following  feature- 
were  seen  under  the  compound  microscope:  sides  of  face  coarsely  reticulate,  the  small 
areas  transversely  wrinkled,  front  very  finely  reticulate;  eyes  with  green  and  pink- 
ish tints;  hair  of  head  and  thorax  very  scanty,  mainly  on  lower  part  of  mesopleura; 
marginal  cell  very  short,  the  substigmatal  part  almost  or  quite  twice  as  long  as  post- 
stigmatal;  second  submarginal  cell  small,  triangular,  slightly  petiolate  above,  the 
recurrent  nervures  meeting  the  intercubitals;  abdomen  very  minutely  transversely 
lineolate;  pygidial  plate  narrow,  very  minutely  reticulate,  with  a  beaded  effect; 
rlaws  without  a  subapical  tooth.  The  abdomen  is  not  uniformly  darkened,  and  the 
dark  color  appears  to  depend  largely  upon  its  contents. 

Tempe,  Arizona;  July  30-August  6,  1917;  (J.  Bequaert).  Taken  at  flowers  of 
Euphorbia  sirpullifolia  Persoon.  Type  in  American  Museum,  one  specimen  in  the 
author's  collection,  and  one  will  be  sent  to  U.  S.  Nat.  Museum.  Others  were  col- 
lected by  Professor  Bradley  at  the  same  time  and  are  in  the  collection  at  Cornell 
University. 

This  minute  reddish  Perdita  is  very  distinct;  it  reminds  us  of  l\ 
(Perditella)  larrex  Cockerell  from  New  Mexico,  which  has  similar  vena- 
tion, but  is  larger  and  the  cheeks  are  armed.     P.  larrex  visits  Covillea. 

P.  minima  is  not  the  smallest  known  bee,  as  Trigona  duckei  Friese, 
from  Brazil,  is  only  2  mm.  long. 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM   NOVITATES 

No.  67 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  PROPOSED  NEW  BIRDS 
FROM  PANAMA,  VENEZUELA,  ECUA- 
DOR, PERU  AND  BOLIVIA 

By  Frank  M.  Chapman 


5/ 


Issued  April  11,  1923 


Bt  Order  ov  the  Trustees 

or 

THE  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 
New  York  Citt 


AMERICAN    MUSEUM    NOVITATES 

Number  67  April  11,  1923 

59.82(8) 

DESCRIPTIONS  OF  PROPOSED  NEW  BIRDS  FROM  PANAMA, 
VENEZUELA,  ECUADOR,  PERU  AND  BOLIVIA 

By  Frank  M.  Chapman 

Chiefly  as  by-products  of  continued  study  of  our  collections  from 
Ecuador,  descriptions  are  presented  herewith  of  proposed  new  species 
and  subspecies  from  Panama  (1),  Venezuela  (1),  Ecuador  (4),  Peru 
(5) ,  and  Bolivia  (1) .  The  author  would  greatly  appreciate  any  comments 
from  his  colleagues  which  would  tend  to  throw  additional  light  on  the 
status  of  the  forms  here  described. 

Ciccaba  albogularis  meridensis,  new  subspecies 
Subspecific  Characters. — Similar  to  Ciccaba  albogularis  albogularis  Cassin, 
but  crown  and  nape  more  heavily  spotted,  the  spots  larger  and  whiter  and  tending  to 
form  a  nuchal  band;  ochraceous  markings  of  the  back  and  scapulars  larger  and  more 
numerous;  white  spots  on  the  underparts  more  pronounced,  the  spotted  area  extend- 
ing to  the  abdomen. 

Type.— No.  100,444,  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.;  9  ad.;  Escorial  (alt.  2300  m.),  near 
Merida,  Venezuela;  November  24,  1902;  Gabaldon  y  Hijos. 

Specimens  Examined 
Ciccaba  albogularis  meridensis. — Venezuela:    Escorial,   1    cf,   1    9;    Culata, 

i  <M*. 

Ciccaba  albogularis  albogularis. — "South  America":  the  type.  Colombia: 
Choachi,  4;  "Bogota,"  1;  Sta.  Elena,  19;  Medellin,  1.  Ecuador:  Mojanda 
Mts.,  8400-9000  ft.,  2  d\  1  ?;  "Ecuador,"  2  ? 

The  extremes  of  variation  in  this  species  are  shown  by  specimens  from 
near  Menda  on  the  one  hand  and  from  northern  Ecuador  on  the  other. 
In  the  former  the  development  of  white  spots  reaches  its  maximum,  in  the 
latter,  its  minimum.  "Bogota"  specimens  are  intermediate  but  nearer 
the  Ecuador  birds,  and  comparison  with  Cassin's  type,  kindly  loaned  me 
by  Dr.  Stone,  shows  that  it  is  to  this  more  southern  form  the  name 
albogularis  belongs. 

Chordeiles  acutipennis  sequatorialis,  new  subspecies 
Subspecific  Characters. — Nearest  Chordeiles  acutipennis  pruinosus  (Tschudi) 
of  western  Peru.  The  male  with  the  ochraceous  markings,  particularly  in  the  scapu- 
lars, more  pronounced;  the  female  with  the  ochraceous  markings  everywhere  more 
pronounced  and  deeper,  especially  in  the  crown,  back,  wing-coverts,  throat  and 
abdomen. 


2  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  67 

Differs  from  C.  a.  acutipcnnis  (Boddaert)  of  the  Guianas  and  westward  in  being 
grayer  above,  on  the  chest  and  usually  the  tail,  and  in  having  the  ochraceous  mark- 
ings, especially  in  the  wings,  paler. 

Type. — No.  166,733,  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.;  9  ad.;  Duran,  Prow  Guayas, 
Ecuador;  July  6,  1920;  Geo.  K.  Cherrie. 

Range. — Tropical  Zone  of  western  Ecuador,  chiefly  Equatorial  Arid  Fauna. 

Specimens  Examined 

Chordeiles  aeuUpenm*  aquatorialis. — Ecuador:  Esmeraldas,  2  d*;  Chone,  1  a", 
1   9;  Guayaquil,  1   9;  Duran,  3  9;  Puna  Is.,  1  9- 

Chordeiles  acutipennis  ■pruinosus. — Western  Peri-:  Chilaco  to  Cocachacra,  18 
cf,  14   9- 

Chordeiles  acuti  put  it  I*  mutipennis. — Cayenne:  1  9.  Guiana:  1  d".  Brazil: 
Bahia,  1  9.  Venezuela:  Maripa,  4  d\  1  9;  Tucacas,  1  9.  Colombia:  Lower 
Magdalena,  ld\  1    9;   Choco,  1    9;   Cauca  Valley,  1    9. 

This  is  obviously  an  intermediate  form  between  true  acutipennis  of 
Colombia  and  eastward  to  Cayenne  and  acutipennis  pruinosus  of  western 
Peru;  and  the  region  it  inhabits  is  also  a  transition  area  between  the 
humidity  of  western  Colombia  and  the  aridity  of  western  Peru.  There  is, 
indeed,  evident  variation  within  the  limits  of  Ecuador  and,  as  the  rain- 
fall decreases  from  the  north  southward,  so  do  specimens  from  Puna 
Island,  when  compared  with  those  from  Esmeraldas,  show  a  distinct 
approach  toward  pruinosus. 

Systellura  ruficervix  atripunctata,  new  subspecies 
Subspectfic  Characters. — Most  nearly  related  to  Si/sttllttrti  ruficervix  rufi- 
cervix (Sclater)  of  the  Temperate  Zone  of  Venezuela,  Colombia,  and  Kcuador,  but 
paler  and  grayer;  the  female,  especially,  paler  below;  the  rides  of  the  head  and  ante- 
nuchal  region  with  more  hoary  gray;  most  of  the  buffy  ochraceous  spots  of  the  hack 
and  scapulars  with  BIiACI  i-enteks;     under  wing-coverts  paler  and   less  distinctly 

barred  with  black. 

Type.      No.    168,932,    Amer.    Mus.    Nat.    Mist.;      ?\     Acobamba    (10,000  ft.), 

Prov.  .iiiniii.  Peru;  December  31,  1810;   II.  Watlrins. 

R  w.r.     Temperate  Zone  of  Peru. 

Specimens  Examim.d 
t'tfi.r    iilriimnrliihi.  --Pk.hu,     Prov.    .lunin:      Acoliamba,    2     cf; 
M.iravnioc,  1    ',-  ;    EUimteWf,  1    9- 

Si/strlhirti  in Itri  iris  rulir,  rrix.  ECUADOR!  Salvia-.  Prov.  del  <  )ro,  1  Pj  Tara- 
UU.k -o.-ha.  Prov.  del  (  >n>.  I        ;    I  'luml.ora/.o,  '_'    f ;    above  I  lualea,  1    y;    near  Quito,  1 

o".   Colombia:  Tumaeo,]    I  ;    Indea weet of Popayan, 2    ';  Lagune$a,  1  e", 8  9; 
Kl  Bden,  l   v;  ToHma,  i     ';  Bta.  Sena,  l  o";   La  Bierra,  I   v  ;  "BogoteY'  l  d*. 

/i  i  i  i    Mar  M.nd:i.  :;     .  3   ,  .  I  fur.j  BMorial,  I    ■':  Valle,  l  d*. 

iitu     Pi  hi     Eki oquegua,  1  d\  l  9;  lea,  1  v;  Piaoo,  I  v;  Lima, 
2  9;  i1  ■  ;  Vini,  I    .  ;  Wtarte,  i  Q  ;  Trujillo,  I 

Syntr.ltffi  bfM  UTOlAi     Lf    Pit,  east    of    Mendo/a.    1     Q,     Ciiiii: 

9,1  9;  Tofo,  I  9. 


1923]  NEW  SOUTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS  3 

« 

The  bird  here  described  was  identified  by  Berlepsch  and  Stolzmann1 
(who  had  an  immature  male  from  Maraynioc)  as  Slenopsis  longirostris 
(Bonaparte).  The  type  of  the  latter  was  contained  in  a  collection  of 
birds  from  South  America  which  included  specimens  of  Malacoptila 
torquata  (  =  " Monasa  fusca"  Bonaparte),  Muscipipra  vetula  (  =  "Musci- 
capa  pullata"  Bonaparte)  and  other  species  either  confined  to,  or 
characteristic  of  southeastern  Brazil,  indicating  that  the  type  of  "Capri- 
mulgus  longirostris"  came  from  that  region. 

Aside  from  the  improbability  that  a  form  of  this  genus  should  be 
common  to  the  Tropical  Zone  of  southeastern  Brazil  and  the  Andean 
Temperate  Zone  of  Peru,  I  have  for  comparison  specimens  from  Argen- 
tina and  Chile  to  which  the  name  of  longirostris  is  applied  by  authors 
generally  and  with  far  greater  probability  of  correctness  than  is  attached 
to  Berlepsch's  determination  of  his  Maraynioc  specimen  as  that  species. 

I  am  by  no  means  certain,  however,  that  the  Argentine  and  Chilian 
birds  are  subspecifically  identical.  Our  single  Argentine  specimen  has  the 
crown  grayer  and  with  much  less  black  than  in  our  two  Chilian  examples, 
while  the  buffy  spots  on  the  back  and  scapulars  and  wing-coverts  are 
more  evident.  Should  the  Chilian  be  separable  from  the  Argentine  form 
it  might  be  known  as  Systellura  longirostris  bifasciata  (Gould).  The 
relationships  of  these  birds,  however,  obviously  cannot  be  determined 
from  three  specimens.  Meanwhile,  assuming  that  the  Argentine  bird 
represents  longirostris,  that  species  differs  from  atripunctata  in  having  the 
crown  and  prenuchal  region  brownish,  not  hoary  gray,  with  the  black 
markings  more  restricted  and  without  conspicuous  ochraceous  bars; 
the  ochraceous  markings  of  the  back  and  scapulars  are  paler  and  less 
pronounced  (but  those  present  in  our  single  specimen  have  black  centers 
as  in  atripunctata) ;  the  ochraceous  markings  of  'the  wing-quills,  particu- 
larly the  secondaries,  are  paler,  less  numerous,  and  less  strongly  defined ; 
the  underparts  are  darker  and  the  abdomen  and  under  wing-coverts  are 
more  heavily  barred.  It  is  not  unlikely  that,  like  many  other  Andean 
Temperate  Zone  birds,  the  form  we  call  Systellura  ruficervix  may  have 
entered  the  Andes  from  the  south  and  that  the  ancestral  form  is  repre- 
sented there  today  by  the  bird  I  have  here  called  longirostris.  It  is 
more  than  probable  that  a  series  of  specimens  from  Argentina  to  the 
Temperate  Zone  of  Peru  would  show  that  longirostris  and  atripunctata 
intergrade,  when  longirostris  would  become  the  specific  designation  of  the 
group. 

>1902,  Proc.  ZooJ.  Soc,  p.  30. 


4  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  67 

It  is  true  that  I  have  as  yet  no  proof  that  a tr i  punctata  intergrades 
with  ruficervix  ruficervix.  Their  ranges  are  not  continuous  and  they  can- 
not, therefore,  intergrade  by  physical  contact.  But  in  our  series  of 
twenty-five  specimens  of  ruficervix,  one  from  Tolima,  near  the  northern 
end  of  the  Central  Andes,  has  black  centers  in  many  of  the  ochraceous 
spots  of  the  scapulars  and  otherwise  so  nearly  resembles  atripunctata 
that  the  subspecific  relation  of  the  two  can  scarcely  be  doubted. 

Systellura  decussata  (Tschudi),  which,  as  vonBerlepsch  and  Stolz- 
mann  have  shown,1  was  founded  on  a  bird  from  Lima  (and  of  which 
aequicautiatus  Peale,  based  on  a  specimen  from  Callao,  which  I  have 
examined,  is  a  pure  synonym),  inhabits  the  coastal  region  of  Peru  from  at 
least  Moquegua  to  Trujillo.  While  evidently  a  representative  of  this 
group,  it  appears  to  be  specifically  distinct  from  any  other  known  form 
of  it.  Specimens  from  Moquegua  near  the  Chilian  border  show  no  ap- 
proach to  an  example  of  longirostris  from  Tofo,  sixty  miles  north  of 
( 'oquimbo,  indicating  non-intergradation  between  the  Chilian  and  Peru- 
vian birds.  Systellura  decussata  is  the  palest  and  smallest  form  of  the 
group.  In  pattern  of  coloration  it  is  intermediate  between  ruficervix 
and  longirostris  of  Chile,  the  barred  crown  resembling  that  of  the  former. 
while  in  its  unspotted  back  and  scapulars  it  more  nearly  resembles  the 
latter. 


Setopagis  anthonyi,  new  speeies 

BnCIIlC  ('hakactkks.  -With  a  gemitd  resemblance  to  Sdopngis  ptUVUhu  nut 
hack  and  rump  barred  with  black  and  ochraceous;  wing-coverts  tipped  with  ochra- 
ceous instead  of  whitish;  inner  vane  of  outer  pair  of  rectrices  entirely  white,  except 
along  shaft  on  suhapical  half;   five,  instead  of  f OUT  outer  primaries  barred  with  white. 

Trim.  No.  160,786,  amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.;  a";  Fortovek>,  2400  ft.,  IW-. 
del  Oro.  Ecuador;  September  3,  1020;  Anthony  and Cherrie. 

DTIIIfTIOH  m  Tvi-k.  Ipperparts  variously  marked  with  browns,  grays, 
ochraceous.  and  black;  the  crown  centrally  streaked  with  black;  a  poorly  defined 
OchraceoUS  orange  nuchal  baud;  scapulars  with  velvety  black  marks  bordered  ex- 
tcrnalh    with  ocliraceous-bulT;    back  and  rump  evenly  barred  with  black  and  zinc- 

orange  or  ru.-t\ ;  outer  pan  of  rectrices  white  on  the  inner  vane,  tips  and  base,  the 

OUtar  vain-  (except  at  the  tip  and  base)  writll  a  narrow   portion  of  the  terminal  half  of 

the  inner  vane  bordering  the  abaft,  fiiscous-bl.-ick ;    lUCOeeding  pair  largely  black, 

iightlv  marked  with  oefcraesous  or  buffy,  cbiefij  marginall} :  I  be  ©sol  ral  pair  graj  iafa 

with  some  buffv  markings  and,  along  the  shaft,  black  blotches  which  decrease  in  Rise 

toward  the  tip-  of  the  feathers;  five  outer  primaries  black  without  rusty  markings 
completely  crossed  bj  a  vrhiteband  I- mm.  m  eridth  along  the  shaft  of  the  fifth 
no  without     primary;    inner   primaries  and  secondaries  with  oohraoeous-buff 


'lSSi'  Hor.p.SSS. 


1923]  NEW  SOUTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS  5 

markings,  the  latter  narrowly  tipped  with  ochraceous-buff;  wing-coverts  mottled 
with  grayish  and  ochraceous  and  tipped  with  large,  rounded  buff  or  ochraceoufl  spots: 
longer  under  wing-eoverts  black  unmarked,  shorter  ones  ochraceous-buff,  the  edge  of 
the  wing  black  barred  with  orange-ochraccous;  underparts  light  ochraceous-buff, 
the  chin  and  breast  thickly  and  finely  barred  with  rusty  and  black;  the  throat  white, 
the  abdomen  and  lower  tail-coverts  with  a  few  incomplete  narrow  blackish  ban; 
tibia-  bare  for  the  lower  half,  the  upper  half  with  buffy  feathers. 

Wing,  135;  tail,  96;  tarsus,  15.5;  exposed  culmen,  11;  width  of  bill  at  posterior 
margin  of  nostrils,  4.5  mm. 

SPECIMENS    EXAMINED 

Setopagis  untho/ii/i.—lZcvADOR:  Portovelo,  the  type. 

Setopagis  pamulus. — Argentina,  Prov.  Salta:  Embarcarcion,  2  <?,  1  9  ;  Rosario 
de  Lerma,  1  <?.    Brazil:  Chapada,  Matto  GiQMO,  1  d\  2  9. 

The  specimen  on  which  this  distinct  species  is  based  was  shot  at 
night  by  Mr.  Harold  E.  Anthony,  Associate  Curator  of  Mammals  in  the 
American  Museum,  on  a  trail  running  through  open,  grassy,  arid  country 
near  Portovelo.  Mr.  Anthony's  capture  of  the  type  makes  it  doubly 
fitting  that  this  new  bird  should  receive  his  name  in  recognition  of  the 
contributions  he  is  making  to  Ecuadorian  zoogeography  through  an 
intensive  study  of  the  mammalia  of  that  country. 

Neomorphus  salvini  sequatorialis,  new  subspecies 

Subspecific  Characters. — Similar  to  Neomorphus  salvini  salvini  of  Nicaragua, 
but  pectoral  band  broader  and  complete,  the  crown  less  rufescent,  Saeardo's  umber 
rather  than  sayal-brown  or  tawny  olive. 

Type.— No.  156,781,  Amer.  Mus.  Nat,  Hist.;  9  ad.;  Huilca,  alt.  4000  ft., 
eastern  slope  of  Eastern  Andes,  west  of  Macas,  Ecuador;   H.  E.  Feyer. 

Specimens  Examined 
Neomorphus  salnuL  :tquatorialis. — Ecuador:   Huilca,  the  type. 
Neomorphus  salvini  salvini. — Nicaragua:    Pena  Blanca,  2  0* ;    Rio  Tuma,  1  9; 

Savala,  1  d\    Panama:  Citaro,  1  d\  1  9  ;  Tacarcuna,  1  9.   Colombia:  AltoBonito, 

1500  ft.,  2  9  ;  Baudo,  3500  ft.,  1  9  . 

Not  one  of  our  eleven  specimens  of  salvini  salvini  has  the  breast-band 
as  broad  as  it  is  in  xquatorialis,  nor  in  any  of  them  is  it  complete.  Speci- 
mens from  eastern  Panama  agree  in  all  respects  with  those  from  Nicara- 
gua, but  three  from  northeast  Colombia,  while  possessing  a  narrow, 
broken  pectoral  band  as  in  true  salvini,  approach  sequatorialis  in  the  color 
of  the  crown,  which  is  less  rufescent  than  in  topotypical  examples  from 
Nicaragua. 

The  Buckley  specimen  recorded  in  the  'Catalogue  of  Birds  of  the 
British  Museum'  (1891,  XIX,  p.  417)  from  the  Rio  Cotopaza,  Ecuador, 
should  doubtless  be  referred  to  the  form  here  described. 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOV  IT  AT  E8 


[No.  67 


Pyriglena  pacifica,  new  species 

Specific  Characters. — Male  not  distinguishable  in  color  from  the  other 
members  of  the  leuconota  group;  female  nearest  in  general  coloration  to  the  female 
of  Pyriglena  leuconota  maura  of  western  Brazil,  but  underparts  grayish  instead  of 
ochraceous;  white  supraloral  and  superciliary  stripe  absent. 

Type.— No.  173,290,  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.;  9  ad.;  Puente  de  Chimbo,  1000 
ft.,  Ecuador;  August  2,  1922;  Chapman  and  Cherrie. 

Description  op  Male. — Uniformly  jet-black;  the  feathers  of  the  interscapu- 
lium  snowy  white  for  their  basal  half. 

Description  of  Female. — Resembling  the  female  of  Pyriglena  leucoptera  but 
interscapulars  basally  white;  upperparts  nearly  uniform  Saccardo's  umber,  the  rump 
dusky;  tail  black;  wings  externally  and  wing-coverts  grayish  buffy  brown  like  the 
back,  chin  lighter;  sides,  and  especially  flanks,  darker;  under  tail-coverts  blackish; 
feet  brownish  black;  maxilla  blackish;  mandible  horn-color. 

Measurements  of  Males 
Measurements  of  a  series  of  birds  from  localities  throughout  the  range  of  the 
group  show  a  close  agreement  in  size  among  forms  of  the  Tropical  Zone;  the  west 
Ecuador  form,  however,  having  a  longer  tail  than  birds  from  sea-level  in  eastern 
Brazil.  With  increased  altitudinal  range  there  is  increase  in  size,  the  largest  birds 
being  those  from  the  Subtropical  Zone. 


Nai 

me 

Locality 

No. 

Wing 

Tail 

Specimens 

leuconota  leuconota 

Pard,  Brazil 

3 

75-76.5 

66-68 

11 

a 

Cametd,  Brazil 

1 

76 

68 

11 

maura 

Tapirapoan,  Brazil 

1 

75 

70 

11 

a 

Urucum,  Brazil 

3 

76-77.5 

67-68 

a 

hellmayri 

Vermejo,  Bolivia 

2 

77-79 

71-74 

11 

marcapatensis 

Santo  Domingo,  Peru 

78-82 

75-77 

picea 

Tulmayo,  Peru 

77.5-81 

77-78 

castanopi 

lera 

Candela,  Col. 

78-79 

79-82 

pacifica 

Esmeraldas,  Ec. 

1 

75 

73 

a 

Bucay,  Ec. 

1 

75 

73 

<« 

Rio  Jubones,  Ec. 

1 

79 

71 

11 

La  Puente,  Ec. 

1 

77 

75 

11 

Alanior,  Ec. 

1 

75 

75 

Specimens  Examined 
Pyriglena  pacifica. — Ecuador:    Esmeraldas,  4  o",  3   9 ;    Naranjo,  5  b\  1    9 ; 
HiK-ay,  1  (?,  1  9;  Chimbo,  2  9;  Rio. Jubones,  1  o*,2  9;  La  Puente,  1  o";  Portovelo, 

1  9;  Cebollal,  2  9;  Akaor,  !  d\ 

Pyriglena  leucmiotn  Irunihi. in.     Hka/.ii.:    IVini,  1      ';    dtingfc,  m.ir  Para,  2  o", 

2  9;   ( 'hi  >  i.I.  Rio  Toc.-iiilihN,  1  o". 

unotn  maura.      ItitA/.ii.,   Mat  to  GrOMO:     Taj)ir:i|»o;in,   1    d\  1    9; 
mi,  .'5   <?,  2    9. 

Irunmatu  hrllmai/ri.      Bolivia:    Mnpiri,  1   0";   Vermejo,  Santa  (Vuz, 


1923]  NEW  SOUTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS  7 

Pyriglena  leuconoia  marcapatensix. — 8.  E.  Peru:  Santo  Domingo,  1  d\  1  9> 
RioTavara,  1  o",  1  9- 

Pyriglena  pieea. — Pkbu,  Prov.  Junin:  Tulmayo,  4000  ft.,  3  <?;  Chelpes,  1  d% 
1   9 ;  Utcuyacu,  1   9  • 

Pyriglena  caatano'ptera. — Ecuadok:  Sabanilla,  5700  ft.,  Rio  Zamora,  2  9. 
Colombia:  Andalucia,  3000  ft.  E.  Andes,  1  d* ,  1  9  ;  Candela,  6500  ft,,  Cen.  Andes, 
6  <?,  3  9- 

Synopsis  of  Group 

(Females) 
A. — Underparts  ochraceous-buff  to  ochraceous-tawny. 

1.  Pyriglena  leuconoia  Uuamota. — Brazil,  Parti  region. 

2.  "  "        maura. — Brazil,  Matto  Grosso  region. 

3.  "  ,  "         hdlmayri. — Bolivia,  Yungas  region. 

4.  "  "        >n<ircai>atensi8. — S.  E.  Peru. 
B. — Underparts  grayish  to  buffy  brown. 

1.     Pyiiglena  padfica. — Tropical  Zone,  western  Ecuador. 
C— Underparts  wholly  black. 

1.     PijrigUna  ctutanopU rn.     Subtropical  Zone,  eastern  Ecuador,  eastern 
Colombia  and  above  headwaters  of  the  Magdalena, 
D. — Throat  black;  rest  of  underparts  cinnamon-brown  to  Prout's  brown. 

1.     Pyriglena  picea. — Subtropical  Zone,  eastern  Peru. 

We  have  to  thank  Dr.  Hellmayr1  for  removing  the  confusion  which 
has  so  long  existed  in  the  nomenclature,  characters,  and  distribution  of 
the  black-winged  members  of  the  genus  Pyriglena.  Our  material  and 
the  specimens  which  I  examined  in  the  British  Museum,  when  studying 
the  relationships  of  the  form  here  described,  fully  confirm  Dr.  Hellmayr's 
views  in  regard  to  the  number  of  known  forms  in  this  group,  but  possibly 
a  different  conception  of  what  constitutes  a  subspecies  leads  me  to  recog- 
nize four  species  where  Dr.  Hellmayr  admitted  but  one. 

The  distribution  and  relationships  of  the  group  present  some  ex- 
ceedingly puzzling  features.  In  the  first  place,  we  have  a  group  of  four 
species,  one  of  which  is  divisible  into  four  races  (or,  according  to  Hell- 
mayr, one  species  divisible  into  seven  races)  in  which,  aside  from  slight 
differences  in  size,  the  males  are  absolutely  identical,  while  the  females, 
in  some  instances,  present  striking  differences.  For  example,  in  the  east 
Ecuador  form  the  female  is  black  with  cinnamon-brown  back  and  wings, 
while  in  west  Ecuador  the  upperparts  and  wings  are  nearly  uniform 
Saccardo's  umber,  the  underparts  grayish  buffy  brown.  Again,  while 
from  Para  to  the  base  of  the  Andes  in  southeastern  Peru,  P.  leuconota 
and  its  races  are  necessarily  confined  to  the  Tropical  Zone;   in  south- 

'1919,  Archiv  fur  Naturg.,  LXXXV,  (November  1920),  p.  106,  and  1921,  Nor.  Bool.,  XXVIII 
p.  201. 


8  AMERICAN  Ml  SEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  67 

eastern  Peru  P.  leuconota  ma rca patent's  ascends  to  the  Subtropical 
Zone1  and  thence  northward  through  eastern  Peru,  eastern  Ecuador, 
eastern  Colombia  and  the  mountains  above  the  headwaters  of  the  Mag- 
dalena,  the  group  is  known  only  from  the  Subtropics,  but  in  western 
Ecuador  it  is  found  again  in  the  Tropical  Zone.  These  differences  in 
zonal  distribution  must  be  taken  into  account  when  considering  the  prob- 
able relations  of  the  forms  in  the  group,  for  it  is  at  once  evident  that, 
without  regard  to  geographical  proximity,  the  forms  of  the  Tropical 
Zone  more  nearly  resemble  one  another  than  they  do  the  forms  of  the 
Subtropical  Zone.  That  is,  P.  pacifica  of  western  Ecuador  is  more  like 
P.  leuconota  leuconota  of  northeastern  Brazil  than  it  is  like  P.  castanoptera 
of  eastern  Ecuador. 

If  we  were  certain  that  no  race  of  leuconota  (as  I  restrict  this  name) 
occurred  in  the  Tropical  Zone  from  central  Peru  to  Colombia,  we  might 
believe  that  leuconota  had  actually  entered  the  Subtropical  Zone  where 
we  last  find  it  in  southeastern  Peru,  and  had  in  this  zone,  continued  thence 
northward  to  Colombia,  but  had  returned  to  the  Tropical  Zone  in  western 
Ecuador,  reacquiring,  at  the  same  time,  the  characters  of  the  Tropical 
Zone  group. 

Such  theories,  however,  are  warranted  only  after  intensive  collecting 
has  definitely  established  not  alone  a  bird's  presence  but  the  fact  of  its 
absence,  and  we  are  still  a  long  way  from  this  kind  of  knowledge  in  the 
region  concerned. 

Oropezus  rufula  occabambae,  new  subspecies 
SiHSPECiKlc  Chahactkks.     Similar  to  Oropezus  rufula  obscura  Berlepsch  and 
Stolzrniuin  of  the  humid  Temperate  Zone  of  cast  Central  Peru,  hut  general  colora- 
tion brighter,  the  upperparti  ochraceous  tawny  rather  than  cinnamon-brown;  differs 

from  average  Colombian  specimens  of  ().  rufula  rufula  in  being  less  rufeseent,  particu- 
larly below;  bill  shorter  and  stouter  than  in  either  ohsrurn  or  rufula.    Culmen,  17-18; 

depth  at  !>as<\  o.o  mm. 

Tyfb.    No.  166,683,  Amer.  Mue.  Nat;  Hist.;  d";  Oeoabamba  Valley, 9100 ft., 

Iruhamha  region,  1'eru;    August  2,  l'.Uo;    Iv  Heller. 

8pE<  IMKKB    1a  wiim.d 
OropttUB  rufula  ormbnmbiv.      I'kim  :    Oeealmnilm  Vallcv,   I      *;    Machu  Piechu, 
1    9. 

Orojn  tlaobtcura,     Peru, Dept.  Junin:  Maraynioe,  1  J1, 1  9;  Rumicrus, 

1    9. 

On  '  iia  1  ufuia .    Coi.omiua:   11.   Kcuaoor:  21 

,1,1%  /•  /  i,.ii,,i.ii/ri  nlno  rcachm  iln-  Siii,i,.,|,i. ■:,!  /,,n.iii  Boli 


1923]  NEW  SOUTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS  9 

In  my  paper  on  the  Birds  of  the  Urubamba  Valley,1  lacking  topo- 
tj'pical  specimens  of  Oropezus  rufula  obscura,  I  referred  specimens  of  the 
form  here  described  to  that  race.  The  recent  receipt  of  topotypes  of 
obscura  from  Maraynioc  shows  that  the  I'rubamba  bird  differs  from  it  as 
described.  In  the  paper  referred  to  I  commented  on  the  variations  shown 
by  birds  from  Colombia  and  Ecuador.  We  have  since  acquired  more 
examples  from  Ecuador,  including  two  from  eastern  Ecuador,  but  I  am 
as  yet  unable  to  distinguish  more  than  one  race  from  these  two  countries. 

Mionectes  olivaceus  fasciaticollis,  new  subspecies 

Si'Hsi'KClFic  <  '11  ah ,\<  I  KKs.  Reseml ding  M lonectes  olicticeits  (/ulbinns  ill  the 
barring  of  the  throat,  but  upperparts  much  darker,  the  breast  and  sides  with  more 
olive-greet),  less  yellow;  differing  from  M.  6.  paUidui  in  its  more  barred  throat,  much 
richer  yellow  underparts,  greener  and  more  uniformly  colored  upi>erparts,  the  crown 
not  appreciably  darker  than  the  back. 

Tvi'K.-No.  189,833,  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.;  9  n.l.;  Tulmayo.  1000  ft..  Vitoc 
Valley,  l'rov.  .lunin.  Peru;     EL  Wat  kins. 

BPSCIM  B  H  s   K  x  a  m  1 N 1 1  > 

M lonecttx  oliniccus  ftiscioticollis.  lY.ur:  Tulmayo.  ~>  V  K<  i  adok:  Zamora, 
2000  ft.,  Prov.  Loja,  2  cf,  2  9- 

Mionectes  oliraccn*  pallidas.  Chi.iimhia:  Muena  Vista.  4800  ft.,  above  Villavi- 
cencio,  1   d\  1    9   (the  type'. 

Mionectes  olicaceus  galbinus.     Colombia:    Sta.  Malta  region,  0  d\  13   9- 

This  form  inhabits  the  Tropical  Zone  of  eastern  Peru  and  eastern 
Ecuador  from  at  least  the  Chanchamayo  district  north  to  Zamora,  and 
probably  the  Amazonian  Fauna  of  southeastern  Colombia.  Beyond  this 
it  is  replaced  by  the  quite  different  M.  o.  palliihis.  The  southern  limits 
of  its  range  are  unknown.  A  female  from  La  Pampa,  near  Santo 
Domingo  in  southeastern  Peru,  is  very  near  the  proposed  new  race  but  is 
slightly  paler  below  and  the  throat  is  not  so  definitely  barred.  It  thus 
approaches  our  two  specimens  of  M.  0.  pallida*  but  is  deeper  yellow 
below  and  the  crown  is  not  darker  than  the  back,  as  it  is  in  pallidas. 

An  apparently  adult  female  from  the  Rio  Tavara,  Peru  (hit.  13°  25' 
S.;  long.  70°2r\Y.)  is  above  the  average  in  size  (wing 70 mm.)  and  in  its 
generally  unstreaked  underparts  more  nearly  resembles  M.  o.  olivaceus 
of  Panama  and  Costa  Rica  t ban  any  other  known  member  of  the  genus. 

Altitudinally,  fasciaticollis  is  represented  in  the  Subtropical  Zone 
by  Mionectes  strialieollis  poliocephalus  in  Peru  and  by  M .  g.  colambianas 
in  eastern  Ecuador.  We  have  eight  specimens  of  the  former  from  ( foilpee 
(7350  ft.)  in  the  Vitoc  Valley  above  Tulmayo,  and  one  of  the  latter  from 
Sabanilla  (5700  ft.)  on  the  Rio  Zamora  above1  Zamora. 


'1921,  Bull.  V  8.  Nat.  Mus  ,  No.  117.  p.  B0 


10  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  67 

Myiarchus  toddi,  new  species 

Specific  Characters. — Most  nearly  related  to  Myiarchus  phieocephalus  Sclater 
of  western  Ecuador  and  northwestern  Peru,  but  back  uniform  gray;  underparts 
(except  breast)  white  tinted  with  sulphur-yellow.  . 

Type. — No.  174,543,  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.;  d"  ad.  (fresh,  unworn  plumage); 
Palarabla,  4000  ft.,  Prov.  Piura,  Peru;  October  28,  1922;  H.  Watkins. 

Description  of  Type. — Forehead  neutral  grajr,  the  feathers  with  blackish 
centers  increasing  in  area  posteriorly  the  hind-head  becoming  fuscous-black;  back 
uniform  neutral  gray  without  trace  of  olive  except  for  a  very  faint  suggestion  on  the 
rump;  upper  tail-coverts  gray,  slightly  darker  than  the  back;  tail  fuscous,  paler  at 
the  tip  and  with  grayish  edgings,  the  outer  vane  of  the  outer  pair  of  feathers  whitish, 
especially  basally;  wings  fuscous  black,  external  margins  of  primaries  brownish 
gray,  of  secondaries,  grayish  white,  the  inner  margins  of  both  primaries  and  secondaries 
white  with  a  slight  suggestion  of  fulvous  when  seen  from  below;  lower  wing-coverts 
tinged  with  sulphur-yellow;  upper  wing-coverts  margined  with  grayish;  sides  of  the 
head  clear  gray  much  like  the  back;  breast  pale  neutral  grajr,  throat  white;  rest  of 
underparts,  including  crissum,  tinted  with  sulphur-yellow;  tibia?  grayish  with  an 
olive  tint;  feet  and  bill  black.    Wing,  95;  tail,  91;  tarsus,  24;  culmen,  20.5  mm. 

Specimens  Examined 
Myiarchus  toddi. — Peru:  Palambla,  Prov.  Piura,  1  d\ 

Myiarchus  phieocephalus. — Peru:  Paletillas,  Prov.  Piura,  1  o",  2  9;  Chilaco, 
Prov.  Piura,  1  ?  Ecuador:  Esmeraldas  to  Santa  Rosa,  13  d\  6  9,5? 

While  we  have  but  a  single  specimen  of  the  birds  here  described,  its 
strongly  marked  characters,  in  connection  with  our  large  series  of  Myiar- 
chus phieocephalus,  leave  no  doubt  in  my  mind  of  its  validity. 

Myiarchus  phxocephalus  is  a  species  of  the  Tropical  Zone  of  which 
we  have  specimens  from  both  Paletillas  and  Chilaco  in  Peru,  the  latter 
place  some  sixty  miles  northwest  of  the  type-locality  of  toddi,  while  Mr. 
Todd1  records  additional  examples  from  Perico  on  the  Chinchipe  and 
Bellavista  on  the  Maraflon,  both  localities  in  the  Tropical  Zone  and  some 
seventy  miles  east  of  Palambla.  Myiarchus  toddi,  however,  was  taken 
in  the  Subtropical  Zone  and  may,  therefore,  be  a  zonal  representative  of 
phieocephalus. 

I  have  named  this  interesting  new  member  of  a  genua  to  which  lie 
has  devoted  especial  attention  in  honor  of  Mr.  W.  E.  Clyde  Todd, 
Curator  of  Birds  of  the  Carnegie  Museum  of  Pittsburgh,  in  recognition 
of  his  import. -ml  contributions  to  our  knowledge  of  tropical  birds,  so 
well  signalized  by  the  recent  appearance  of  his  monograph  (in  collabora- 
tion with  M.  A.  ( '.linker,  Jr.)  on  the  birds  of  the  Santa  Marta  region  of 
Colombia. 

»1M2.  "The  South  American  Rm  tk   tyfardta*,1  toe.  Hid.  Soft  WtA  .  WW.,..  BOB. 


1923]  NEW  SOUTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS  11 

Buarremon  atricapillus  tacarcunse,  new  subspecies1 
SuBSPBCIflC    Characters. — Similar    to    Buarremon    atricapillus     atricaj/illus 

(Lawrence)  but  with  a  gray  postocular  stripe  and  more  or  less  developed  gray  vertical 

stripe,  the  bill  thicker  and  averaging  longer. 

Type. — No.  136,268,  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.;    d*  ad.;    Mt.  Tacarcuna,  about 

3500  ft.,  eastern  Panama;  March  24,  1915;  W.  B.  Richardson. 
Range. — Subtropical  Zone,  eastern  Panama. 

Buarremon  assimilis  nigrifrons,  new  subspecies' 
Si  hspkcific  Characters. — Similar  to  Buarremon  axaimilis  assimilis  (Boisson- 
Qeau),  but  crown  with  gray  areas  smaller  and  black  areas  correspondingly  larger, 
the  gray  median  line  not  reaching  to  the  forehead  and  sometimes  nearly  absent,  the 
gray  postocular  usually  less  pronounced  and  sometimes  almost  wanting,  when  the 
black  of  the  auiiculars  and  nape  is  connected;  wing  and  tail  averaging  shorter,  the 
bill  longer. 

Type.— No.  172,533,  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.;  S  ad.;  Las  Pinas.  3000  ft., 
Alamor  Mts.,  Prov.  Loja,  Ecuador;  September  11,  1921;   Cherrie  and  Gill. 

Range.     Subtropical  Zone  of  southern  Ecuador  and  doubtless  northern    Peru. 

Buarremon  rimbriatus,  new  species1 

Specific  Chabaotbbs.     Resembling  Bvarrtmmtorquahu  (d'OrbJgnyandLafree- 

naye)  but  back  paler;  tail  olive-greenish,  as  in  B.  phyyus  of  northeastern  Venezuela; 
white  superciliary  stripe  reaching  the  base  of  the  bill;  breast-band  conspicuously 
margined  with  white  or  whitish;  flanks  and  under  tail-coverts  paler;  wings  and  tail 
averaging  longer;   bill  shorter.     Wing,  S5-S9;   tail,  83-86;  cuhnen,  16-17  ram. 

Type.  —No.  139,751,  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.;  <?  ad.;  Tujma,  8200  ft.,  near 
Mizque,  Dept.  Cochabamba,  Bolivia;    Septeml>er  24,  1915;    Miller  and  Boyle. 

Range.— Known  only  from  the  type-locality. 

Hemispingus  piurse,  new  species 

Specific  Characters. — Size  of  II*  niispinuus  castaiieicollis,  but  more  nearly 
resembling  ll<  uiispinyus  (Orospingus)  garingi  in  color,  the  crown  black,  the  super- 
ciliaries  broadly  white,  the  underparts  nearly  uniform  orange-ochraceous;  back, 
however,  as  in  castaucicollis,  but  tail  grayish  with  no  trace  of  brown. 

Type.— No.  171, oil,  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.;  d"  ad.;  Palambla,  4000  ft.,  Prov. 
Piura,  western  slope  of  Andes,  east  of  I'aita,  Peru;  October  25,  1922;  H.  Watkins. 

DESCRIPTION  of  Type. — Crown,  cheeks  and  chin  ink-black,  a  conspicuous  white 
superciliary  leaching  from  the  base  of  the  bill  to  the  nape;  lower  margin  of  eye-ring 
white;  nape  and  post-auricular  region  gray,  forming  a  narrow  band  from  one  side 
of  the  breast  to  the  other;  back  olivaceous  gray;  tail  grayish  fuscous,  without  trace 
of  brown;  wings  slightly  darker,  both  margined  with  olivaceous;  underparts  (except 
chin)  nearly  uniform  ochraceous-orange,  slightly  paler  on  the  center  of  the  abdomen 
but  with  no  evident  demarcation  between  the  colors  of  breast  and  abdomen,  as 
in  castaucicollis:  feel  brownish;  bill  black.  Wing,  63;  Tail.  57;  tarsus,  23;  cuhnen. 
13  mm. 

'The  relationships  of  three  forms  of  Buarremon  here  described  are  fully  discussed  in  a  paper  on 
imitation  in  this  genus,  now  in  the  printer's  hands.  Therein  also  is  given  a  list  of  the  specimens 
examined. 


12  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  67 

Description  of  Female. — Similar  in  color  and  in  size  to  the  male.  Wing,  61; 
tail,  59;  tarsus,  23;  culmen,  13  mm. 

Specimens  Examined 

Hemispingus  piurae. — Peru:  Palambla,  Dept.  Piura,  1  d\  1   9 . 

Hemispingus  castaneicollis  berlepschi. — Peru:  Chelpes,  Prov.  Junin,  1  cf ,  1  9. 

Hemispingus  castaneicollis  caslaneicoUis. — Peru:  Santo  Domingo  (Inca  Mine), 
5  d\  3  9.    Bolivia,  Dept.  Cochabamba:  Yungas,  1  cf;  Roquefalda,  1  9. 

Hemispingus  melanotis. — Ecuador:  East  of  Ambato,  1  9.  Colombia:  Bogota 
region,  1  d\  2  9,2?;  Santa  Elena,  1  0",  1  9 ;  Salento,  1  9 . 

Hemispingus  (Orospingus)  gceringi. — Venezuela:    Merida  region,  3   o",  2    9. 

While  an  obvious  representative  of  the  castaneicollis-melanotis 
group,  this  new  form,  reflecting  its  comparative  isolation  in  the  Western 
Andes  of  Peru,  appears  to  have  acquired  characters  which  separate  it 
specifically  from  its  nearest  allies.  Its  resemblance  to  goeringi  is  appar- 
ently to  be  attributed  to  parallelism  of  development,  but  the  result  em- 
phasizes the  relationship  of  that  bird  with  the  section  of  the  genus 
Hemispingus  to  which  piurx  belongs. 

Synopsis  of  the  castaneicollis-mela?iotis  Group 
of  the  Genus  Hemispingus 
All  inhabit  the  Subtropical  Zone. 

Crown  jet-black;   tail  grayish. 

Superciliaries  conspicuously  white;   underparts  nearly  uniform.     H.  piur»- 
Chapman  (Northwest  Peru). 
Crown  gray  or  blackish  gray!  *a'l  brownish. 

Upper  throat  black;  superciliary  faint,  chiefly  postocular.     //.  castaneicollis 

castaneicollis  (Sclater).    (Southeastern  Peru  and  Bolivia.) 
Upper  throat  not  black;   superciliary  absent  or  barely  suggested. 

Breast  and  erinum  ochraccous-orange,  very  different  from  the  ochrace- 
ous-bulT   abdomen,     //.   autaneicollia  berlepschi  (Taczanowski). 
(East  (  Vnfnil  Peru.) 
Underparts  nearly  uniform  ochraceous-buff,  the  breast  slightly  deeper. 
//.  melanotis  (Sclater).     (Ecuador  and  Colombia.) 

It  will  be  seen  that  berlepschi  is  intermediate  between  castaneicollis 
and  melanotis.  I'nssibly  :i  fully  representative  scries  would  connect  the 
Colombian  and  Bolivian  forms.  I  have  not  seen  specimens  from  western 
Kcuador,  Imt  it  is  evident  thai  ochraceus  Iierlepseh  and  Taczanowski, 
described  from  ( 'ayandeled,  is  very  near  melanotis  and  perhaps  based  on 
an  immature  female  of  it. 


AMERICAN   MUSEUM   NOVITATES 

No.  68 


A  NEW  GENUS  AND  SPECIES  OF  STAPHYLI 
NID/E  PARASITIC  ON  A  SOUTH 
AMERICAN  OPOSSUM 

By  Howard  Notman 


Issued  April  12,  1923 


By  Okdee  of  the  Trustees 

of 

THE  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 
New  York  Citt 


AMERICAN    MUSEUM    NOVITATES 

Number  68  April  12,  1923 


59.57,620:16,9 

A  NEW  GENUS  AND  SPECIES  OF  STAPHYLINID^  PARASITIC 
ON  A  SOUTH  AMERICAN  OPOSSUM 

By  Howard  Notman 

The  interesting  beetle  here  described  came  into  my  hands  through 
the  kindness  of  Dr.  Joseph  Bequaert.  It  was  found  on  the  skin  of  a  Brazil- 
ian opossum  in  the  collection  of  the  American  Museum's  department 
of  mammalogy.  Although  closely  related  to  the  species  of  the  genus 
Amblyopinus  Solsky,  both  in  form  and  habits,  it  cannot  be  placed  in  the 
subfamily  Habrocerinse  with  Amblyopinus  because  of  the  absence  of 
elytral  epipleurae.  Not  only  are  the  epipleurae  entirely  indistinguishable 
but  there  is  almost  no  lateral  declivity.  It  thus  becomes  necessary  to 
place  this  beetle  in  the  subfamily  Trichophyinae  as  defined  by  Gangl- 
bauer  (1895,  'Kafer  Mitteleur,'  II,  Staphylinoidea  1,  p.  16).  No  speci- 
mens of  Amblyopinus  are  available  to  me  for  study  but  that  genus 
is  placed  in  the  Habrocerinae  of  Ganglbauer  in  the  '  Coleopterorum 
Catalogus,'  part  67,  1916,  by  Bernhauer  and  Schubert.  The  most 
noticeable  point  of  resemblance  between  this  beetle  and  Amblyopinus 
jelskyi  Solsky,  besides  its  general  form,  is  the  peculiar  compressed,  sub- 
serrate  antennae,  with  the  terminal  joint  obliquely  truncate.  The  form 
of  the  head  and  the  position  of  the  eyes  differ,  however,  and  the  eyes,  if 
such  they  are,  are  without  trace  of  facets,  which  leads  me  to  suppose  the 
beetles  may  be  blind.  The  proposed  new  genus  may  be  separated  from 
Trichophya  as  follows. 
Eyes  without  facets,  very  small,  placed  at  the  posterior  angles  of  the  head.    Elytra 

without  lateral  declivities.    Antennal  joints  broad  and  compressed. 

Omaloxenus,  new  genus. 
Eyes  faceted,  large,  placed  laterally.  Elytra  with  strong  lateral  declivities.    Antennal 

joints  hair-like,  verticillate Trichophya  Mannerheim. 

Omaloxenus,  new  genus 

Genotype. — Omaloxenus  bequaerti,  new  species. 

Maxillary  palpi  4-jointed;  first  joint  rather  small,  second  and  third  elongate, 
subequal  in  length,  the  third  slightly  larger,  the  fourth  small,  short,  conical. 

Labial  palpi  3-jointed;  first  joint  short,  stout,  second  long,  strongly  incrassate 
apically,  third  smaller,  more  slender,  conical. 

Ligula  not  distinguishable  from  the  paraglossse,  which  are  broad  and  membra- 
nous.     Two  prominent  median  seta?. 


2  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  68 

Mentum  short,  very  transverse,  subtruncate  apically,  with  two  long  seta?. 
Labrum  strongly  bilobed,  lobes  rounded. 

Antenna?  compressed,  scarcely  at  all  incrassate;  first  joint  stouter,  second  and 
third  somewhat  elongate  and  subequal,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  mandibles. 

Eyes  placed  in  the  posterior  angles  of  the  head,  without  facets  and  possibly  not 
functional;   the  covering  submembranous. 

Side  of  the  head  broadly  and  deeply  grooved  throughout,  the  antenna?  being  at 
the  anterior  extremity  of  the  groove  and  the  eyes  at  the  other.  The  lower  margin 
of  the  groove  prominent  and  projecting. 

Head  trapezoidal,  widest  at  the  base,  where  it  is  strongly  and  abruptly  con- 
stricted; a  constriction  also  across  the  occiput  separating  the  head  from  the  neck. 
The  posterior  angles  acute,  prominent. 

Sterna  very  short;  coxa?  large,  anterior  and  intermediate  contiguous,  posterior 
triangular,  without  an  outer  lamella.    Metasternum  emarginate  at  apex. 

Anterior  tarsi  strongly  dilated  and  pilose  beneath;  intermediate  feebly  dilated 
and  pilose;   posterior  elongate. 

Elytra  very  short,  without  epipleura?,  scarcejy  inflexed. 

Abdomen  margined  and  densely  pubescent. 

Body  fusiform. 

Omaloxenus  bequaerti,1  new  species 

Form  rather  broad,  depressed  and  fusiform.  Color  rufo-testaceous;  head  with 
four  minute  black  spots  on  the  vertex,  arranged  in  a  trapezoid,  the  anterior  pair 
more  approximate,  smaller  and  less  distinct;  thorax  with  a  small  black  spot  either 
side  behind  the  middle  and  a  black  transverse  line  before  the  scutellum  sometimes 
indistinct.  Head  and  thorax  glabrous,  strongly  shining;  head  rather  coarsely  and 
closely  punctured;  thorax  very  distinctly  less  coarsely  and  closely  and  more  in- 
distinctly punctured.  Elytra  rather  densely  pubescent,  feebly  shining;  punctures 
rather  fine  and  dense,  subasperate.  Abdomen  more  shining  than  the  elytra;  punc- 
tuation coarser,  sparser  and  more  asperate;  pubescence  coarser,  more  conspicuous 
posteriorly.  Head  with  two  seta?  at  the  posterior  angles;  thorax  with  a  lateral 
seta  slightly  before  the  middle  and  two  basal  seta?  near  the  posterior  angles;  elytra 
with  a  lateral  seta  Deal  the  humerus;  abdominal  segments  with  several  lateral 
sets;  all  the  seta?  black.  Head  transverse,  one-half  wider  than  long  and  three- 
fourths  the  width  of  the  thorax,  base  distinctly  arcuate,  triangular;  antenna'  reaching 
the  base  of  the  thorax,  not  incrassate;  joints  4-11  obconic,  about  as  broad  as  long. 
Thorax  two-thirds  wider  th;m  long,  slightly  wider  than  the  elytra,  widest  behind  the 
middle,  sides  arcuate,  more  strongly  convergent  anteriorly;  all  the  angles  rounded, 
base  feebly  Insinuate.  Disk  with  two  oblique  cariniform  tuberculatum  before  the 
middle;  an  indi-tinrt  lateral  tuberculatum  extending  from  the  anterior  angles  as  far 
as  the  middle;  basal  area  with  an  indistinct  I  uberculation  either  side.  Klytra  very 
short  and  transverse,  nearly  three  timet  broader  than  lung;  apex  strongly  emarginate, 
outer  angles  broadly  rounded.  Suture  about  one-third  the  length  of  the  thorax. 
Abdomen  narrow-  r  than  the  elytra;  .segments  unimpressed,  increasing  regularly  in 
length  |  •    tcriorly.  d  ■-■  gD  <  Dti  visible,  the: seventh  a  third  longer  than  the 

•Named  in  li<,h.>r  <.f  my  (run<l  Dr.  JoMph  B*QUMTt. 


1923]  A  NEW  PARASITIC  STAPHYLINID  3 

preceding,  the  eighth  deeply  bimarginate,  the  median  projection  obtusely  rounded 
at  apex.    Length,  5.5-6.75  mm.;  width,  1.75  mm. 

Male. — Seventh  dorsal  abdominal  segment  with  apex  broadly  rounded;  seventh 
ventral  with  a  triangular  emargination  as  broad  as  deep  and  one-third  the  apical 
width  of  the  segment;   apex  narrowly  rounded. 

Fkmale. — Seventh  dorsal  abdominal  segment  with  a  small  oval  emargination 
as  broad  as  deep  and  about  one-fifth  the  apical  width  of  the  segment,  posterior  to 
which  the  segment  is  slightly  compresso-carinate ;  seventh  ventral  broadly  sub- 
truncate. 

Type,  Allotype,  and  Pakatype. — Alto  Itatiaya,  Setto  do  Itatiaya,  Brazil; 
E.  G.  Holt;  found  on  a  small  Brazilian  opossum,  Monodelphis.  Collection  of  The 
American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

Three  para  types  with  same  label.    Collection  of  the  author. 

Amblyopinus1  jelskyi  Solsky  of  the  same  size  was  taken  on  two 
species  of  Peruvian  mice,  and  appeared  to  produce  a  diseased  irritation 
of  the  skin  with  the  less  of  the  hair.  Amblyopinus  mniszechi  Solsky, 
14  mm.  in  length,  was  taken  on  a  species  of  Peruvian  cavy  or  guinea  pig. 


>1875,  Hor.  Soc.  Ent.  Ross.,  XI,  p.  10,  PI.  1,  fig.  3a-f. 


X 


AMERICAN     MUSEUM     N0VITATES 

Number  69  *  April  20,  1923 


59.57,96(51) 

CHINESE  ANTS  COLLECTED  BY  PROFESSOR  S.  F.  LIGHT  AND 
PROFESSOR  A.  P.  JACOT1 

By  William  Morton  Wheeler 

Professor  S.  F.  Light  of  the  University  of  Amoy  and  Professor  A.  P. 
Jacot  of  the  Shantung  Christian  University  have  recently  sent  me  for 
identification  two  small  collections  of  Chinese  ants.  Professor  Light's 
collection  comprises  well-known  tropical  species  but  is  valuable  because 
it  is  in  great  part  from  the  Island  of  Hainan,  from  which,  to  my  knowl- 
edge, no  Formicidse  have  previously  been  recorded.  This  collection 
yields  no  evidence  that  the  ant-fauna  of  Hainan  differs  from  that  of  the 
adjacent  mainland.  Professor  Jacot's  collection,  from  Shantung  and  the 
neighborhood  of  Peking,  comprises  palearctic  forms,  several  of  which  are 
undescribed  and  of  considerable  interest  in  connection  with  the  northern 
Eurasian  fauna.  As  in  my  two  previous  papers  on  Chinese  ants,2  I 
list  the  various  localities  for  future  reference  in  determining  the  geograph- 
ical range  of  the  species. 

Ponerinse 

Odontoponera  tranversa  (F.  Smith),  S. — Five  specimens  from 
Tungan,  Hainan  Island  (S.  F.  Light). 

Diacamma  rugosum  (Le  Guill.)  subsp.  geometricum  (F.  Smith) 
var.  anceps  Emery,  8. — Four  specimens  from  Kachek,  Hainan  Island 
(S.  F.  Light). 

Euponera  (Trachymesopus)  darwini  (Forel)  var.  indica  Emery, 
9  . — One  specimen  from  Kachek,  Hainan  Island  (S.  F.  Light). 

Pseudomyrminse 

Tetraponera  rufonigra  (Jerdon),  9. — One  specimen  from  Kachek, 
Hainan  Island  (S.  F.  Light). 

MyrmicinsB 
Messor  lobulifer  Emery,  $. — Eight  specimens  from  Tsinan,  Shan- 
tung, taken  in  a  garden  outside  the  city  (A.  P.  Jacot) . 

'Contributions  from  the  Entomological  Laboratory  of  the  Bussey  Institution,  Harvard  University. 
No.  221. 

2' Chinese  Ants,'  1922,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  XLIV,  pp.  529-547,  and  'Chinese  Ante  Collected 
by  Prof.  C.  W.  Howard,'    1922,  Psyche,  XXVIII,  pp.  110-115,  2  figs. 


2  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  69 

Crematogaster  artifex  Mayr,  $. — Fifteen  specimens  from  Kachek, 
Hainan  Island  (S.  F.  Light). 

Pheidole  rhomtinoda  Mayr,  qi,  8. — Six  specimens  from  Tsinan, 
Shantung,  under  large  stone  in  field  (A.  P.  Jacot). 

Pheidologeton  diversus  (Jerdon),  Qi,  8,  d\ — Many  specimens  from 
Kachek,  Hainan  Island  and  Amoy,  Fukien  Province  (S.  F.  Light). 

Solenopsis  jacoti,  new  species 

Worker. — Length,  1.6-1.7  mm. 

Allied  to  <S.  fugax  Latreille  but  smaller.  Head  oblong,  about  one-fourth  longer 
than  broad,  with  straight,  parallel  sides  and  the  posterior  border  distinctly  emarginate 
in  the  middle.  Mandibles  with  very  oblique,  4-toothed  apical  borders.  Clypeus 
projecting  in  the  middle,  with  very  slender,  acute  median  teeth  and  strong  carina?; 
the  lateral  teeth  very  short  but  acute.  Eyes  very  small,  flat,  consisting  of  only  5  or 
6  facets,  situated  at  about  twice  their  length  from  the  insertions  of  the  mandibles. 
Antennal  scapes  scarcely  reaching  beyond  the  middle  of  the  distance  between  the 
eyes  and  posterior  corners  of  the  head.  Antennal  club  very  large,  swollen,  much 
longer  than  the  remainder  of  the  funiculus,  the  basal  joint  less  than  one-third  as  long 
as  the  apical,  but  longer  than  broad;  first  funicular  joint  as  long  as  joints  2-5 
together;  joints  2-7  very  small,  distinctly  broader  than  long  but  much  narrower  than 
the  club  and  first  joint.  Thorax  and  pedicel  similar  to  those  of  fugax  but  the  pronotum 
is  more  convex  in  profile,  the  epinotum  is  distinctly  shorter,  more  rounded  and  slop- 
ing and  the  mesoepinotal  impression  is  distinctly  more  pronounced.  Though  the 
petiolar  and  postpetiolar  nodes  when  seen  from  above  are  subequal  as  in  fugax,  the 
petiolar  node  is  distinctly  lower. 

r  ;  Sculpture  and  pilosity  similar  to  those  of  fugax,  but  the  coarse  piligerous  punc- 
tures on  the  head  are  somewhat  larger  and  more  conspicuous  and  the  pale,  uneven, 
erect  pilosity  on  the  body  is  decidedly  shorter,  especially  on  the  head  and  thorax. 

Brownish  yellow,  with  black  eyes,  clypeal  and  mandibular  teeth  and  a  broad, 
darker  brown  band  across  the  dorsal  surface  of  the  first  gastric  segment. 

Described  from  five  specimens  taken  by  Prof.  Jacot  at  Tsingtao,  Shantung, 
"from  the  under  surface  of  a  stone  in  woodlands." 

This  ant  is  certainly  very  closely  related  to  the  common  S.  fugax 
of  Europe,  but  the  antennal  scapes  and  epinotum  are  shorter,  the  antennal 
clubs  larger,  the  apical  border  of  the  mandibles  and  their  teeth  more 
oblique,  the  petiolar  node  lower,  the  pilosity  shorter  and  the  first  gastric 
segment  is  in  great  part  infuscated.  Perhaps  the  form  here  described  is 
the  unknown  worker  of  S.  soochowensis  Wheeler,  which  is  based  on  female 
and  male  specimens. 

Solenopsis  jacoti  subspecies  pekingensis,  new  subspecies 

Worker. — Length,  1. 4-1.5  nun. 

Differing  from  tho  preceding  in  its  smaller  size,  in  the  smaller  eyes,  which  consist 
of  only  3  or  4  facets,  and  in  t  he  <•«  ,1,  .r  <  .1"  t  he  body,  which  is  throughout  whitish  yellow, 


1923]  CHINESE  ANTS  3 

without  infuscated  first  gastric  segment.  The  pilosity  is  also  paler  and  more  whitish. 
The  nodes  of  the  petiole  and  postpetiole,  though  subequal,  are  less  transverse,  the 
former  being  more  conical  and  less  compressed  anteroposteriorly. 

Six  workers  taken  by  Professor  Jacot  at  Chdo  Yang  An,  hills  west  of  Peking, 
"from  lower  surface  of  stones." 

Ruzsky  has  described  a  form  of  S.  fugax  as  var.  kasaliensis  from  the 
Aral  Sea,  with  only  two  facets  in  the  eyes  and  a  shorter  and  more  slop- 
ing epinotum  than  that  of  the  typical  fugax,  but  the  variety  measures  2 
mm.  and  is  therefore  considerably  larger  than  pekingensis. 

Moncmorium  minutum  Mayr. — Seven  males  from  Tsinan,  Shan- 
tung, under  stones  in  arroyo  and  many  workers  from  Chao  Yang  An, 
hills  west  of  Peking,  "rotten  log  in  burial  ground"  (A.  P.  Jacot).  These 
specimens  evidently  belong  to  the  typical  south  European  form  of  the 
species  and  not  to  the  subsp.  carbonarium  F.  Smith.  The  epinotum 
of  the  worker  is  rounded,  without  distinct  base  and  declivity  and  the 
petiolar  node  is  low.    The  color  is  black. 

Moncmorium  (Parhclccmyrmex)  gTacillimum  (F.  Smith)  var. 
mayri  Forel,  S,  d". — Nine  specimens  from  Hainan  Island  (S.  F.  Light). 

Tetramorium    caespitum    (Linnaeus)    subspecies    simileve    Era.    Andre* 
variety  jacoti,  new  variety 

Worker. — Length,  2-2.3  mm. 

Whole  body  shining,  except  the  head  above  and  especially  the  mandibles, 
which  are  merely  lustrous.  Upper  surface  of  head  with  numerous  fine,  sharp  and 
rather  uniform  longitudinal  rugse,  the  punctuation  between  which  is  very  indistinct. 
Occiput  and  posterior  corners  of  head  smoother  and  very  shining.  Thorax  more 
coarsely  longitudinally  rugose  than  the  head  and  with  punctate-reticulate  interrugal 
spaces.  Epinotal  spines  small,  slender  and  acute.  Petiole  and  postpetiole  in  great 
part  very  smooth  and  shining  above,  the  latter  very  distinctly  broader  than  the 
former.    Gaster  very  smooth  and  shining. 

Black  or  deep  piceous,  the  thorax  sometimes  slightly  paler  than  the  head  and 
gaster;  mandibles,  clypeus,  cheeks,  antennae,  legs  and  neck  reddish  brown,  the 
femora,  except  their  ends  and  in  some  specimens  the  scapes,  darker,  castaneous 
brown. 

Described  from  numerous  specimens  taken  by  Professor  Jacot  in  the  Tartar 
City,  Peking  "from  a  paved  court-yard  " 

I  have  not  seen  specimens  of  the  typical  semileve  Era.  Andre\  but 
it  seems  to  be  the  only  one  of  the  numerous  forms  of  cxspitum  recognized 
by  Emery  (1909,  Deutsch.  Ent.  Zeitschr.,  pp.  697-705)  to  which  the 
Chinese  form  can  be  attached. 

Meranoplus  bicolor  (Guenn),  8. — Two  specimens  from  Kachek, 
Hainan  Island  (S.  F.  Light). 


4  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  69 

Cataulacus  granulatus  (Latreille),  8. — A  single  specimen  from 
Kachek,  Hainan  Island  (S.  F.  Light). 

Strumigenys  godeffroyi  Mayr  var.  lewisi  Cameron,  8. — Eight 
specimens  from  Tsingtao,  Shantung,  from  "leaf -mould,  mostly  pine- 
needles"  (A.  P.  Jacot). 

Dolichoderinse 

Tapinoma  melanocephalum  (Fabricius),  9. — Two  specimens  from 
Kachek,  Hainan  Island  (S.  F.  Light). 

Technomyrmex  albipes  (F.  Smith),  8,  9  . — Tsingtao,  Shantung, 
"from  sweepings  in  low  grass  under  pines,"  and  Tsinan,  Shantung, 
"under  stone  in  field"  (A.  P.  Jacot). 

Formicin® 

Plagiolepis  longipes  (Jerdon),  8. — Numerous  specimens  from 
Kachek,  Hainan  Island  (S.  F.  Light). 

Plagiolepis  wroughtoni  Forel,  8. — Numerous  specimens  from 
Tsinan,  Shantung,  "under  stones  in  field";  Tsingtao,  Shantung,  "in 
sweepings  from  low  grass  under  pines";  Chao  Yang  An,  hills  west  of 
Peking,  "attending  Coccids  on  apricot  trees"  (A.  P.  Jacot). 

Paratrechina  (Nylanderia)  bourbonica  (Forel)  subsp.  bengalensis 
(Forel),  S. — Three  specimens  from  Kachek,  Hainan  Island  (S.  F. 
Light). 

Formica  rufibarbis  Fabricius  variety  orientalis,  new  variety 

Worker. — Length,  5-5.5  mm. 

Differing  from  the  typical  European  form  of  the  species  in  the  smaller  size  and 
in  the  following  characters:  the  pubescence,  especially  on  the  gaster  is  distinctly 
longer,  denser  and  more  silky,  the  erect  hairs  on  the  front,  pro-  and  mesonotum  are 
more  numerous,  stouter  and  less  acute,  and  the  infuscated  areas  on  the  pro-  and 
mesonotum  are  more  extensive. 

Nine  workers  taken  by  Professor  Jacot  on  the  sand-flats  west  of  Nu  Ku  Kow, 
Kiachou  Bay,  Tsingtao,  Shantung. 

This  variety  is  close  to  the  variety  glauca  Ruzsky  of  Southern  Russia 
and  Western  Siberia,  but  Emery  states  that  this  form  has  the  same 
pilosity  as  the  typical  rufibarbis.  The  variety  subpilosa  Ruzsky,  with 
the  same  distribution  as  glauca,  is  more  pilose  than  orientalis  and  the 
coloration  of  the  head  and  thorax  is  much  paler. 

Formica  (Proformica)  Jacoti,  new  species 

Worker.    Length,  '•'>  •'»  mm. 

Head,  even  <«f  the  largeel  porkert,  longer  than  broad,  eubreotangular,  nearly  as 
broad  in  front  as  behind,  with  straight,  subparallel  cheeks,  rounded  posterior  corners 


1923]  CHINESE  ANTS  5 

and  feebly  convex  posterior  border.  Cheeks  about  one  and  one-half  times  as  long  as 
the  eyes.  Clypeus  moderately  convex,  carinate,  its  anterior  border  entire,  broadly 
rounded.  Mandibles  apparently  6-toothed,  the  apical  teeth  much  larger  than  the 
basal.  Frontal  carina;  very  short,  parallel;  frontal  area  indistinct.  Antennal  scapes 
extending  nearly  half  their  length  beyond  the  posterior  corners  of  the  head  in  the 
smaller  and  about  two-fifths  their  length  in  the  larger  workers;  first  funicular  joint 
as  long  as  the  two  succeeding,  subequal  joints  together.  Thorax  rather  robust,  in 
profile  with  shallow  mesoepinotal  constriction,  the  outline  of  the  mesonotum  straight, 
gently  sloping,  continuing  the  straight  outline  of  the  posterior  portion  of  the  pronotum; 
epinotum  somewhat  longer  than  broad,  the  base  somewhat  longer  than  the  declivity 
with  which  it  forms  a  rounded  obtuse  angle.  Petiole  rather  narrow,  with  straight, 
subparallel  sides  and  distinctly  emarginate,  blunt  superior  border;  in  profile  nearly  as 
thick  above  as  below,  flattened  behind,  more  convex  above  anteriorly.  Gaster  rather 
large;   legs  moderately  long. 

Mandibles  opaque,  evenly,  finely  and  sharply  longitudinally  striated.  Surface 
of  body  shining,  densely  and  distinctly  shagreened,  the  head  finely  and  densely 
punctate. 

Hairs  and  pubescence  silvery,  whitish;  the  pubescence  rather  long  and  dense 
but  not  completely  concealing  the  sculpture,  giving  the  whole  surface  a  pruinose 
appearance.  Erect  hairs  sparse,  almost  absent,  except  on  the  clypeus  and  terminal 
gastric  segments.  Flexor  surfaces  of  femora  and  tibiae  with  a  few  short,  widely 
separated  bristles.    Gula  without  erect  hairs. 

Dark  piceous  brown,  with  bright  bronzy  reflections.  Anterior  portion  of  head, 
posterior  portion  of  pronotum,  mesonotum  and  pleurae  somewhat  reddish  brown. 
Mandibles,  antennae,  except  the  last  funicular  joints,  legs,  except  the  coxae  and  middle 
portions  of  the  femora,  brownish  yellow.    Palpi  fuscous. 

Described  from  three  large  and  six  smaller  workers  taken  by  Professor  Jacot  at 
Chao  Yang  An,  western  hills  of  Peking,  "from  a  nest  under  a  stone  in  a  field." 

The  only  other  Proformica  known  from  Eastern  Asia  is  mongolica 
Emery,  described  from  a  few  specimens  taken  at  Chara-Gol,  Mongolia. 
This  form,  however,  judging  from  Emery's  description  and  figure 
(1909,  Deutsch.  Ent.  Zeitschr.,  p.  202,  fig.  12),  has  a  broader  head  and 
much  shorter  antennal  scapes,  and  the  pubescence  is  described  as 
"sparse,"  like  that  of  nasuta  Nylander.  P.  jacoti  is  certainly  quite 
distinct  from  nasuta  and  the  other  known  species  of  the  subgenus. 

Camponotus  herculeanus  (Linnaeus)  subsp.  japonicus  Mayr  var. 
aterrimus  Emery,  8—  Thirteen  specimens  from  Chao  Yang  An,  hills 
west  of  Peking  (A.  P.  Jacot). 

Camponotus  (Dinomyrmex)  dorycus  (F.  Smith)  subsp.  carin 
Emery,  $. — A  single  specimen  from  Kachek,  Hainan  Island  (S.  F. 
Light). 

Camponotus  (Myrmothrix)  nicobarensis  Mayr  var.  exiguo-gut- 
tatus  Emery,  g ,  9 . — Several  specimens  from  Tungan  and  Kachek, 
Hainan  Island  (S.  F.  Light). 


6  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  69 

Camponotus  (Myrmosericus)  rufoglaucus  (Jerdon)  subsp.  paria 
Emery,  8. — One  major  and  one  minor  worker  from  Kachek,  Hainan 
Island  (S.  F.  Light). 

Polyrhachis  (Myrmhopla)  dives  F.  Smith,  8,  d\ — Two  males 
and  several  workers  from  Kachek,  Hainan  Island  and  Amoy,  Fukien 
Province  (S.  F.  Light). 

Polyrhachis  (Myrma)  mayri  Roger,  8. — Two  specimens  from 
Kachek,  Hainan  Island  (S.  F.  Light). 

Polyrhachis  (Cyrtomyrma)  rastellata  F.  Smith  subsp.  lsevior  Roger 
var.  debilis  Emery,  8. — A  single  specimen  from  Tungan,  Hainan 
Island  (S.  F.  Light). 


^ 


V^'M/ 


May* 

AMERICAN    MUSEt^  NOVITIATES 

Number  70  **"— —       April  23,  1923 


.'.(t.78P 

THE  GENERIC  AND  GENETIC  RELATIONS  OF  PSEUDACRIS, 
THE  SWAMP  TREE  FROGS 

My  Q.  K.  Noble 

For  some  time  it  has  been  recognized  that  the  Swamp  Tree  Frogs, 
Pseudacris,  are  badly  in  need  of  revision.  Many  of  the  species  differ  but 
slightly  from  others,  while  certain  of  the  so-called  diagnostic  characters 
seem  dependent  on  fixation. 

In  preparation  for  a  revision  <>i  the  genus,  I  found  it  necessary  to  re- 
examine the  characters  upon  which  the  genus  is  based,  for  several  of  the 
species  differ  but  slightly  from  Hyla.  The  work  led  to  some  interesting 
conclusions  and,  as  this  revision  is  now  indefinitely  delayed,  it  seems  ad- 
visable to  place  these  conclusions  on  record. 

Although  only  seven  species  of  Pseudacris  were  recognized  in  the 
Check  List  of  Stejneger  and  Barbour  (1917,  pp.  30-31),  at  least  two  more 
seem  valid  from  the  material  I  have  examined.  These  are  P.  copii  and 
P.  verrucosus.  Of  these  nine  species,  by  far  the  most  distinct  is  the 
minute  P.  ocularis  (llolbrook).  I  have  examined  no  less  than  390  speci- 
mens of  this  species  and  have  been  impressed  by  the  fact  that  it  exhibits 
externally  no  character  to  distinguish  it  generically  from  the  diminutive 
neotropical  hylas,  possessing  reduced  webs,  as  for  example  H.  chica 
Noble  (1918,  p.  335)  described  from  Nicaragua.  If  the  reduced  webbing 
is  characteristic  of  some  species  of  Hyla,  what  characters  distinguish  the 
species  of  Pseudacris  and  prevent  our  referring  them  also  to  the  genus 
Hyla? 

The  characters  utilized  by  Boulenger  (1882,  p.  332)  to  define  that 
genus  are  certainly  not  diagnostic.  Pseudacris  occidentalis  has  as  well- 
developed  disks  as  many  species  of  Hyla.  Some  semiterrestrial  hylas 
of  the  neotropics  do  not  possess  anj7  more  expanded  dilations  than  P. 
feriarum,  and  the  digital  disks  of  that  species  are  scarcely  larger  than 
those  of  P.  nigrita,  the  type  of  the  genus. 

The  extent  of  the  dilation  of  the  sacral  diapophyses  does  not  distin- 
guish Pseudacris  from  Hyla.  One  many  convince  oneself  of  this  fact  by 
comparing  the  sacrum  of  H.  crucifer  with  those  of  a  series  of  Pseudacris. 
Thus,  I  find  that  the  sacral  diapophyses  of  one  specimen  (A.  M.  N.  H. 
No.  5743)  of  P.  septentrionalis  are  a  trifle  more  dilated  than  those  of  two 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES 


[No.  70 


specimens  of  H.  crucifer  before  me,  while  those  of  another  specimen 
(A.  M.  N.  H.  No.  3004)  of  the  same  species  are  a  trifle  less  so.  The  sac- 
ral diapophyses  of  a  specimen  of  P.  ocularis  are  about  as  extensive  as 
those  of  H .  crucifer.  The  sacrum  of  H.  chica  is  not  as  dilated  as  any 
of  the  species  of  Pseudacris  examined.  I  have  (loc.  cit.)  discussed  this 
species  in  the  paper  referred  to  above.  The  narrow  sacral  diapophyses 
are  not  always  correlated  with  small  size. 

Cope  (1889,  p.  332)  states  that  Pseudacris  may  be  distinguished 
from  the  typical  forms  of  Hyla  by  "the  elongate  terminal  phalanges  with 
small  basal  globe,  supporting  minute  dilations,  and  the  nearly  webless 
digits.  .  .  .  Species  of  Hyla  less  representative  are  similar  in  cranial 
structure  and  have  a  diminished  amount  of  palmation,  but  the  series 
appears  with  our  present  knowledge  distinct  in  the  structure  of  the  feet." 


Fig.  1.     Vomerine  region  with  surrounding  cranial  elements  in  Hyla  crucifer 
(left)  and  Hyla  ocularis  (right). 


After  a  critical  examination  of  the  terminal  phalanges  of  P.  sep- 
tentrionalis  and  P.  ocularis,  and  comparisons  of  them  with  those  of  //. 
crucifer,  H.  versicolor,  etc.,  I  have  convinced  myself  that  there  is  no 
constant  difference  in  the  structure  of  these  elements,  although  they  all 
vary  somewhat  in  size.  (Fig.  3.)  The  intercalary  cartilage  differs  some- 
what in  size  in  the  various  species,  but,  as  this  also  differs  in  the  digits  of  a 
single  limb  (Fig.  3),  its  size  cannot  be  considered  of  great  importance. 
The  intercalary  disk  of  Acris  is  proportionately  longer  than  in  any  species 
of  hylid  which  I  have  examined. 

Pseudacris  is  stated  in  all  textbooks  to  possess  vomerine  teeth,  as  in 
most  species  of  the  genus  Hyla.  Those  species  of  Hyla  which  do  not 
pots*  ss  vomerine  teeth  we  sonic! inics  grouped  together  under  the  name 
[008.  I  have  shown  <  l-<  where  (Noble,  1922)  that  genera  based  on  the 
presence  or  absence  of  vomerine  teeth  are  usually  polyphyletic  and 
artificial  assemblages.    Borne  specimena  of  Hyla  chica  lack  the  vomerine 


1923] 


RELATIONS  OF  PSEUDACRIS 


teeth,  while  others  possess  them.  It  is  therefore  of  no  great  phylogenetic 
consequence  to  find  that,  contrary  to  the  statement  of  Holbrook  (1842, 
p.  173)  and  Boulenger  (1882,  p.  333),  P.  ocularis  normally  lacks  the 
vomerine  teeth.  I  can  find  no  evidence  of  them  in  the  390  specimens  of 
this  species  before  me.  These  specimens  come  from  several  localities  in 
Lee  Co.,  Florida  (3  specimens);  Arlington,  Florida  (49  specimens); 
near  Jacksonville,  Florida  (336  specimens) ;  Wilmington,  South  Carolina 
(1  specimen);  and  Hampton  Co.,  South  Carolina  (1  specimen).  Small 
specimens  of  Hyla  often  exhibit  a  reduction  of  the  web  between  the  toes 
and  a  loss  of  the  vomerine  teeth.  P.  ocularis  exhibits  both  these  features, 
as  further  evidence  of  its  close  relationship  to  Hyla. 


Fig.  2.     Hyla  ocularis  (Holbrook),  typical  color  variation. 


The  reduction  of  the  vomers  has  progressed  farther"  in  P.  ocularis 
than  in  H.  chica.  It  seems  highly  improbable  that  they  could  ever  bear 
teeth.  (Fig.  1.)  I  believe  it  will  be  shown  that  P.  ocularis  never  exhibits 
vomerine  teeth  even  as  a  variation. 

P.  ocularis  has  so  many  external  characters  in  common  with  the 
small  hylas  that  I  have  given  a  figure  (Fig.  2)  of  a  typical  specimen.  It 
will  be  noticed  that  the  disks,  although  small,  are  as  distinct  as  in  many 
species  of  Hyla. 

Many  structural  features  of  P.  ocularis  suggest  that  the  species  is 
more  closely  allied  to  P.  feriarum  and  its  close  allies  than  to  Hyla 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES 


[No.  70 


squirella,  H.  femoralis,  or  any  other  of  the  small  species  of  Hyla.  The 
reduced  web  and  the  form  of  its  pectoral  girdle  (Fig.  4)  and  hyoid  ap- 
paratus suggest  this,  but,  until  the  osteology  of  many  more  species  of 
southern  hylas  is  made  known,  the  exact  genetic  relations  of  P.  ocularis 
must  remain  uncertain.  In  external  appearance  P.  ocularis  is  most  hy la- 
like,  Mr.  Jay  A.  Weber,  who  observed  the  species  in  life  and  has  pre- 
sented his  specimens  to  The  American  Museum  of  Natural  History, 
remarks: 


Fig.  3.     Right  foot  of  H.  ocularis  viewed  laterally  to  show  the  form  of  the  inter- 
calary cartilages. 


Fig.  1.    Pectoral  girdle  of  //.  ocularis,  ventral  aspect  diti  i  and  sacrum  of  //. 
ocularis,  dorsal  aspect  (right). 


"The  tiny  frogs  were  a  brilliant  light  green  in  life,  similar  to,  but  even 
brighter  than  //.  cineren.  Tiny  were  observed  most  abundantly  at 
Rocky  Lake.  A  narrow  belt  of  reeds  along  the  water's  edge  had  been 
trampled  down  by  cattle,  and  it 'wis  line  the  frogs,  in  association  with 
A  arts,  were  found.  Tiny  were  extremely  agile  and  1  found  it  impossible 
to  get  near  enough  to  catch  them  by  hand.     As  one  approached  them, 


1923]  RELATIONS  OF  PSEUDACRIS  5 

they  would  hop  among  the  crushed,  but  still  living,  reeds,  where  their 
green  coloration  caused  them  to  disappear  immediately.  Never  did  they 
seek  a  hiding  place  in  the  holes  or  shallow  puddles  in  the  manner  of 
Acris.  The  deep  water  of  the  lake  was  full  of  fish  and  I  noticed  that 
neither  Acris  nor  this  species  ever  hopped  into  the  deep  water.  At  last, 
after  constructing  a  club  from  the  base  of  a  cat-tail  stalk,  I  succeeded 
in  approaching  close  enough  to  secure  some  specimens.  The  species  is 
the  rarest  of  the  riparian  frogs  in  the  region  that  I  visited  and  its  extreme 
agility  and  protective  coloration  make  it  the  hardest,  by  far,  to  catch." 

The  huge  series  of  336  specimens  of  P.  ocularis,  all  from  the  vicinity 
of  Jacksonville  and  all  taken  within  a  few  weeks'  time,  exhibits  an  ex- 
traordinary range  of  variation.  In  what  may  be  called  the  "dark  phase," 
preserved  specimens  possess  three  longitudinal  stripes  of  dark  brown  on 
the  back,  very  similar  in  form  to  P.  triseriata.  The  ground  tone,  however, 
is  flesh-color,  and  the  black  stripe  on  the  side  of  the  head  readily  distin- 
guishes the  species  from  other  species  of  Pseudacris.  The  "light  phase," 
that  illustrated  in  Figure  2,  is  of  more  frequent  occurrence,  for  the 
stripes  in  most  specimens  are  indistinct. 

Some  species,  at  present  referred  to  Pseudacris,  are  superficially 
more  hyla-like  than  others.  Perhaps  the  most  hyla-like  is  P.  copii. 
Future  work  may  show  that  P.  m  pteitlrionalis,  P.  triseriata,  and  P. 
feriarum  are  closely  allied  and  possess  characters  in  common,  distin- 
guishing them  from  the  more  hyla-like  species  of  the  genus.  But  it 
must  be  clearly  recognized  that  neither  the  shape  of  the  sacral  dia- 
pophyses,  the  structure  of  the  terminal  phalanges,  nor  any  other  char- 
acters which  have  been  suggested  until  this  time  are  actually  diagnostic 
of  the  genus.  Until  these  characters  have  been  pointed  out,  the  genus 
Pseudacris  must  be  disregarded  and  the  species  formerly  referred  to  that 
genus  must  be  referred  to  Hyla.  In  referring  all  the  species  of  Pseudacris 
to  Hyla,  two  changes  in  nomenclature  are  as  necessary  as  they  are 
unfortunate.  The  name  ieptentrionaUs  is  preoccupied  by  Hyla  septen- 
trionalis  of  Boulenger.  As  no  other  name  seems  available,  I  propose  the 
name  Hyla  canadensis  for  that  species.  The  name  H.  copii  (Boulenger) 
is  preoccupied  by  H.  copii  of  Boulenger  1887,  and  I  propose  for  it  the 
name,  Hyla  weberi. 

It  will  be  maintained  by  some  who  are  concerned  only  with  North 
American  herpetology  that  the  name  Pseudacris  should  be  retained,  if 
only  to  distinguish  the  American  diminutive  hylas.  These  workers  may 
still  use  the  name  Pseudacris  as  a  section  or  a  group  name,  just  as  one 
often  speaks  of  the  " Hylella  group"  of  Hyla. 


6  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOV  IT  ATE  S  [No.  70 

Summary 

(1)  No  characters  exist  to  distinguish  Pseudacris  from  the  short- 
webbed  neotropical  species  of  Hyla. 

(2)  Pseudacris  has  undergone  an  evolution  parallel  to  this  group  of 
hylas. 

(3)  The  species  of  Pseudacris  must  be  referred  to  Hyla,  although  all 
species  are  distinguished  from  American  hylas  on  external  characters. 

(4)  In  referring  these  species  to  Hyla,  certain  names  are  found  to  be 
preoccupied,  and  the  following  names  have  been  proposed :  H.  canadensis 
for  P.  septentrionalis;  H.  weberi  for  P.  copii. 

Literature  Cited 

BOULENGER,    G.   A. 

1882.     'Catalogue  of  the  Batrachia  Salientia  ...  of  the  British  Museum.' 
London. 
Cope,  E.  D. 

1889.    '  The  Batrachia  of  North  America.'    Bull.  U.  S.  N.  M.,  XXXIV. 

HOLBROOK,  J.  E. 

1842.    'North  American  Herpetology,  IV.'   Philadelphia,  2nd  Ed. 
Noble,  G.  K. 

1918.     'The  Amphibians  Collected  by  the  American  Museum  Expedition  to 
Nicaragua  in  1916.'   Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat,  Hist.,  XXXVIII,  pp.  311-347, 

Pis.  XIV-XIX. 

1922.    'The  Phylogeny  of  the  Salientia  I.    The  Osteology  and  the  Thigh  Mus- 
culature; Their  Bearing  on  Classification  and  Phylogeny.'  Bull.  Amer.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  XLVI,  pp.  1-87,  Pis.  i-xxm. 
Stejneger  L.  and  Barbour,  T. 

1917.    'A  Check  List  of  North  American  Amphibians  and  Reptiles.'  Cambridge. 


\ 
AMERICAN    MUSEUM     NOVITATES 

Number  71  April  30, 1923 

DESCRIPTIONS  OF  APPARENTLY  NEW  BIRDS  FROM  NORTH 
AMERICA   AND  THE   WEST   [NDIE8 

By  Ludlow  ( imscoM 

The  following  descriptions  of  apparently  new  species  and  subspecies 
of  birds  arc  based  largely  on  material  in  the  collection  of  Dr.  L.  C.  San 
ford  or  acquired  by  The  American  Museum  of  Natural  History  throu 

his  interest  and  support . 

IOC 

Dendragapus  obscurus  munroi,  new  subspecies  iCD 

SuBSPE&nc  ( Ihab mtkks.  Similar  to  Dendragapus  obseurus futiginosus  (Rid 
way),  but  adult  males  uniformly  much  blacker  above,  especially  on  the  hack  an 
rump;  averaging  blacker  on  the  chest,  and  slightly  more  sooty  on  bread  and  ab- 
domen; under  tail-coverts  wit h  less  gray  vernuculation  on  the  suhterminal  black  are;i 
of  each  feather;  feathers  hack  of  nostrils  rich  deep  brown.  Females  much  darker 
a  hove,  the  black  harson  the  feathers  averaging  wider,  the  hrown  harsof  a  much  deeper 
tint;  back  of  neck  brown,  never  grayish)  rump  almost  devoid  of  gray  edgings  to  the 
feathers;  chest  and  Hank  feathers  with  their  hrown  areas  darker.  Young  males 
(first  nuptial  plumage)  differing  decidedly  from  males  of  similar  age  oi  fuUfinosW  in 
having  the  feathers  of  the  head  and  a  hroad  ring  of  feathers  around  the  neck  tinged 
with  rusty  hrown,  this  hrown  ring  helow  appearing  between  the  whitish  throat  and 
black  chest,  and  sharply  demarcated. 

Type.— No.  5321,  collection  of  L  C.  Sanford;  ■'  ad.;  Queen  Charlotte  Islands, 
British  Columbia;  June  21.  1914;   W.  W.  Brown. 

Sl'KC  I.MKNS     EX  \\ll\l.l> 

Utndragapua  obseurus fuHainoous.-  Alaska  (Sitka  .  -'  '.  -i  ,  ;  coast  of  British 
Columbia,  6  o*,  1  9;  Washington,  2  o"»  1  9- 

Dendragapus  obscurus  munroi.    Queen  Charlotte  Islands,  15    ■',  14  9. 

The  existence  of  a  distinct  new  form  of  the  sooty  grouse  on  the 
Queen  Charlotte  Islands  has  long  been  suspected,  and  its  description 
lias  only  awaited  the  arrival  of  thoroughly  comparable  material.  I  take 
pleasure  in  naming  it  after  .1.  A.  Munro,  who  has  collected  the  finest 
series  of  this  race  in  existence  and  who  lias  added  so  much  to  our  knowl- 
edge of  British  Columbian  birds. 

Too  much  care  cannot  be  used  when  working  with  these  birds  to 
make  proper  allowances  for  seasonal  variation  in  plumage.  It  is  not  too 
much  to  say  that  extreme  color  differences  in  either  race,  which  are  purely 


2  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVJTATES  [No.  71 

seasonal,  are  as  great  as  the  subspecific  characters  given  above  to  distin- 
guish the  two  races  in  comparable  plumages.  Not  only  are  there  two 
moults  each  year  and  a  considerable  amount  of  wear,  but  year-old  birds 
differ  from  both  juvenals  and  adults,  and  there  is  considerable  individual 
variation.  Moreover,  there  is  considerable  individual  irregularity  in  the 
moults,  so  that  birds  of  the  two  races  taken  in  the  same  month  are  not 
necessarily  comparable. 

Taking  males  first,  the  material  available  shows  that  first-winter 
birds  are  distinguishable  from  winter  adults  in  having  a  variable  but 
greater  amount  of  rusty-brown  vermiculation  and  barring  on  the  back 
and  to  a  more  limited  extent  on  the  chest.  The  head  feathers  are  also 
faintly  tipped  with  dark  brown.  The  outer  webs  of  all  but  the  outer- 
most primary  are  extensively  freckled  with  grayish  brown.  By  April  or 
early  May  wear  has  worn  away  the  lighter  tips  of  many  of  these  feathers, 
giving  a  more  solid  color  effect,  especially  noticeable  on  the  back.  The 
first  nuptial  plumage  is  attained  in  May  or  early  June  and  affects  the 
feathers  of  the  head,  neck,  chin,  and  throat,  and  to  a  slight  extent  the 
upper  back.  It  is  in  this  plumage  that  the  Queen  Charlotte  Island  race 
acquires  the  brown  feathers  mentioned  in  the  diagnosis.  In  fuliginosus, 
however,  these  parts  are  indistinguishable  from  those  of  adults.  First- 
year  birds  can  only  be  told  by  the  freckling  on  the  primaries  and  rusty 
vermiculations  on  the  feathers  of  the  back.  The  first  postnuptial  moult 
commences  as  early  as  July  10  or  not  until  after  August  20,  and  differ- 
ences between  young  and  old  now  vanish.  The  one  possible  exception 
is  the  freckling  of  the  primaries,  traces  of  which  can  be  found  in  two 
specimens,  which  in  every  other  way  are  old  birds.  The  most  deeply 
and  richly  colored  birds  are  naturally  the  adults  in  fresh  winter  plumage. 
Wear  is  slight,  and  slow  in  producing  any  considerable  effect,  December 
specimens  not  being  separable  from  late  August  specimens.  Suffice  it  to 
add  that,  in  addition  to  the  interesting  difference  found  in  specimens  in 
first  nuptial  plumage,  the  new  form  is  consistently  darker  and  blacker, 
plumage  for  plumage  and  season  for  season. 

The  females  exhibit  seasonal  variation  to  an  even  more  marked 
degree,  but  I  cannot  distinguish  the  first  nuptial  from  the  second  or 
adult  nuptial  plumage.  In  both  races  fresh  birds  just  after  both  the  pre- 
nuptial  and  postnuptial  moults  are  much  more  richly  colored,  and  the 
brown  areas  of  the  feathers  of  the  head,  neck,  back,  and  chest  are  red- 
dish brown.  Nor  can  there  be  any  reasonable  doubt  that  the  prenuptial 
moult  affects  a  greater  area  of  the  body  than  in  male  birds. 


1923]  NEW  BIRDS  FROM  NORTH  AMERICA  3 

We  must  here  consider  a  form  recently  described  from  the  Sitka 
region  by  Mr.  Harry  S.  Swarth  as  Dendragapus  obscurus  sitkensis  (Con- 
dor, 1921,  p.  59).  It  is  stated  that  males  are  indistinguishable  from 
fuliginosus,  but  that  females  are  "much  more  reddish  in  general  colora- 
tion." Specimens  before  me  taken  near  Sitka  would  seem  at  first  sight 
fully  to  bear  out  this  diagnosis;  the  males  cannot  be  separated  from 
Vancouver  Island  and  Washington  specimens;  the  females  obviously 
possess  the  reddish  coloration  ascribed  to  them  and  are  strikingly  differ- 
ent from  a  May  bird  from  Vancouver  Island;  and  Mr.  Swarth  cites 
spring  birds  from  this  locality  as  part  of  his  material  of  fuliginosus.  My 
Sitka  birds  are  fresh  September  and  October  specimens  which  have  com- 
pleted their  postnuptial  moult  and  are  consequently  not  comparable  with 
the  Vancouver  bird  which  has  not  yet  commenced  the  prenuptial  moult. 
A  specimen  from  Puyallup,  Washington,  taken  June  10, 1909,  is  illuminat- 
ing in  this  connection.  This  bird  has  practically  completed  the  prenuptial 
moult,  is  consequently  in  fresh  plumage,  is  indistinguishable  from  my 
fresh  Sitka  birds,  and  is  just  as  strikingly  distinct  from  the  Vancouver 
specimen.  The  series  from  the  Queen  Charlotte  Islands  fully  bears  out 
this  seasonal  variation.  A  series  of  June  specimens  shows  the  same  color 
differences  between  individuals  which  have  not  moulted  and  those  which 
have.  Late  August  specimens,  with  the  postnuptial  moult  practically 
completed,  are  the  reddest  and  most  richly  colored  of  all.  This  is  to  be 
expected  when  we  remember  that  this  moult  affects  the  whole  body,  and 
not  just  a  part  of  it  as  in  the  prenuptial  moult.  These  August  speci- 
mens are  indistinguishable  as  far  as  their  redness  is  concerned  from  the 
fresh  Sitka  material  already  discussed.  Also,  freshly  moulted  June  birds 
cannot  be  distinguished  on  the  basis  of  their  redness  from  a  Washington 
specimen  in  similar  plumage.  In  fact,  the  only  character  that  separates 
the  new  form  in  this  respect  from  mainland  birds  is  its  relatively  greater 
darkness  of  tone  of  coloration,  a  darkness  which  applies  just  as  well  to 
fresh  "red"  birds. 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  foregoing  discussion  that  the  race  sitkensis 
is  left  without  a  definite  diagnostic  character;  and  consequently  I  did 
not  include  it  in  my  comparative  description.  I  have  attempted  to 
show  that  the  color  variation  before  and  after  moult  is  very  great  in 
these  birds,  and  that  this  color  variation  takes  the  form  of  increased  red- 
ness in  fresh  specimens.  Consequently,  no  new  subspecies  can  be  held  to 
be  characterized  satisfactorily  in  being  "much  more  reddish  in  general 
coloration."  Nor  can  the  coloration  of  the  female  be  correctly  described, 
unless  the  season  of  the  year  and  the  condition  of  the  moult  are  also 


4  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOV  IT  AT  ES  [No.  71 

specifically  and  clearly  explained.  This  is  particularly  true  of  the  pre- 
nuptial  moult,  a  partial  one  at  best  and  consequently  very  irregular.  In 
the  female  of  munroi  this  moult  takes  place  anywhere  between  early  April 
and  the  middle  of  June.  On  the  other  hand.  I  wish  most  emphatically  to 
state  that  I  am  not  in  a  position  definitely  to  declare  sitkensis  invalid, 
as  I  have  not  seen  spring;  material  of  any  kind  from  the  type  locality. 
It  is  perfectly  conceivable  that  in  a  large  series,  with  material  definitely 
proved  comparable,  Sitka  birds  do  average  more  reddish  in  coloration.  I 
certainly  cannot  deny  it.  But  proof  must  be  adduced  that  this  "red- 
ness" is  snbspeeifie  and  not  a  question  of  moult,  and  this  proof  is  wholly 
lacking  in  the  original  description.  It  is  obvious  that  Mr.  Swarth's 
description  of  the  iQma.hfuligino.sus  can  apply  only  to  specimens  taken 
prior  to  the  prenuptial  moult.  If  his  description  of  the  female  sitkensis 
is  based  on  specimens  in  nuptial  plumage,  the  characters  he  brings  for- 
ward are  not  of  subspecific  value.  It  must  be  shown  that  he  possessed 
not  only  Sitka  material  taken  before  the  prenuptial  moult,  but  also 
British  Columbia  or  Washington  materia]  in  fresh  nuptial  plumage. 

I  am  particularly  indebted  to  Dr.  Dwight  for  the  loan  of  invaluable 
material  of  both  races  and  for  kindly  checking  my  analysis  of  the  moults 
and  plumages  of  the  various  specimens  in  the  series  examined. 

Vermivora  browni,  new  species 

Spw  n  ii  Chara<  ti:k>.  Most  cloeerj  related  to  Vermwvra  arisaa&u  (Salvia  and 
Godman),  but  forehead  gray,  not  oleaginous  brown;  crown-pateh  orange,  not  chest- 
nut; rump  olive-yellow,  not  oleaginous;  below  light  grayish  olive,  scarcely  lighter  on 
the  middle  of  the  abdomen;  under  bail-coverts  chronic  yellow,  not  oleaginous  chest- 
nut; flanks  light  brownish  olive,  the  chest  and  sides  of  breast  washed  with  same;  size 
apparently  smaller. 

I  -*  ii:.      No.  171SN"),  Amci.  Mns.  Nat.  Hist.;     Vad.;    M  iquihuana,  Tamaulipas, 

Mexico;  June  r>.  1922;  w.  w    Brown. 

Dekchii-tion  (ii  'I've i..  I  pper  parts  brownish  olive  i"oIive-eil rine"  ),  changing 
rather  abruptly  to  olive-yellow  on  the  rump  and  upper  tail-coverts;    wings   and  tail 

plain  brownish  olive;  forehead  gray;  crown-patch  uvnthine-orange,  larger  and  more 

picuou.-  than  in  any  other  species  <,H  he  genus,  scarcely  concealed,  only  the  lateral 
feathers  minutely  tipped  with  gray;  lores  and  orbital  ling  grayish  white;  sides  of 
bead  gray;     below  light  grayish-olive,  much  grayer  on  the  chin  and  throat;     Hanks 

light  brownish-olive,  the  cheat  and  --ides  of  breasl  washed  with  the  same;  under  tail- 
i  rti  c:idmiiim-\ciiu\\     Wiim.  60;  'ail.    lfi.5;  ouknea,  11;  depth  of  hill  at  base, 
,11. 

The  ringke  specimen  <»ti  which  bhii  distinol  new  species  is  based  was 

the  great  mrpritfl  (,i  .-in  interest ing  collection  recently  acquired  by  Dr. 

I,.  C  Sunford,  containing  an  e\cr||rnl  ot  the  vn  v   rnic  S/)/:,ll,i 


1923]  NEW  BIRDS  FROM  NORTH  AMERICA  5 

wortheni  and  several  subspecies  known  only  from  this  section  of  Tamauli- 
pas.  It  was  scarcely  to  be  expected,  however,  that  extra-tropical  north- 
eastern Mexico  would  yield  a  new  species  at  this  late  date. 

Brown's  warbler  is  of  particular  interest  because  of  its  relationship 
to  Vermivora  erissalis,  known  from  only  a  single  female  collected  in 
southwestern  Mexico  in  the  State  of  Colima.  There  is  nothing  on  record 
about  this  species  except  the  original  description,  and  unfortunately  it 
has  never  been  figured.  Unless,  however,  that  description  is  grossly 
inaccurate,  there  is  no  possibility  that  V.  browni  is  conspecific.  While  it 
is  true  that  a  female  is  compared  with  a  male,  sexual  difference  is  well 
known  to  be  slight  in  this  genus.  The  chief  differences  bcl  ween  them  are 
in  the  color  of  the  crown-patch  and  the  under  tail-coverts,  parts  which 
do  not  vary  sexually  in  other  species. 

Another  point  of  interest  is  structural.  The  bill  of  V.  browni  is  a 
decided  departure  from  the  normal  in  the  genus.  As  in  V.  bachmani,  the 
maxilla  is  curved  downwards,  but  the  curvature  involves  the  entire 
maxilla  rather  than  the  tip.  The  depth  of  the  bill  at  base  is,  however, 
proportionately  much  greater  than  in  any  other  member  of  the  genus. 
Thus,  bachmani  with  a  bill  averaging  11.4  in  length,  averages  only  3.5  in 
depth.  Except  for  the  lack  of  a  subterminal  tomial  notch,  the  bill  of 
browni  can  be  almost  perfectly  matched  by  Dendroica  auduboni,  a  much 
larger  bird  of  a  different  genus.  In  this  connection  Vermivora  erissalis 
needs  a  careful  re-examination.  The  depth  of  the  bill  at  base  is  not 
recorded,  but  in  length  it  is  apparently  the  greatest,  and  the  other  dimen- 
sions given  would  make  it  the  largest  member  of  the  genus.  It  is  true 
that  the  bill  measurement  was  made  from  the  tip  to  the  rictus.  This 
measurement  is  of  course  greater  than  the  usual  American  measurement 
of  the  exposed  culinen.  The  rictal  measurement  of  V.  browni  is  12,  one 
millimeter  greater  than  the  exposed  culmen,  so  that  it  is  unlikely  that 
t  he  exposed  culmen  of  1'.  crisstrfis  would  be  less  than  13,  as  14  is  given  for 
the  rictal  measurement.  Nothing  definite  can  be  hazarded  about  the 
wing  and  tail  measurements,  as  the  European  method  of  taking  them 
usually  gives  slightly  larger  figures  than  ours. 

The  new  species  is  named  in  honor  of  Mr.  W.  \V.  Brown,  the  col- 
lector, who  has  discovered  so  many  species  of  interest  in  many  parts  of 
the  New  World.    To  Dr.  L.  C.  Sanford  I  owe  the  privilege  of  describing  it. 

Dendroica  pinus1  chrysoleuca,  new  subspecies 

Si  hspecific  Characters. — Similar  to  Dendroica  pinus  -pinus  (Wilson)  of  eastern 
North  America,  but  adult  male  very  slightly  yellower  olive-green  above;  wings  and 

'For  change  of  name  see  Stone,  1921,  Auk,  p.  280. 


6  .      AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  71 

tail  clearer  gray,  less  dusk}-;  wing-eoverts  narrowly  tipped  and  margined  with  pale 
gray,  producing  two  bands  which  are  much  less  distinct;  superciliary  streak,  crescen- 
do suborbital  spot,  chin,  throat,  and  breast  deeper  and  brighter  yellow  (gamboge- 
yellow),  abruptly  changing  on  abdomen,  vent  and  under  tail-coverts  to  a  clearer, 
purer  shade  of  white;  size  noticeably  smaller;  adult  female  scarcely  differing  from 
male,  the  yellow  a  little  duller,  much  brighter  than  any  female  of  typical  pinus 
examined. 

Type.— Xo.  166327,  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.;  o*  ad.;  Mt.  Tina,  Santo  Domingo; 
January  10,  1917;  R.  H.  Beck. 

Specimens  Examined 

Dendroica  pinus  pinus. — 133  ad.  d\  41  ad.  9  from  the  eastern  United  States, 
representing  every  season  of  the  year. 

Dendroica  pinus  achrustera. — Bahamas:  New  Providence,  6  d\  1  9  . 

Dendroica  -pinus  abacoensis. — Bahamas:  Abaco,  1  cf,  1  9- 

Dendroica  pinus  chrysoleuca . — Santo  Domingo:  Mt.  Tina,  1  cf ;  Mt.  Rusilla, 
1  d\  1   9. 

The  pine  warbler  was  long  ago  recorded  from  Santo  Domingo  by 
the  late  C.  B.  Cory,  who  reported  the  receipt  of  young  birds  taken  in 
July,  thus  proving  that  the  bird  bred.  Very  probably,  however,  these 
specimens  were  of  no  value  for  purposes  of  comparison.  The  bird  is  men- 
tioned as  common  by  Verrill,  who  does  not  state  whether  he  secured 
specimens.  Mr.  Ridgway,  in  the  '  Birds  of  North  and  Middle  America ' 
(II,  p.  601,  footnote),  suggests  that  Haitian  references  may  be  to  one  of 
the  Bahama  races  or  an  unnamed  form. 

The  three  birds  discussed  above  are  part  of  the  Brewster-Sanford 
Collection  from  Santo  Domingo,  which  has  already  yielded  so  many 
novelties  and  rarities.  They  are  all  in  unworn,  fresh  plumage,  and  the 
receipt  of  adequate  material  from  the  Bahamas  now  makes  their  descrip- 
tion possible.  As  can  readily  be  inferred,  the  new  race  is  the  brightest 
and  most  intensely  colored  extreme  of  the  pine  warblers,  the  two 
Bahaman  races  being  distinctly  duller  and  duskier  than  the  typical  race. 
The  brilliant  yellow  throat  and  breast  abruptly  changing  to  a  cleaner 
and  purer  white  is  a  striking  character,  which  makes  the  bird  recogniz- 
able at  a  glance.  True  pinus  is  so  variable  that  I  have  been  careful  to 
use  only  the  most  highly  colored  winter  specimens  for  comparison  in 
drawing  up  the  diagn<> 


] 

Sc\ 

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T.-.il 

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ramu 

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<? 

71. 

65. 

II    :. 

20.5 

Mi.  Tina  (type) 

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11 

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Mt.  Rusilla 

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19 

1923]  NEW  BIRDS  FROM  NORTH  AMERICA  7 

Coereba  oblita,  new  species 

Specific  Characters.—  Closely  related  to  Coereba  tricolor  (Ridgway)  of  Old 
Providence  Island,  Caribbean  Sea,  but  throat  and  chest  averaging  very  slightly 
darker  grayish  white;  breast  and  abdomen  averaging  slightly  more  greenish  yellow; 
flanks  and  anal  region  very  slightly  grayer  olive;  wings  and  tail  averaging  much 
longer;  bill  much  shorter  actually  at  well  :ts  proportionately,  the  measurements  not 
overlapping. 

Type. — No.  10391,  Field  Museum  of  Natural  History;  9  ad.;  St.  Andrews 
Island,  Caribbean  Sea;  February  16,  1887;  R.  Henderson. 

Measurements  op  Type. — Wing,  69;  tail,  47;  culmen,  11. 

Specimens  Examined 
Coereba  tricolor. — Old  Providence  Island,  8^,7  9,9  young. 
Coereba  oblita. — St.  Andrews  Island,  6  d\  3  9  • 

Last  fall,  with  the  courteous  cooperation  of  the  authorities  of  the 
Field  Museum  of  Natural  History,  I  was  enabled  to  select  several  speci- 
mens of  Ccereba  tricolor  for  this  Museum  as  part  of  an  exchange  between 
the  two  institutions.  In  cataloguing  these  specimens,  I  noticed  that  one 
from  St.  Andrews  differed  decidedly  from  others  from  Old  Providence. 
An  investigation  showed  that  the  new  species  had  been  referred  doubt- 
fully to  C.  tricolor  by  Mr.  Cory  in  a  list  of  birds  collected  on  St.  Andrews 
(Auk,  1889,  p.  181).  His  labels,  however,  do  not  show  any  question  mark, 
and  he  was  undoubtedly  misled  by  the  extremely  close  color  resemblance 
between  the  two.  Mr.  Ridgway  was  unable  to  identify  positively  the 
St.  Andrews  bird  in  the  'Birds  of  North  and  Middle  America,'  II,  having 
seen  no  specimens.  Apparently,  therefore,  this  little  honey  creeper, 
inhabiting  one  of  the  least  visited  islands  in  the  New  World,  has  been 
forgotten  for  many  years,  awaiting  critical  determination.  I  am  greatly 
obliged  to  Dr.  C.  E.  Hellmayr  for  loaning  me  the  entire  series  in  his  care, 
without  which  this  study  would  have  been  impossible. 

While  not  yet  recorded,  as  with  the  other  members  of  the  genus, 
there  is  marked  sexual  difference  in  size  in  the  two  species  under  consider- 
ation, but  none  in  color,  except  that  females  have  the  upperparts  less 
black,  more  dusky,  faintly  tinged  with  olive.  On  this  basis  I  regard  a 
so-called  male  of  each  species  as  undoubtedly  wrongly  sexed.  Five 
females  of  C.  tricolor  are  apparently  paler  below  than  males,  but  they 
prove  to  be  alcoholic  specimens  made  subsequently  into  skins,  and  other 
females  of  both  species  do  not  exhibit  this  character. 

The  color  differences  of  Ccereba  oblita  are  so  slight  that  its  subspecific 
separation  on  this  basis  alone  would  be  of  doubtful  value.  However,  its 
much  longer  wings  and  tail,  and  above  all  the  shorter  bill,  are  excellent 
characters.    The  latter,  especially,  is  a  constant  character.    As  the  two 


8  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  71 

birds  do  not  intergrade  even  by  individual  variation  in  this  respect  and 
are  isolated  on  two  remote  islands,  their  specific  separation  is  in  my 
opinion  fully  warranted. 

Table  of  Measurements 

Males  Wing  Tail                        Oilmen 

Coereba  tricolor  65.   -68.  (66.6)  42.   -45.  (43.7)  13.-14.  (13.5) 

Coereba  oblita  68.   -73.  (69.3)  45.   -49.  (46.3)  11.-12.  (11.7) 

Females 

Coereba  tricolor  61.5-64.  (62.4)  39.  -41.5(40.3)  12.-13.  (12.5) 

Coereba  obliia  62.   -67.  (64.   )  42.  -45.   (43.   )  10. -11  (10.5) 


AMEFICAN    M'JSEUM     NCW^ATES 

56.81,9P(117:51.7)  \fJL  ^^ 

PROTOCERATOPS  ANDREW  SI,  A  PRE-CElWfcc 
SAUR  FROM  MONGOLIA1  VA 


pPSIjAfcDI] 


By  Walter  Granger  and  William  K.  Gregory*  i      ** 

With  an  Appendix  on  the 
STRUCTURAL  RELATIONS  OF  THE  PROTOCERATOPS  BEDS 

By  Charles  P.  Berkey 

The  type  of  Protoceratops  andrewsi,  new  genus,  new  species,  was 
discovered  on  September  2,  1922,  by  Granger  and  party  on  the  Kwei- 
wa-ting  trail,  east  of  Artsa  Bogdo,  Mongolia,  during  a  preliminary 
geological  and  palasontological  survey  conducted  by  the  Third  Asiatic 
Expedition  of  The  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.  The  speci- 
men consists  of  a  skull,  lacking  the  occiput.  It  was  found  by  Mr. 
Shackelford  in  exposures  of  red  shale  in  a  formation  which  has  been 
provisionally  referred  to  the  Cretaceous  by  Professor  Berkey.2 

The  skull  (A.  M.  N.  H.  No.  6251)  is  hornless  and  far  smaller  than 
that  of  any  known  ceratopsian  or  ankylosaur,  being  only  about  160  mm. 
in  length  from  the  anterior  end  of  the  premaxilla  to  the  posterior  border 
of  the  jugal.  As  seen  from  above,  it  is  broadly  triangular,  with  a  pointed 
apex  and  wide  lateral  crests,  the  latter  composed  chiefly  of  the  backward- 
and-downwardly  expanded  jugals.  The  greatest  width  of  the  skull 
across  the  posterior  borders  of  the  jugals  is  about  190  mm.,  while  the 
depth  of  the  jugal  below  the  middle  of  the  orbit  is  43  mm.  The  orbits 
are  very  large  (50  mm.  in  anteroposterior  length),  not  surmounted  by 
supraorbital  bones  or  horns.  The  postorbital-squamosal  bar  is  narrow. 
Parts  of  the  anterior  and  lateral  borders  of  the  supratemporal  fenestra 
as  preserved  indicate  that  the  fenestra  was  large  and  that  the  occipital 
roof  was  very  delicate  and  not  produced  as  far  backward  as  in  later 
Ceratopsia.  The  squamosal  broadly  overlapped  the  enlarged  jugal  and 
was  produced  posterosuperiorly  but  was  not  greatly  enlarged.  The 
pineal  foramen  is  small  or  absent.  The  single  preorbital  fossa?  are  far 
larger  than  in  other  predentates.    The  premaxillse  were  very  large  and 

Publications  of  the  Asiatic  Expeditions  of  The  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.    Publication 
No.  6. 

*See  Appendix,  p.  7,  below. 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  72 


LTF 


_} 


Fig.  1.     Prvtooeratope  andreum,  type  skull,  side  view.     Position  of „ mandible 
corrected.     Xj^ 


i  li:    |     /  .,,  „„./,,  ./.y,.  type  ikull,  top  vkwr.     xK> 


1923]  A  PRE-CERATOPSIAN  DINOSAUR  3 

probably  supported  a  large  rostral  bone,  which  is  broken  off;  the  pre- 
maxillae  and  nasals  approach  the  ceratopsian  type  and  the  same  is  true 
of  the  pterygoids,  the  internal  nares,  and  the  quadrates.  The  quadrato- 
jugal  lies  on  the  posterior  surface  of  the  quadrate. 

The  mandible  has  on  each  side  a  straight  row  of  about  nine  relatively 
large  and  long-crowned  teeth,  worn  on  their  buccal  sides  and  set  far 
inward  toward  the  midline.  The  remains  of  the  lower  molar  crowns 
suggest  the  three-pointed  lower  molars  of  ceratopsians,  rather  than  the 
spatulate,  many-cusped  teeth  of  ankylosaurs  and  of  European  Acan- 
thopholidae.1  The  anteroposterior  measurement  of  the  four  teeth  shown 
in  Fig.  1  is  28  mm.  The  last  tooth  preserved  has  its  tip  about  13  mm. 
above  the  alveolus.  The  first  four  teeth  are  represented  by  their  alveoli. 
The  diastema  from  the  first  alveolus  to  the  predentary  bone  was  about 
14  mm.  in  length.  The  strong  coronoid  process  rises  from  the  dentary  at 
a  gentle  slope.  The  predentary  bone  is  well  developed  and  has  a  pair  of 
long  inferior  processes,  one  on  either  side  of  the  midline. 

At  first  sight  the  specimen  suggested  the  Procolophonia  in  the  very 
large  size  and  backward  prolongation  of  the  orbits  and  in  the  presence  of 
a  lateral  crest  below  and  behind  the  orbit;  but  reference  to  that  group  is 
excluded,  especially  by  the  absence  of  a  large  pineal  foramen,  by  the 
fact  that  the  lateral  crest  is  composed  of  the  jugal  instead  of  the  quadrato- 
jugal,  by  the  presence  of  a  predentary  bone  and  by  the  characters  of 
the  dentition.  Meiolania,  Elginia,  the  pariasaurs  and  other  reptiles 
with  flaring  lateral  crests  all  differ  from  Protoceratops  in  fundamental 
characters. 

The  presence  of  a  predentary  bone  and  the  characters  of  the 
mandible  and  dentition  positively  determine  the  specimen  as  an  orni- 
thischian  (orthopod)  dinosaur.  Of  the  Ornithopoda  none  of  the  known 
skulls  have  expanded  lateral  crests  and  there  is  a  general  tendency  toward 
dorsoventral  flattening  of  the  beak.  The  squamosal  is  reduced  and 
widely  separate  from  the  jugal,  the  latter  not  greatly  expanded  pos- 
teriorly. The  Jurassic  Hypsilophodon  has  a  relatively  short  and  primi- 
tive type  of  skull  (Marsh,  1896,  PI.  lxxxiv),  which  might  well  be  the 
starting-point  for  the  far  more  specialized  conditions  of  Protoceratops. 

Of  the  Stegosauria  the  most  primitive  is  the  Liassic  Scelidosaurus,  a 
longer  skull,  the  details  of  which  seem  to  point  toward  Stegosaurus.  In 
the  latter  the  squamosal  is  small  and  widely  separated  from  the  small 
jugal,  the  coronoid  process  of  the  dentary  is  reduced  or  wanting  and 

•For  figures  of  all  these  see  Nopesa,  F.  B.,   1918,   '  Leipsanosaurus,  n.  gen.  ein  iieuer  Thyreo- 
phore  aus  der  Gosau,'  Sep.  Foldstani  Kozlony,  XLVIII.Taf.  in. 


4  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  72 

the  beak  is  somewhat  flattened  dorsoventrally.  The  Acanthopholidae 
have  small  heads  and  spatulate,  many-cusped  teeth.  The  ankylosaurs 
agree  with  Protoceratops,  rather  than  with  Stegosaurus,  in  the  characters 
of  the  temporal  region,  but  have  acquired  a  heavily  armored  skull  roof 
and  expanded  muzzles. 

The  true  Ceratopsia,  hitherto  unknown  below  the  Upper  Cretaceous 
of  America,  are  all  far  larger  than  Protoceratops;  all  of  them  have  horns; 
the  crest  is  much  expanded  above  and  behind  the  occiput;  there  are 
epoccipital  and  supraorbital  bones;  and  the  orbit  is  small,  placed  high 
up  and  bounded  by  a  wide  postorbital  bar.  The  preorbital  fossa  is 
reduced  to  a  small  slit. 

As  Protoceratops  presents  the  opposite  of  these  characters,  it  may 
prove  necessary  to  erect  for  it  a  new  suborder  (Protoceratopsia)  but  we 
prefer  at  present  to  regard  it  only  as  the  type  of  a  new  and  probably 
primitive  family,  the  Protoceratopsidae,  characterized  by  the  lack  of 
horns,  the  very  large  size  of  the  orbits,  and  the  narrowness  of  the  post- 
orbital-squamosal  bar. 

Protoceratops  thus  stands  tat-  below  the  Upper  Cretaceous  ceratop- 
sians  and  structurally  it  tends  to  bridge  the  long  gap  between  the  latter 
and  such  primitive  Jurassic  Ornithopoda  as  Hypsilophodon. 

The  Protoceratops  skull  tends  also  to  settle  the  relationships  of  the 
ankylosaurs.  The  latter  differ  widely  from  Stegosaurus  and  resemble  the 
Ceratopsia  in  the  temporal  region  of  the  skull,  in  the  reduction  of  the 
pubis  to  a  vestige  and  in  the  outward  growth  of  the  dorsal  border  of  the 
ilium.  Abel1  groups  them  with  the  Ceratopsia,  and  Protoceratops  may 
prove  to  be  near  the  common  ancestor  of  the  two  groups. 

In  conclusion,  the  discovery  of  Protoceratops  constitutes  one  of  the 
foremost  items  of  direct  evidence  in  support  of  the  view  advocated 
especially  by  Osborn  and  Matthew,  namely  that,  as,  the  palseontologic 
record  of  Asia  is  more  fully  explored,  it  will  fill  many  gaps  in  our  knowl- 
edge «>f  the  origin,  evolution,  and  migrations  of  the  late  Mesozoic  and 
Tertiary  fauna1  of  western  North  America  and  Kurope. 

We  therefore  take  pleasure  in  dedicating  this  important  type  to 

Mr.    Uoy   <  '.   Andrews  in   recognition  of  his  splendid    qualities  as  the 

organiser  and  leader  of  the  American  Museum  Third  Asiatic  Expedition. 


\>....  '-       1910,  'IM«8lHi..i...-  .l.-r    \\,rl„ll,.,.-/ 


4 

a 
I 


3 
O 


>. 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES 


[No.  72 


f 


pig,  i     Protoctratopt  tmdrtwti,  type  ikull,  top  eiew.    Two-thirda  natural  wee 


1923]  A  PRE-CERATOPSIAN  DINOSAUR  7 

APPENDIX 

Structural  Relations  of  the  Protoceratops  Beds 

By  Charles  P.  Bekkey 

The  type  Protoceratops  andrewsi,  described  by  Professor  Gregory, 
was  found  on  the  return  journey  by  Mr.  Shackleford  in  making  a  rapid 
inspection  of  some  ground  a  short  distance  from  the  trail  while  waiting 
for  the  rest  of  the  party.  A  few  minutes  later  all  came  up  and  joined  in  a 
search  of  the  locality.  The  finds  made  in  the  first  few  minutes  of  the 
stop  netted  some  fine  specimens,  although  none  surpassed  the  first  one; 
and  all  proved  to  be  so  unusual  in  character  that  it  was  decided  to  spend 
the  remaining  two  hours  of  daylight  in  fossil  hunting.  The  next  morning 
the  expedition  moved  on. 

The  ground  would  undoubtedly  richly  reward  a  more  extended 
investigation.  We  touched  only  one  spot  and  each  one  of  the  party 
carried  off  a  load  of  specimens,  leaving  behind  in  our  hurry  many  others 
either  too  fragmentary  or  too  heavy  or  too  much  imbedded  in  the  rock 
for  recovery. 

The  spot  is  on  the  north  side  of  the  kuei-wa-ting  trail,  50  miles  east 
of  Artsa  Bogdo.  The  rocks  are  red,  triable  sandstones  and  shaly  sand- 
stones which  are  very  well  exposed  at  this  point  by  erosion.  Badland 
cliffs  and  remnants,  more  than  200  feet  in  total  relief,  form  an  escarpment 
here  and  mark  the  beginnings  of  a  considerably  dissected  country  extend- 
ing for  many  miles  northward  and  eastward,  quite  in  contrast  to  the 
smooth  peneplane  surface  over  which  the  trail  had  led  to  this  point. 
In  fact,  at  a  distance  of  less  than  half  a  mile  the  escarpment  is  not  notice- 
able from  the  upper  plain,  although  one  can  see  that  there  is  a  belt  of 
lower  ground  off  to  the  side. 

Beds  of  the  same  series  and  of  apparently  the  same  physical  rela- 
tions were  crossed  by  Morris  and  Berkev  on  their  side  trip  with  camels 
from  Artsa  Bogdo  to  a  huge  mountain  group,  known  as  the  Gurban 
Saikhan.  Several  hundred  feet  of  red,  sandy  beds  were  seen  on  the  north 
margin  of  the  Gurban  Saikhan,  but  where  the  examination  was  made  the 
beds  were  barren.  The  Kwei-wa-ting  trail,  where  the  fossils  were  found, 
passes  north  of  the  Gurban  Saikhan  at  a  distance  of  20  or  30  miles  out  on 
the  open  plain. 

Although  there  was  no  time  for  local  side  study  of  the  stratigraphic 
relations  in  this  vicinity,  enough  of  the  geology  was  determined  by  this 
earlier  trip  to  the  Gurban  Saikhan  and  by  the  continuous  route-cross- 
section  work  kept  up  by  the  geologic  staff  to  fix  these  strata  structurally 


s 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOV  I  TAT  ES 


[No.  72 


within  certain  well-prescribed  limits.  They  lie  well  above  the  great 
Jurassic  or  post-Jurassic  unconformity,  which  is  the  most  marked  struc- 
tural break  in  central  Mongolia.  They  also  lie  beneath  an  early  Tertiary 
or  pre-Tertiary  unconformity  of  much  less  physical  prominence,  these 
strata  thus  partaking  of  a  deformation  that  antedates  all  Tertiary 
sediments. 

They  are  to  be  regarded,  therefore,  as  belonging  to  the  same  series 
that  has  been  referred  to  in  our  reports  as  of  Cretaceous  age,  using  the 
term  in  its  large  sense  to  cover  everything  thus  far  found  between  the 
Jurassic  strata  on  one  side  and  Tertiary  beds  on  the  other. 

This  series  doubtless  does  cover  a  very  wide  range.  Some  of  the 
beds  may  correlate  with  the  Comanchic  of  America.  In  Mongolia  the 
series  must  for  the  present  be  kept  flexible  enough  and  broad  enough  to 
include  the  dinosaur-bearing  beds  of  Iren  Dabasu  (already  described  in 
Amer.  Mus.  Novitates  No.  42),  the  Ondai  Sair  dinosaur-bearing  forma- 
tion of  the  Hsanda  Gol  region,  and  the  dinosaur-bearing  Ashile  formation 
of  the  basins  north  of  Artsa  Bogdo. 

The  relative  positions  in  the  time  scale  of  these  different  local  devel- 
opments are  yet  to  be  determined,  but  they  probably  can  be  fixed 
definitely  with  the  material  already  collected  or  to  be  collected  this  year. 
A  tabulation  of  locality  formational  terms,  without  insistence  on  the 
significance  of  the  order,  is  as  follows: 


I  faconformity 


( Cnozoic 

IVrtiary 

1  .:il<  i 

Me8oz<>H 

Cretaoeoua 

Shamo 
Series 


Iren  D.-iIkisu  Formation 
I  Ondai  Sair  Formation 
Ashile  Formation 
Dja-doch-ta  Formation 
( I'rotoceratops  Beds) 


«  in:. I    I  'liriiliftiniill  J 


l.nrliii 

'iv  be 

ti.ni.  «i(iui)i 


Jurank 


at  the  Qurbcu]  Saikhan,  together  with  these  at  Dja- 

the   I'niloci  nili)/)s  remain*  along   the    Kwci-wa-linu; 
identical  with  those  Been  by  Chernov,  the  geologist 


1923]  A  PRE-CERATOPSIAN  DINOSAUR  9 

of  the  Kosloff  expedition  and  referred  to  by  him  as  the  Red  Khan-Khai 
beds.  Khan-Khai  is  a  well-established  term  introduced  by  von  Richth- 
ofen  and  has  been  widely  used,  apparently  rather  indiscriminately,  for 
any  or  all  of  the  later  sedimentary  beds  supposed  by  the  earlier  ob- 
servers to  have  been  formed  in  the  disappearing  or  evaporating  sea.  But 
it  is  loosely  used  and  undoubtedly  has  served  to  cover  strata  of  a  large 
range  of  age  relations.  Perhaps  it  is  inadvisable  now  to  attempt  any 
narrower  limitation.  It  is  proposed  therefore  to  introduce  the  term 
Shamo  Series  for  all  of  the  later  Mesozoic  strata  above  the  Great 
Unconformity. 


AMERICAN     MUSEUM     NOVITATES 

Number  73  May  8,  1923. 

56.81.4A(1182:78.2) 

A  NEW  SPECIES  OF  ALLIGATOR  FROM  THE  SNAKE  CREEK 

BEDS1 

By  Charles  C.  Mook 

The  material  here  described  was  found  near  Agate,  Nebraska,  by 
Mr.  Albert  Thomson,  who  has  been  for  a  number  of  years  in  charge  of  the 
American  Museum's  field  work  in  this  locality.  It  occurred  in  the  Lower 
Snake  Creek  beds,  which  have  been  determined  by  Dr.  W.  D.  Matthew 
to  be  of  Middle  Miocene  age.  The  material  indicates  a  new  species  of 
Alligator,  which  may  be  named  A.  thomsoni  in  honor  of  the  discoverer. 
The  skull  and  most  of  the  remaining  material  was  collected  in  1921, 
the  small  well-preserved  mandibular  ramus  in  1922.  The  collection 
includes,  besides  the  specimens  chosen  as  type  and  paratypes,  several 
fragmentary  skulls  and  jaws,  teeth  and  dermal  plates. 

Alligator  thomsoni,  new  species 

Type. — A  well-preserved  skull  of  moderately  large  size.  A.  M.  N.  H.  No.  1736. 
Pah  a  types.— Three  mandibular  rami.    A.  M.  N.  H.  Nos.  1737,  1738,  1739. 

General  Form 

The  skull  is  excessively  short ;  snout  about  one  and  one-ninth  times 
as  long  as  its  breadth  at  the  base.  The  anterior  border  of  the  snout  is 
very  broad,  much  as  in  both  of  the  living  species  of  Alligator.  The  lateral 
borders  immediately  posterior  to  its  anterior  extremity  diverge  sharply 
in  relatively  straight  lines,  so  that  the  muzzle  at  the  level  of  the  fourth 
maxillary  teeth  is  one  and  one-fifth  times  as  broad  as  in  a  Florida  alli- 
gator of  the  same  length.  The  borders  of  the  snout  are  less  smooth,  both 
in  the  superior  and  lateral  aspects  than  in  the  southern  alligator.  There 
is  a  marked  constriction  at  the  level  of  the  spaces  between  the  sixth  and 
seventh  maxillary  teeth.  The  breadth  at  the  articular  extremities  of  the 
quadrates  is  about  five-fourths  of  that  of  a  Florida  alligator  of  the  same 
length.  The  cranial  table  is  relatively  much  larger,  both  in  lateral  and 
longitudinal  directions,  than  in  the  common  living  species;  also  the  lat- 
eral borders  of  the  cranial  table  converge  more  sharply  forward. 

There  is  a  rapid  descent  in  the  anterior  direction  from  the  level  of 
the  interorbital  plate  to  that  of  the  base  of  the  snout  and  there  are  two 

'Contributions  to  the  Osteology,  Affinities  and  Distribution  of  the  Crocodilia,  No.  11. 


2  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  73 

small  ridges  extending  forward  from  the  anterior  ends  of  the  orbits.  In 
these  characters  the  skull  resembles  that  of  the  living  Chinese  alligator  and 
the  three  species  of  the  South  American  Jacare,  rather  than  the  Florida 
alligator.    The  pitting  is  very  rough. 

The  Cavities  of  the  Skull 

Supratemporal  Fenestra. — These  fenestra?  resemble  closely 
those  of  A.  mississippiensis  in  form  but  are  relatively  larger  in  size. 
They  resemble  very  closely  those  of  A.  sinense  in  both  size  and  shape, 
and  also  in  the  fact  that  the  small  accessory  fenestra}  are  visible  when 
the  skull  is  viewed  from  above.  Each  fenestra  is  only  slightly  shorter 
than  the  corresponding  half  of  the  narial  aperture  in  the  longitudinal 
direction  but  is  considerably  broader  in  the  transverse  direction,  on  the 
whole,  occupying  much  less  space.  The  two  fenestra?  are  widely  sepa-^ 
rated  from  each  other. 

Infratemporal  Fenestras. — These  cavities  are  very  similar  to 
the  corresponding  cavities  in  A.  sinense.  They  are  relatively  some- 
what larger  than  those  of  A.  mississippiensis. 

Orbits.— The  orbits  are  large.  They  are  slightly  shorter  than  in  a 
southern  alligator  of  the  same  length  but  are  considerably  broader.  In 
form  they  approach  closer  to  the  normal  crocodilian  orbits  than  to  the 
rather  abnormal  orbits  of  A.  mississippiensis. 

EXTERNAL  Narial  Aperture. — This  cavity  is  small,  especially  in 
the  transverse  direction,  compared  with  the  nares  of  both  species  of 
living  alligators.  At  its  anterior  end  it  is  considerably  narrower  than  in  a 
Florida  alligator  of  the  same  length  and  its  length  is  slightly  less.  Its 
lateral  borders  converge  less  sharply  backward  than  in  the  living  species, 
Consequently il  is  relatively  broader  at  its  posterior  end. 

The  nasals  penetrate  far  forward  into  the  aperture  but  do  not  com- 
pletely divide  it.  The  anterior  ends  of  these  nasal  processes  appear  to  be 
little,  if  at  all,  injured,  but  the  premaxillaries  along  the  anterior  border 
of  the  aperture  exhibit  a  broken  border;  evidently  a  process  extended 
backward  from  thi<  border  to  meet,  the  nasals. 

I'io.m  wn.i.Ain    FORAMEN.     The  small  foramen  on  the  palatal  sur- 

■    Of   the   preinaxillary    i>   very   broad  and  short.      Its  length  is  only 

slightly  greater  than  its  breadth.     Its  posterior  border  is  rounded  as  in 

.1 .  ,  itl  lateral  borders  an-  not  rounded  as  in  either  of  the 

living  alligators  but  are  characterised  by  slightly  angular  outlines. 

I'm. \  mm     I  i..      Only    the   anterior   ends    of    the     palatine 

I, m  known,    the    posterior    borders    not    being    preserved.      The 


1923]      NEW  ALLIGATOR  FROM  SNAKE  CREEK  BEDS  3 

anterior  borders,  which  are  situated  at  the  level  of  the  anterior  edges  of 
the  tenth  maxillary  alveoli,  are  broadly  rounded.  The  internal  borders 
of  the  two  fenestras  converge  sharply  in  the  posterior  direction  and  the 
fenestra  were  much  broader  than  in  the  skull  of  a  Florida  alligator  of  the 
same  length. 

Internal  Narial  Aperture. — The  region  of  the  internal  narial 
aperture  is  not  preserved. 

The  Bones  of  the  Skull 

Premaxillaries.— The  premaxillaries  are  very  short  and  broad. 
Their  posterior  processes  extend  back  to  the  level  of  the  fourth  maxillary 
teeth.  The  external  narial  aperture  extends  back  to  the  level  of  the 
second  maxillary  teeth.  A  process  evidently  extended  back  from  the 
anterior  border  of  the  aperture  to  meet  the  nasals  but  it  is  not  preserved; 
its  broken  base  is  noticeable  on  the  anterior  border  of  the  aperture. 

On  the  palate  the  premaxillo-maxillary  suture  is  more  pronouncedly 
undulating  than  in  A.  mississippiensis.  It  resembles  A.  sinense  in  this 
respect,  except  that  the  details  of  the  sutural  outline  are  different.  It 
extends  back  to  the  level  of  the  second  maxillary  teeth  about  midway 
between  the  external  border  of  the  skull  and  the  median  line.  At  its 
intersection  with  the  latter  it  is  opposite  the  first  maxillary  teeth. 

There  are  five  teeth  in  each  premaxillary.  The  first  and  second  are 
the  smallest  in  size,  the  third  and  fifth  are  slightly  larger  and  the  fourth 
is  considerably  larger.  The  first  four  teeth  are  very  c|ose  together;  the 
fifth  is  only  slightly  removed  from  the  fourth.  The  teeth  are  very  stout, 
much  more  so  than  in  the  Florida  alligator.  The  pits  which  lodged  the 
first  and  fourth  mandibular  teeth  are  very  deep  but  do  not  pierce  the 
bone.  There  are  very  faint  depressions  which  probably  lodged  the  second 
and  third  mandibular  teeth  but  these  are  much  less  distinct  than  in  the 
living  alligators.  The  depressions  are  all  internal  to  the  line  of  premaxil- 
lary teeth  themselves. 

Maxillaries. — These  bones  are  very  short  and  broad.  The  sutures 
with  the  nasals  are  especially  short.  The  sutures  with  the  prefrontals, 
lacrymals  and  jugals  are  very  irregular,  even  more  so  than  in  the  Florida 
alligator,  resembling  more  the  corresponding  sutures  in  A.  sinense.  As 
in  both  species  of  living  alligators,  the  maxillaries  have  contact  with  the 
prefrontals,  excluding  the  lacrymals  from  contact  with  the  nasals. 

When  viewed  from  above,  the  maxillaries  appear  to  extend  little, 
if  at  all,  back  of  the  level  of  the  anterior  ends  of  the  orbits.  Seen  from 
the  side,  however,  they  extend  back  as  far  as  the  level  of  the  centers  of  the 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  73 


I.      Alliiinliir  tfmmnom,  new  spccieH.    Typi-  .specimen,  skull  (A.  M.  N.  II.  No. 
1736). 

One-fourth  natural  aiio.    A,  ■uperior  view;  B,  lateral  view,  left  rid*)  < '.  Inteiar  view. 


1923]      NEW  ALLIGATOR  FROM  SNAKE  CREEK  BEDS  5 

orbits;  the  jugals  project  slightly  and  partly  conceal  the  posterior  proc- 
esses of  the  maxillaries  from  above. 

On  the  palatal  surface  of  the  skull  the  maxillaries  are  excessively  short. 
The  distance  from  the  anterior  ends  of  the  palatines  to  the  premaxillaries 
along  the  median  line  is  about  seventy-three  per  cent  of  the  distance  from 
the  anterior  ends  of  the  palatines  to  the  level  of  the  posterior  ends  of  the 
posterior  processes  of  the  maxillaries  on  the  lateral  borders  of  the  skull. 
In  a  Florida  alligator  of  the  same  skull-length  the  length  of  the  maxil- 
laries along  the  palatal  surface  is  one  hundred  and  seventeen  per  cent 
of  the  length  of  the  posterior  processes.  In  a  medium-sized  skull  of  A. 
sinense  (A.  M.  N.  H.  No.  23898) ,  however,  the  median  palatal  diameter  of 
the  maxillaries  is  only  fifty-eight  per  cent  of  the  length  of  the  posterior  proc- 
esses. In  the  Florida  alligator  the  median  maxillary  suture  lies  opposite 
ten  maxillary  teeth;  in  the  species  described  it  lies  opposite  eight,  and  in 
the  skull  of  A.  sinense  mentioned  above,  it  lies  opposite  five.  The  small 
number  in  the  latter,  however,  may  be  due  partly  to  immaturity  of  the 
specimen. 

The  premaxillo-maxillary  suture  has  been  described  above.  The 
sutures  with  the  palatines  resemble  closely  those  of  A.  mississippiensis 
except  that  the  proportions  of  various  components  are  different.  The 
longitudinal  portions  are  shorter  and  the  transverse  portions  are  longer 
in  the  skull  described.  The  resemblance  to  A.  sinense  in  this  respect  is 
not  so  close. 

The  left  maxillary  contains  alveoli  for  fourteen  teeth,  of  which  the 
third  and  eleventh  are  preserved,  as  well  as  rudiments  of  the  first  and 
fourth.  The  alveoli  of  this  maxillary  are  all  close  together  except  the 
sixth  and  seventh,  which  are  slightly  separated,  and  the  ninth  and  tenth, 
which  are  widely  separated.  The  first  and  second,  the  fourth  and  fifth, 
the  eighth  and  ninth,  and  the  tenth  to  the  fourteenth  alveoli,  inclusive, 
are  all  confluent. 

The  right  maxillary  differs  somewhat  from  the  left.  It  contains 
alveoli  for  fifteen  teeth.  The  fourth  of  these  contains  a  rudimentary 
tooth.  There  is  a  space  between  the  sixth  and  seventh  alveoli,  as  in  the 
left  maxillary,  but  there  is  none  between  the  ninth  and  tenth.  The  eighth 
to  the  fifteenth  alveoli,  inclusive,  are  confluent.  In  both  maxillaries  the 
first  aveoli  are  very  small.  There  is  a  progressive  increase  in  size  in  the 
posterior  direction  to  the  fourth,  which  is  far  larger  than  any  other  alve- 
olus in  the  jaw.  The  fifth  is  much  smaller  than  the  fourth.  In  the 
Florida  alligator  the  third  maxillary  alveolus  is  only  slightly  greater 
than  the  fifth.    In  A.  sinense  the  difference  in  size  between  the  third  and 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES 


[No.  73 


fifth  maxillary  alveoli  is  only  slightly  greater.  In  the  skull  described 
the  third  alveolus  has  nearly  twice  the  diameter  of  the  fifth.  In  general, 
the  alveoli  are  relatively  larger  than  in  either  of  the  living  species  of 
Alligator,  and  the  teeth  preserved  are  much  stouter.  There  are  deep  pits, 
which  received  mandibular  teeth,  at  the  premaxillo-maxillary  sutures 
and  slightly  internal  to  the  spaces  between  the  sixth  and  seventh  maxil- 
lary teeth.  In  this  character  the  skull  resembles  that  of  A.  mississip- 
piensis  more  than  that  of  A .  sinense.  In  the  latter  there  are  pits  at  the 
premaxillo-maxillary  suture  and  slightly  internal  to  the  spaces  between 
the  fifth  and  sixth  teeth. 


Am.  Mus.  No.  If38 


Fig.  2.     Alligator  Ihom.soni,  new  species.    Paratype  specimen,  right  mandibular 
ramus  (A.  M.N.  II.  No.  1738). 

One-fourth  natural  size.     A,  external  view;    B,  superior  view. 


Nasals. — The  nasals  are  short  and  broad.  Their  length  is  about 
four-fifths  of  that  in  a  Florida  alligator  of  the  same  total  skull-length. 
Hie  sutures  with  the  prefrontals  are  considerably  shorter  than  in  either 
of  the  Bving  species  of  Alligator.  The  sutures  with  the  frontal  are  much 
longer  than  iii  either  of  the  modern  species,  and  each  nasal  sends  back  a 
pieuoui  wedge-shaped  process  between  the  frontal  and  the  corre- 
cting prefrontal. 

The  maximum  breadth  of  the  nasals  is  only  very  slightly  anterior 
to  the  niaxillo-n:i-:il-piefio!if;il   contacts,  contrasting    with    the    living 

■JHgators,  in  which  it  is  far  forward. 

I  i  miii  the  level  of  their  greatest  breadth  backward  the  nasals  narrow 

nipnilv  and  regularly,  in  contrast  with  the  irregular  outlines  of  the  pos- 
terior portions  "I  Ihi  □  the  Florida  alligator,  but   agreeing  with 

the  Chinese  alligators.    The  anterior  processes  of  the  nasals  project 

forward  into  the  external  n.ni.il  aperture  for  a  distance  e<|iial    to    three- 


]  923]      NEW  A  LUG  A  TOR  FROM  SNAKE  CREEK  BEDS  7 

fourths  the  length  of  the  latter.  Their  tips  appear  to  be  complete  and  not 
broken  off,  but  they  probably  were  in  contact  with  processes  of  the  pre- 
maxillaries  which  extended  backward  from  the  anterior  border  of  the 
aperture.  The  anterior  nasal  processes  are  broad  where  they  enter  the 
aperture. 

Lacrymals. — These  bones  ace  relatively  short  and  broad,  as  in  the 
living  A .  sinense.  Their  breadth  is  about  one  and  one-third  times  that  in 
a  Florida  alligator  of  the  same  skull-length,  whose  lacrymals  are  also 
equal  in  length.  In  form  they  differ  from  those  of  either  of  the  living 
alligators.  Their  lateral  boundaries  converge  sharply  forward  in  sym- 
metrical patterns  (which  differ  slightly  on  the  two  sides  of  the  skull), 
contrasting  with  the  subquadrangular  outlines  in  the  modern  alligators. 

Prefrontals.— The  prefrontals  resemble  those  of  A.  mississip- 
piensis  in  many  respects.  Their  lateral  borders  converge  regularly  for- 
ward, however,  instead  of  joining  a  very  irregular  transverse  anterior 
border.  Their  sharp  anterior  extremities  resemble  similar  structures 
in  A.  sinense.  Their  posterior  portions  are  elevated  above  the  level  of 
their  anterior  portions,  consequently  their  surface  profile  is  somewhat 
irregular,  as  in  A.  sinense  but  not  as  in  A.  mistissippiensis. 

Frontal. — The  frontal  is  relatively  large,  both  in  the  longitudinal 
and  transverse  diameters.  The  interorbital  plate  is  about  one  and  one- 
third  times  as  broad  as  in  a  Florida  alligator  skull  of  the  same  length. 

The  anterior  process  is  huge;  it  extends  forward  as  a  prominent 
wedge  between  the  posterior  processes  of  the  nasals,  contrasting  with 
rather  small  processes  in  the  living  alligators.  The  process  ends  con- 
siderably further  forward  than  the  level  of  the  anterior  ends  of  the 
orbits;  the  anterior  frontal  process  in  the  living  alligators  ends  very 
slightly  in  front  of  this  level. 

The  interorbital  plate  is  concave  in  transverse  profile  as  in  A.  mis- 
sissippiensis  and  A .  sinense.  This  plate  is  situated  at  a  distinctly  higher 
level  than  the  base  of  the  snout  and  there  is  an  abrupt  drop  from  the 
higher  level  to  the  lower,  in  fact  a  slight  overhang.  The  longitudinal 
profile  therefore  differs  considerably  from  that  in  the  Florida  alligator, 
but  resembles  somewhat  that  of  the  Chinese  form. 

The  posterior  plate  is  relatively  broader  than  in  the  Florida  species 
and  the  suture  with  the  parietal  is  not  so  nearly  transverse  but  swings 
backward  and  is  more  wavy  in  outline;  in  these  characters  there  is  a 
resemblance  to  A.  sinense.  Two  deep  pits,  extending  below  the  general 
level  of  the  skull-top,  are  situated  along  this  suture  immediately  in  front 
of  the  supratemporal  fenestrae.    The  sutures  with  the  postorbitals  are 


* 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES 


[No.  73 


longer  than  in  the  Florida  alligator  and  they  converge  more  in  the  pos- 
terior direction.  In  this  character  also  the  skull  resembles  that  of  A. 
sinense.  These  sutures,  with  the  intervening  fronto-parietal  suture,  form 
a  broadly  rounded  curve  instead  of  three  sides  of  a  rectangle.  The  sur- 
ficial  pits  of  the  frontal  are  very  coarse-textured  and  deep. 

Postorbitals. — The  postorbitals  are  considerably  larger  in  every 
respect  than  those  of  the  living  alligators.    The  inferior  bar,  which  de- 


^    r 


Am.Mus.No.nT39 


B. 


Fig.  '.i.     Alligator  thnmstini,  new  species.     Paratype  specimen,  left  in.-iudibular 
in. nils  (A.  M.  \.  ||.  No.  L739 

One-fourth  natural  riM,     A,  lUJMriof  vii-w.  with  reconstruction  of  mining  portions  to  indicate 
degree  of  divergence  of  the  two  mini;    B,  <-\1  <■!  n.'il  view. 


cends  to   unite   with   the  B80ending   process  of  the  jugal   and    separate 

the  infratemporal  fenestra  from  the  orbit,  is  unusually  stout. 

},      These   hones  are   Large.      They   occupy    a    relatively 
greater  percentage  Of  the  lateral  borders  of  the  cranial  table  than  in  the 

living  Florida  species.   They  occupy  aboul  the  same  percentage  as  in  A. 

Then    p<»iero-e\ternnl  processes  are  unusually  stout-  and  the 
nice  between  their  extremities  is  unusually  great. 


1923]      NEW  ALLIGATOR  FROM  SNAKE  CREEK  BEDS  9 

Parietal. — The  parietal  is  considerably  larger  than  in  A.  missis- 
sippiensis  both  in  longitudinal  and  transverse  directions  and  appears  to 
correspond  in  size  with  that  of  A.  sinense. 

The  antero-lateral  bars  are  long,  giving  a  great  breadth  to  the 
anterior  end  of  the  bone,  as  in  the  Chinese  alligator.  The  interfenestral 
plate  is  broad,  contrasting  with  a  relatively  narrow  plate  in  the  Florida 
alligator  and  with  the  very  much  narrower  plates  in  the  species  of 
Crocodilus.  It  is  comparable  in  breadth  with  that  of  A.  sinense  but  lacks 
the  uprolled  edges  of  the  latter.  The  parietal  occupies  slightly  loss  than 
one-third  of  the  posterior  border  of  the  cranial  table,  as  in  the  living  A. 
sinense.  The  parietal  lacks  the  slight  depression  on  the  surface  between 
the  interfenestral  plate  and  the  posterior  border  of  the  cranial  table, 
which  is  present  in  the  living  alligators. 

Supraoccipital. — The  supraoccipital  is  large.  It  occupies  no  part 
of  the  superior  surface,  or  posterior  border  of  the  cranial  table.  It 
occupies  a  larger  area  on  the  posterior  surface  of  the  skull  than  in  the 
Florida  species.  Its  diameters,  both  transverse  and  vertical,  are  greater 
than  in  the  latter  species.  It  extends  unusually  far  down  toward  the 
foramen  magnum.  The  small  depressions  above  the  main  body  of  the 
supraoccipital  and  lateral  to  the  parieto-supraoccipital  sutures  are  broad 
transversely  and  shallow  vertically.  This  may  be  due  partly  to  the 
effects  of  pressure. 

Quadrates. — These  bones  are  short  and  broad.  The  breadth  of 
their  articular  surfaces  is  about  one  and  one-fit  1  times  as  broad  as  in  a 
Florida  alligator  of  the  same  skull-length.  The  quadrato-jugal-quadrate 
suture  is  very  similar  to  that  in  A.  misxixsippiensis  or  A.  sinense. 

Exoccipitals,  Basioccipital  and  Basisphenoid. — The  transverse 
diameters  of  the  exoccipitals  is  relatively  very  large.  The  condyle  of  the 
basioccipital  is  very  stout  and  the  remainder  of  the  basioccipital  is  broad. 
The  basisphenoid  presents  no  character  of  any  significance  except  that 
it  is  broad. 

Quadrato-jugals.- — These  hones  are  not  especially  distinctive. 

Jugals. — The  jugals  resemble  those  of  the  living  alligators,  except 
that  the  sutures  with  the  maxillaries  are  more  irregular. 

Palatines. — The  palatine  bones  are  exceedingly  short  and  broad. 
Their  anterior  processes  occupy  about  two-fifths  of  the  breadth  of  the 
palate.  These  processes  extend  forward  to  the  level  of  the  eighth  maxil- 
lary teeth.  The  suture  between  the  anterior  processes  and  the  maxil- 
laries is  a  nearly  straight  transverse  line.  The  lateral  borders  of  the 
central  portion  converge  rapidly  in  the  posterior  direction.  The  posterior 
portions  are  not  preserved. 


10 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES 


[No.  73 


Pterygoids.— The  pterygoids  are  not  preserved. 
Ectopterygoids. — These  are  partly  preserved  but  are  not  espe- 
cially characteristic. 


t.     AOigator  thomtoni,  nem  species.    Paratype  specimen,  righl  mandibular 

ramus  (A.  M.  N.  II.  N...  1737). 

One-half  natural  size.     A,  superior  view,  with  outline  of  opposite  ramus  to  melinite  >legre*!of 
divergence  of  rami;    M,  external 


The  M.wmuu 

Seven]  mandibular  rami  are  preserved  which  may  he  considered  as 
|i;ii;ityi><-  specimens.  One  <>!'  these,  a  left  (A.  M.  N.  H.  No.  1739),  may 
possibly  belong  t<>  (he  Mine  individual  as  the  skull  bui  this  is  not  at  all 

•in.    Anothi  iii  <>r  nearly  the  same  size  and  a  third,  a  right 

and  the  in-. -i  complete,  ifl  smaller,  The  following  description  is  based 
chiefly  upon  tin   iinaller  ipeehnen. 

In  it-  general  form  the  mandible  differs  greatly  from  that  «»i  the 
I  loridfl  alligator  and  n-.inbii- iv  closely  th.it  of  A .  sinense.    it,  hears 


1923]     NEW  ALLIGATOR  FROM  SNAKE  CREEK  BEDS         11 

a  very  close  resemblance  to  the  mandibles  of  some  of  the  Eocene  crocodil- 
ians,  especially  Allognathosuehus  polyodon  (Cope)  and  A.  heterodon  Cope. 

Considerably  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  mandible  lies  posterior 
to  the  last  alveolus,  presenting  the  appearance  of  having  the  teeth 
crowded  forward.  This  character  is  probably  largely  emphasized  by  the 
youthful  stage  of  the  specimen,  but  in  several  Chinese  alligators  of 
smaller  size  the  length  of  the  dental  series  is  less  than  that  of  the  edentu- 
lous portion  of  the  mandible. 

In  the  small  perfect  specimen  (No.  1737)  the  symphysis  extends 
back  to  the  level  of  the  eighth  maxillary  teeth;  in  the  large  left  ramus 
(No.  1739)  it  extends  only  to  the  level  of  the  fifth.  In  young  and  old 
Florida  alligators  there  is  no  difference  in  this  respect.  This  suggests 
the  possibility  that  the  two  rami  may  not  belong  to  the  same  species. 
Other  characters,  however,  are  sufficient  to  warrant  their  being  con- 
sidered together  as  paratypes.  The  teeth  in  the  region  of  the  symphysis 
are  very  small. 

The  largest  tooth  in  the  jaw,  judged  from  the  alveolus,  is  the  fourth; 
the  first  is  only  slightly  smaller.  The  second  and  third  are  of  moderate 
size.  Immediately  posterior  to  the  large  fourth  alveolus  are  seven  small 
alveoli.  These  decrease  in  size  from  the  fifth  alveolus  to  the  eighth. 
The  ninth  is  equal  in  size  to  the  eighth;  from  this  point  back  to  the 
twelfth  there  is  a  steady  increase  in  size,  the  twelfth  being  nearly  as  large 
as  the  first.  Posterior  to  the  twelfth  are  alveoli  for  six  (the  small  jaw, 
No.  1737)  or  seven  (the  larger  jaws,  Nos.  1738,  1739). 

All  of  the  alveoli  posterior  to  the  third  are  close  together,  many  of 
them  being  confluent. 

The  foramen  on  the  external  surface  is  smaller  than  in  the  living 
species.  The  vertical  height  of  the  jaw  is  relatively  great.  The  profile 
of  the  mandible  is  very  wavy. 

The  splenial  is  long  and  in  the  small  specimen  (No.  1737)  curves 
inward  and  reaches  within  about  one  millimeter  of  the  symphysis. 

Summary  of  Characters 

The  characters  of  the  species  may  be  summarized  as  follows.  Entire 
skull  short  and  broad;  base  of  snout  at  a  lower  level  than  that  of  the 
interorbital  plate  and  sharply  separated  from  it;  two  ridges  extending 
forward  from  the  anterior  ends  of  the  orbits;  teeth  very  stout;  nasals 
not  extending  entirely  across  external  nares;  lateral  border  of  skull  and 
mandible  very  wavy;  mandibular  symphysis  long;  great  range  in  size 
in  mandibular  teeth. 


12 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES 


[No.  73 


Relationships 
In  most  of  its  characters  this  species  differs  from  the  Florida 
alligator  much  more  than  from  the  Chinese  alligator,  A.  sinense.  The 
resemblance  to  the  latter  is  remarkably  close,  so  close  that  it  evidently 
indicates  direct  descent.  The  resemblance  to  some  of  the  Wasatch 
crocodilians  is  also  very  close  and  it  may  be  considered  as  intermediate 
between  these  and  the  living  alligators.  According  to  this  interpretation 
A.  sinense  is  more  primitive  in  structure  than  A.  mississippiensis. 


v„ 


Fig.  5.     Alligator  thomsoni,  new  species  and  A.  mississippiensis  (Cuvier). 

Outlires  of  mandibular  rami,  indicating  relative  degrees  of  convergence  of  rami.  Solid  lines:  A' 
muristippiensis  (A.  M.  N.  H.  No.  12572);  dash  lines:  A.  thomsoni  (A.  M.  N.  H.  No.  1737).  Both  out- 
line* one-half  natural  site. 


Measurements 
Skttta  (No.  1736) 

Length,  Both  <>t  Qoadratei  to  Tip  of  Snout 
"       ()<<i|>it:il  Condyle  ffl  Tip  <>f  Snoul 

Breadth  aerom  (Quadrates 
"        at  Base  of  Snout 
"         at  Knurl  li   Maxilla!  \   'IVhL 
"         across  l'rrinnxillo-iiiaxillary  Suture 

of  Cranial  Table,  Pot  tartar 

of  Plate  between  Bttpratcinpnrnl  Fenestra' 
"  of  Interutl.ltal   Plate 

Length  of  Maxillariei  along  Media]  Ui f  Palate 


36.3om. 

33.0 
22.3 
17.4 
16.0 
LI .  6 
11.8 

L.6 

3.2 

s  (i 


1923]    NEW  ALLIGATOR  FROM  SNAKE  CREEK  BEDS  13 


Mandible 

No.  1737 

No.  1738 

No.  1739 

Length,  Total 

15.9  cm. 

Height,  Maximum 

4.0 

7.9 

8.2 

Length,  Dental  Series 

8.5 

19.4 

"       Posterior  to  Dental  Series 

10.8 

.   •   •    > 

"       Symphysis 

3.0 

v. 


AMERICAN    MUSEUM     NOVITATES 

Number  74  May  9,  1923 

59.51.7(72,2) 

POLYCILETOUS    ANNELIDS    FROM    LOWER    CALIFORNIA 
WITH  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  NEW  SPECIES1 

By  Aaron  L.  Treadwell 

The  following  taxonomic  paper  refers  to  a  collection  of  polychaetous 
annelids  made  by  the  U.  S.  S.  'Albatross'  off  the  coast  of  Lower  Cali- 
fornia. The  specimens  were  in  most  cases  poorly  preserved,  so  that 
determination  of  species  was  sometimes  uncertain  and  in  a  few  cases  not 
possible.  The  families  certainly  represented  and  the  number  of  species 
found  in  each  are  shown  in  the  following  table. 

Family  Old  Species     New  Species 

Amphinomidae 1 

Polynoidae 5  1 

Sigalionida^ 1 

Aphroditidae 2 

Nephthydidae 1 

Nereidae 3 

Leodicidae 8 

Cirratulidae ? 

Maldanidse 1  1 

Terebellidae 2 

With  two  exceptions  each  species  is  represented  by  only  a  very  few 
individuals.  These  exceptions  are  Onuphis  (Nothria)  hiatidentata 
Moore,  and  Hyalincecia  tubicola  (Muller)  Malmgren  subspecies  stricta 
Moore,  which  together  make  up  more  than  half  the  bulk  of  the  collec- 
tion. In  connection  with  these  two  species  the  following  ecological  note 
is  of  interest. 

In  his  original  description  Moore  comments  on  the  "remarkable 
example  of  associative  rt semblance"  which  Onuphis  (Nothria)  hiatiden- 
tata exhibits,  for  it  lives  in  close  association  with  Hyalineecia  tubicola 
Malmgren  subspecies  stricta  Moore  and  superficially  looks  more  like 
Hyalineecia  than  like  Onuphis.  I  find  that  it  appears  to  be  developing  the 
habit  of  occupying  Hyalin&cia  tubes  instead  of  making  some  of  its  own. 
A  considerable  number  were  found  in  what  are  evidently  the  normal 
form  of  tubes  for  this  species  of  Onuphis.  These  tubes  are  oval  in  cross- 
section,  have  a  groundwork  of  a  thin  whitish  material  that  looks  like  wet 
tissue  paper  but  is  extremely  tough,  and  have  on  the  outside  more  or  less 
foreign  matter,  the  most  abundant  of  which  consists  of  much-worn 

'Scientific  Results  of  the  Expedition  to  the  Gulf  of  California  in  charge  of  C.  H.  Townsond,  by 
the  U.  S.  Fisheries  Steamer,  'Albatross,'  in  1911 ;_  Commander  G.  H.  Burrage,  U.  S.  N.,  Commanding. 
X.     Published  by  permission  of  the  U.  S.  Commissioner  of  Fisheries. 


2  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  74 

cylindrical  shells  of  foraminifera.  Hyalincecia  tubicola  (Muller)  Malmgren 
subspecies  stricta  Moore,  like  other  species  of  this  genus,  builds  a  quill- 
like tube  of  very  hard,  tough  chitin,  slightly  narrower  at  one  end  than  at 
the  other,  open  at  both  ends,  and  slightly  curved.  Rarely  ccelenterates 
or  barnacles  are  attached  to  the  surface.  Small  tubes  are  translucent 
white,  older  ones  are  brown. 

As  stated  above,  many  of  the  Onuphis  were  in  the  tubes  I  have 
described  as  typical.  Others  had  attached  bits  of  Hijalincecia  tubes  to  the 
outside  of  their  own.  In  other  cases  the  Onuphis  was  living  inside  a 
Hyalincecia  tube  of  which  one  side  had  broken  away  and  the  break  was 
repaired  with  characteristic  Onuphis  material.  Still  others  were  living 
in  complete  Hyalincecia  tubes  and  there  was  no  trace  of  the  character- 
istic Onuphis  tube-material.  This  occurred  often  so  that  I  very  soon 
learned  that  it  is  not  safe  to  assume  that  the  animal  in  a  Hyalincecia  tube 
is  really  Hyalincecia  and  not  Onuphis.  Obviously,  Onuphis  may  con- 
struct a  tube  of  its  own,  but  it  frequently  uses  instead  an  empty  one  of 
Hyalincecia. 

Amphinomidse 

Chloeia  flava  (Pallas) 
Aphrodita  flava  Pallas,  1766,  p.  97,  PI.  vm,  figs.  7-11. 
One  specimen.    Beach  at  Francisquito  Bay,  Lower  California. 

Polynoidw 
Lagisca  multisetosa  Moore 

Lagi*',,  multtMtota  MooKB,  1902,  pp.  267-269,  PI.  xiv,  figs.  29-36;  1908,  p.  835. 

Harmatkot  muUitetota  Moobb,  1910,  pp.  840  sad  341. 

Through  :m  ciioi  in  locality  labels,  Moore  first  described  this 
species  as  from  <  Greenland,  but  be  later  corrected  this  and  showed  that 
it  is  really  .hi  Alaskan  form.  In  the  last  of  the  above  references,  Moore 
report-  on  the  study  of  a  Dumber  of  individuals  and  concludes  thai  it  is  a 
highly  variable  species  whose  limits  can  be  accurately  ascertained  only  if 
a  large  number  are  available  for  study. 

The  present  collection  contains  a  single  specimen  lacking  the  median 
tentacle  and  with  only  a  fragment  of  an  elytron  left.  In  many  respects 
it  agrees   wit  h    Moon'-   description    l>ut    it    does   not    show   cilia   on    the 

palp-  or  on  the  peristomial  cirri.   The  fragment  of  the  elytron  is  thickly 

Ided    with   conical  but    not    eUOUgfa   <>f   it    is   lel'l    to  enable  inc 

determine  whether  the  papilla  described  i>.\    Moore  are  present. 
In  view  of  the  imularitief  between  this  and  Moore'-  description,  I  have 
•  ively  located  it  b 
ition  I).  5682     19]  fathoms;  bottom  temperature  F.  i<»s 


1923]  POLYCUMTOUS  ANNELIDS  3 

Admetella  hastigerens  Chamberlin 
Admetella  liastigerens  Chamtberlix,  1919,  pp.  64-67,  PI.  ix,  figs.  6-8. 

Chamberlin  described  this  species  from  one  specimen  collected  off 
Panama  in  581  fathoms.  The  Albatross  collection  contains  five  speci- 
mens, none  of  which  is  complete,  but  it  is  possible  by  a  comparison  of  the 
five  to  get  a  fairly  complete  description.  The  largest  was  100  mm.  long 
and  8  mm.  wide,  thus  a  trifle  larger  and  narrower  than  Chamberlin's 
specimen.  The  individual  which  is  in  most  respects  the  best  preserved  is 
50  mm.  long. 

The  prostomium  agrees  in  general  with  Chamberlin's  description, 
but  the  "lateral  extensions"  are  much  more  delicate  than  one  would  infer 
from  that  description,  being  extremely  thin,  scale-like  structures,  which, 
if  the  preservation  has  not  been  good,  look  very  much  like  flakes  of  epi- 
dermis that  have  loosened  from  the  surface.  The  median  tentacle  has  a 
large  ceratophore  inserted  into  the  dorsal  middle  line  of  the  prostomium 
and  with  a  diameter  about  one-fourth  that  of  the  latter.  It  has  a  length 
about  equal  to  twice  its  diameter.  The  style  is  extremely  delicate  and 
slender,  extending  to  about  somite  9.  It  broadens  near  the  end  and  then 
abruptly  narrows  to  an  acute  apex.  In  the  50  mm.  specimen  the  cera- 
tophores  of  the  lateral  tentacles  are  hidden  under  the  scale  mentioned 
above,  while  the  styles  are  very  short  and  slender,  hardly  longer  than  the 
scale.  In  a  specimen  of  twice  this  size  the  styles  are  relatively  longer, 
slightly  swollen  toward  the  end  and  with  a  sharp-pointed  apex.  There  is 
a  faint  trace  of  pigment  around  the  swollen  portion.  The  palps  are  more 
slender  than  in  Chamberlin's  specimen  and  have  acute  apices. 

The  dorsal  and  ventral  cirri  of  the  first  parapodium  resemble  the 
median  tentacle  in  form  and  size  and  are  larger  than  the  palps.  The 
ventral  cirrus  of  the  third  parapodium  is  similar  to  these  in  form  and  size 
but  that  of  the  fourth  is  much  shorter  and  hardly  longer  than  the  para- 
podium. Succeeding  ventral  cirri  are  progressively  shorter  and  the 
eighth  is  a  slender,  sharp-pointed  structure  attached  to  the  ventral 
face  of  the  parapodium  and  not  reaching  the  apex.  The  dorsal  cirri  are 
broken  in  nearly  all  specimens,  but  those  that  remain  agree  in  all  respects 
with  those  of  the  first  two  somites.  The  pharynx  is  protruded  in  a  100 
mm.  specimen.  It  is  12  mm.  long,  smooth  throughout  the  greater  part 
of  its  length,  but  with  roughenings  toward  the  end.  At  the  apex,  above 
and  below,  is  a  row  of  about  fourteen  soft  papillae  and  three  light-brown 
teeth. 

A  single  elytron,  the  first  or  second,  remains  on  the  100  mm.  animal.. 
It  is  of  sufficient  size  to  cover,  with  its  mate,  the  dorsal  surface  of  the  body 


4  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOV  IT  AT  ES  [No.  74 

and  probably  did  so  during  life.  It  is  too  poorly  preserved  for  accurate 
description,  but  is  apparently  nearly  circular  in  outline  and  of  a  very 
delicate  texture.  In  the  preserved  condition  the  color  is  gray,  deepening 
into  black  on  the  margin  near  the  point  of  attachment  of  the  elytrophore. 
From  this  point  a  colorless  band  runs  diagonally  to  the  margin  of  the 
elytron. 

In  addition  to  the  broad  flat  type  of  setae  described  by  Chamberlin 
in  PI.  ix,  figs.  7  and  8,  I  find  another  type  having  long  slender  stalks, 
flattened  and  with  serrated  margins  toward  the  ends. 

Station  D.5676 ;     645  fathoms ;  bottom  temp.,  F.  39°. 

Station  D. 5677;     735  fathoms;  bottom  temp.,  F.  38.6°. 

Station  D. 5685;     645  fathoms. 

Station  D.5692;  1076  fathoms;  bottom  temp.,  F.  37.1°. 

Halosydna  brevisetosa  Kinberg 
Halosydna  brevisetosa  Ki.vhkkc.  1855,  p.  385. 
Station  D. 5678;   13%  fathoms.    One  specimen. 

Lepidasthenia  curta  Chamberlin 
Lt  piilnsth,  inn  carta  Chambeblen,  1919,  pp.  61-63,  PI.  v,  figs.  4-9. 

Station  D.5683;  630  fathoms;  bottom  temp.,  F.  39.1°. 

Polyno'e  lordi  (Baud) 
Lepidonotus  lonli  Haiku.  L863,  p.  107. 
Pichilingue  Bay,  Lower  California.    Three  specimens. 

Eunoe  exoculata,  new  speeies 

Imkuiivs  1  to  4 

Two  specimens,  one  incomplete.  The  entire  specimen  is  80  nun.  long  and  7  mm. 
brgreatest  body  width.  The  body  narrow*  somewhat  abruptly  toward  the  anterior 
end,  and  1 1 1 iK-1 1  more  gradually  posteriorly.  There  an-  38  somites  in  tin'  body  ami  If) 
pair.-  of  elytrophores.  No  elytron  remains  in  the  complete  specimen,  but  the  other 
retaini  one  which  is  much  wrinkled. 

The  prostomium  is  ■  trifle  longer  than  wide,  its  greatest  width  being  about  in  the 
middle  (Fig.  I).  Posteriorly  it  narrows  gradually  to  a  base  that  is  not  more  than  one* 
third  tl"  \ntriiMii\   the  narrowing  is  vtry  slight,  each  half 

Minatmii  in  a  peak  which  Is-  plain!  will  low  .ml  the  outer  margin  ami  at  a  consider- 
able distance  from  the  i lian  tentacle.    The  median  groove  is  prominent  and  the 

tophore  "t  'lie  median  tentacle  is  inserted  into  it  to  about  the  middle  of  t  lie  pro- 

.iii m.    <  >n  cither  -nil  .it  i  he  prostomium  are  t  wo  spots  which  evidently  are  eyes, 

though  the]  are  not  pigmented.    I  am  uncertain  ii  this  is  normal  or  if  the  pigment  may 

ii  tin  preservation.    The  posterior  pair  of  these  lie  on  the 

omium  near  its  posterior  end,  the  anterior  mi  the 

greatest  width,  and  are  not  risible  in  a  dorsal 

Will. 


1923] 


POLYCHMTOUS  ANNELIDS 


The  ceratophore  of  the  median  tentacle  is  about  one-third  as  wide  as  the  pro- 
stomium, and  the  length  of  its  free  portion  is  about  equal  to  its  width.  The  style  is 
absent  in  both  specimens.  The  ceratophorea  of  the  lateral  tentacles  arise  at  some 
distance  from  the  peaks,  are  shorter  than  that  of  the  median  tentacle,  and  about  one- 
third  its  diameter.  The  style  is  slender  and  about  three  times  as  long  as  the  cerato- 
phore  (foreshortened  in  the  drawing).  Only  one  palp  remains.  This  is  slender  and 
about  four  times  as  long  as  the  prostomium.  Most  of  the  dorsal  cirri  are  lost  but  the 
larger  of  the  two  specimens  retains  a  few  at  the  posterior  end.  These  are  slender  and 
longer  than  the  transverse  diameter  of  the  body.  They  do  not  have  any  swelling  at 
the   ends. 

A  parapodium  from  near  the  middle  of  the  body  (Fig.  2)  has  neuropodium  and 
notopodiurn  of  approximately  equal  length,  each  with  an  acute  apex  into  which  an 
acicula  ext  ends.  Another  acicula  reaches  t  he  surface  at  the  middle  of  t  he  parapodium. 
The  acicula' are  dark  brown  at  the  bases  but  have  slender  colorless  apices.  The  dorsal 
cirrus  has  a  heavy  ceratophore  and  a  slender  style,  the  ventral  cirrus  is  more  slender 


Figs.  1  to  4.    Eunor  exoculata,  new  species. 

Fig.  1,  prostomium  X  10;   2,  middle  parapodium  X  7;   3,  seta  X  l~>;    '■  Beta   X  4.">. 

Figs.  5  to  8.    Maidane  eriatata,  new  species. 

Fig.  5,  anterior  end,  dorsal  view  X  Si  t>,  anterior  end  lateral  view  X  -0;  7,  anal  plate  X  5;   8,  uncinus 
X   185. 


6  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  74 

than  the  dorsal  and  does  not  reach  the  apex  of  the  para  podium.  Except  for  variations 
in  length,  the  notopodial  seta;  are  all  alike,  with  moderately  acute  apices  and  poorly 
defined  denticulations  along  one  face  (Fig.  3).  The  neuropodial  setae  (Fig.  4)  are  all 
longer  than  the  notopodial  and  are  all  alike  in  form,  except  that  some  near  the  dorsal 
face  of  the  tuft  are  much  longer  than  the  others.  Each  suddenly  widens  toward  the 
end  and  then  gradually  narrows,  ending  in  a  large  terminal  and  a  smaller  subter- 
minal  tooth.  Along  the  widened  region  are  rows  of  toothed  plates  which  appear  most 
clearly  in  profile  but  apparently  extend  entirely  around  the  seta. 

No  elytra  are  retained  on  the  type.  The  paratype  has  one  very  much  shriveled 
elytron,  with  a  circular  outline  but  with  no  fimbriations  or  surface  markings. 

Station  D.5698;  475  fathoms;  bottom  temp.,  F.  39.9°. 
Type  in  The  American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

Sigalionidse 

Sthenolepis  areolata  (Mcintosh) 

Leanira  areolata  McIntosh,  1885,  p.  151,  PI.  xxi,  fig.  3;  PI.  xxv,  figs.  8,  9; 
PI.  xm,a  fig.  1. 

Sthenolepis  areolata  Chamberlin,  1919,  p.  90. 

Station  D.5695;  534  fathoms;  bottom  temp.,  F.  38.9°. 

Aphroditidae 

Aphrodita  defendens  Chamberlin 
Aphrodita  defendens  Chamhkki.in,  1919,  pp.  80-81. 

Station  D.5699;  659  fathoms;  bottom  temp.,  F.  37.9°. 
Station  D.5676;  645  fathoms;  bottom  temp.,  F.  39.0°. 

Laetmonice  pellucida  Moore 
/.;itnumice[" L;iiir)<itoinn"\  i>tlliici<la  MoORK,  1903,  p.  \'2U.  I'l.  xxm,  li^s.  lit,  20. 

Two  specimens,  which  1  have  assigned  to  this  species  because  of 
their  general  resemblance  to  Moore's  description.  Lack  of  agreement  is 
shown  in  the  Bllbapical  barfoa  of  the  am >\v-pointed  setae,  which  are  sym- 
metrical instead  of  unequal  in  number  on  different  sides  of  the  shaft,  and 
1  could  find  no  papilla1  on  the  anterior  ventral  surface. 

km  D  561  Eathoms;  bottom  temp.,  F.  38.0  . 

Nephthydidw 
Nephthys  ectopa  <  'haiiilxiliii 

\i/ililhl/s   I"  AY/,///,/.,     |  rilnpii   (  '||  WIIUHI.IN,    1019,    pp.  94     97|    I'l.    \\.    tills.    I     7. 

Probably  of  tin  but    too  poorly  piUBOlVOd  to  allow  of  posi- 

Niititicatn.ti 

Mon  DM  bottom  temp.,  r  39.9° 


1923]  POLYCHMTOUS  ANNELIDS  7 

Nereidae 
Nereis  mediator  Chamberlin 
Nereis  mediator  Chamberlin,  1919«,  page  11. 
One  specimen.    Labeled  as  from  Lower  California. 

Platynereis  integer  Treadwell 
Nereis  (Platynereia)  integer  Theadwei.l,  1920,  p.  595,  figs.  1    t 
One  specimen.    Labeled  as  from  Lower  California. 

Nereis  kobiensis  Mcintosh 
Nereis  (Plotynen  ia)  Lohiewds  McIntosh,  1885,  pp.  210-212,  PI.  xxxiv.  figs.  3,  4, 
-">.  ft;   PI.  xvw,  figs.  2,  3,  4. 

One  specimen.    Labeled  as  from  Lower  (  alifornia.  ' 

Leodicidae 
Leodice  segregata  Chamberlin 
Leodice  segregata  Chambbbun,  1919,  p.  237-240,  PI.  i.iv,  figs.  1-5. 
Station  D.5695;  534  fathoms;  bottom  temp.,  F.  38.9°. 
Station  D.5682;  491  fathoms;  bottom  temp.,  F.  40.8°. 

Onuphis  litabranchia  Chamberlin 

Onupkis  litabranchia  Chambbbun,   1919,   pp.  274-279,  PI.  l,  fig.  7;    PI.  i.i, 
figs.  1-10;  PI.  lii,  fig.  1. 

Chamberlin  described  the  ceratophores  as  smooth.  In  the  single 
incomplete  specimen  of  this  collection  these  are  ringed.  Each  of  the 
median  and  the  outer  paired  ceratophores  has  seven  rings,  while  each  of 
the  inner  paired  ones  has  twelve  or  thirteen.  The  gill  structure  agrees 
more  closely  with  Chamberlin's  paratype  than  with  his  type,  for  many 
are  branched.     The  specimen  is  a  female  with  eggs. 

Station  D.5673;    1090  fathoms. 

Onuphis  lepta  Chamberlin 

Onuphis  lepta  Chambbbun,  1919.  pp.  290  205,  PI.  xi.\.  figs,  l   7;  PI.  xiai,  tigs. 
3-12. 

A  small  and  evidently  immature  specimen  living  in  a  mud  tube  at- 
tached to  the  outer  wall  of  a  Hyalincecia  tube  was  collected  at  Station 
D.5691.  At  Station  D.5684  were  collected  a  considerable  number  of  these 
tubes,  most  of  which  were  empty  but  one  contained  the  anterior  end  of  an 
individual  which  agrees  in  all  respects  with  ( 'hamberlin's  description. 

Station  D.5684;    1700  fathoms. 


8  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  74 

Station  D.5691;  868  fathoms;  bottom  temp.,  F.  37.2°. 
Station  D.5692;   1076  fathoms;  bottom  temp.,  F.  37.1°. 

Onuphis  vexillaria  Moore 
(h,u phis  oexiUaria  Moobx,  1911,  pp.  266-269,  PI.  xvn,  figs.  69-76. 
These  agree  with  Moore's  description  in  every  respect  except  that 
the  frontal  tentacles  are  closer  together  and  in  no  somite  are  there  more 
than  four  gill  filaments.    Four  specimens. 

Station  D.5690;  1101  fathoms;  bottom  temp.,  F.  38.1°. 

Onuphis  iridescens  (Johnson) 

N orthia  iridescens  Johnson.  1901,  p.  408,  PI.  vm,  figs.  86,  87;  PI.  ix,  Qgs.  S8-92. 
Nothria  iridescens  Moore,  1911,  p.  255. 

Station  D.5698;  475  fathoms,  bottom  temp.,  F.  39.9°. 

Onuphis  hiatidentata  (Moore) 
Nothria  kiatidentala  Moore,  1911,  pp.  259-262,  Pis.  wi  ami  xvu,  figs.  41-50. 

In  his  description  of  this  species  Moore  comments  on  the  re- 
semblance which  it  bears  to  Hi/aliTicecia  tubicola,  with  which  it  is  com- 
monly associated.  I  have  already  mentioned  the  relations  of  the  two 
in  the  matter  of  tube  construction.    See  above,  p.  2. 

Station  D.5673;   1090  fathoms. 

Station  D.5686;  930  fathoms;  bottom  temp.,  F.  37.3°. 

Station  D.5689;  879  fathoms. 

Station  D.5692;    L  076  fathoms  J  bottom  temp.,  F.  37.1°. 

Station  I  >..~>r,<)i ;  868  fathoms;  bottom  temp.,  F.  37.2°. 

Station  D^600;    1101  fathoms;  bottom  temp.,  F.  38.1°. 

station  D.5097;   185  fathoms;  bottom  temp.,  F.  39.8°. 

Hyalinoecia  tubicola  (Miiller)  Malmgreo  subspecies  stricta  Moore 
ffyofffMMM  tubicola  (MQDer    Mauigrbis  subspecies  stricta  Moon-,  1911,  p.  280, 

PI     Will.  I 

ktion  D.5673;   LOOO  fathoms. 
•mm,  D.5683;  630 fathoms;  bottom  temp.,  F.89.10. 

lion  1 1  ■'  fathoms;  bottom  temp.,  I<\  37.3°. 

-ion  h  6687;   180  fathoms;  bottom  temp..  V.  u.i°. 
i  mi  fathoms;  bottom  temp.,  V.  88.1 
■ion  DM  fathoms;  bottom  temp.,  P.  37.2°. 

tfon  D  6692    1076  fathoms;  bottom  temp.,  F.  37.1°. 


1923]  POLYCHMTOUS  ANNELIDS  9 

Lumbrinereis  bifilaris  Khiers 

Lumbriconereis  bifilaris  Khlkhs,  1901,  pp.  139-144,  PI.  xvm,  figs.  1-10. 
Lumbrinereis  bifilaris  Moore,  1911,  pp.  291-294,  PI.  xx,  figs.  135-142. 

Station  D.5694;   640  fathoms. 

Cirratulidae 

A  fragment  of  a  eirratulid  of  indeterminable  species  was  collected 
at  Station  D.5694;  640  fathoms. 

Maldanidee 
Maldane  similis  Moon1 
Maldane  similis  MoOBK,  1906,  pp.  233-238,  PI.  xi.  figs.  2<>-30. 

The  only  deviation  from  Moore's  description  which  these  show  is 
that  on  the  lateral  margina  of  the  cephalic  plate  the  lobes  are  more 
definitely  toothed. 

Station  D.5683;  630  fathoms;   bottom  temp.,  F.  39.1°. 

Maldane  cristata,  new  species 

Figures  5  to  8 

Distinguished  by  tin-  prominence  of  the  cephalic  crest  and  'he  smooth  margins 
of  the  cephalic  and  anal  plates.  The  type  is  130  mm.  long  and  has  a  cephalic  width 
of  2.5  mm.    It  is  entire,  though  the  median  region  is  very  poorly  preserved. 

The  prostoniiuni  makes  an  angle  of  aboul  US"  with  the  body  axis  (Figs.  5and  6). 
The  cephalic  plate  is  roughly  triangular  in  outline,  and  is  surrounded  by  a  definite 
raised  margin,  which,  possibly  as  a  result  of  the  preservation,  is  thrown  into  folds 
but  shows  no  trace  of  lnhings  or  denticulations.  On  either  side  at  the  postero-lateral 
angle  is  a  notch  separating  the  margin  into  a  basal  and  two  lateral  lobes.  The  basal 
lobe  is  the  more  prominent  and  is  bent  caudad  near  its  middle.  The  lateral  lobes 
decrease  in  height  anteriorly  and  are  separated  by  a  constriction  from  the  hemi- 
spherical palpode.  The  crest  is  narrow,  elevated  and  prominent,  extending  from  the 
posterior  margin  of  the  cephalic  plate  into  the  base  of  the  palpode  (Fig.  G).  Numerous 
fine  grooves  extend  outward  from  the  side  of  the  ridge  at  an  angle  of  45  degrees,  but 
these  may  be  due  to  shrinkage  after  preservation.  The  mouth  is  a  narrow  elongated 
slit  with  no  prominent  lips. 

The  first  two  setigeroUS  somites  have  thick  body-walls;  on  succeeding  somites 
the  dorsal  wall  becomes  thinner  while  the  ventral  wall  remains  thick;  on  the  seventh 
SetigeroUS  somite  only  a  small  portion  of  the  ventral  wall  is  thick,  while  in  the  follow- 
ing somites  the  thickening  is  restricted  to  the  line  of  insertion  of  the  sets.  In  the  type 
there  is  not  much  difference  between  the  preanal  somites  anil  those  in  the  middle 
of  the  body,  but  in  another  specimen  the  five  somites  in  front  of  the  pygidium  are 
short  and  thick-walled,  while  those  through  the  middle  of  the  body  are  long  and  thin- 
walled.  These  variations  are  doubtless  due  to  differences  in  the  degree  of  contraction. 
The  anal  plate  is  circular  in  outline  (Fig.  7).  On  either  side  is  a  rounded  notch, 
whose  ventral  margin  lies  at  the  equator  of  the  circle,  thus  dividing  the  circle  into  a 
dorsal  ami  ventral  portion,  the  ventral  being  the  larger.  The  margin  of  the  dorsal 
part  is  smooth,  that  of  the  ventral  part  is  six-  to  eight-lobed.      The  anus  is  situated 


10  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  74 

dorsally  near  the  margin  of  the  plate,  and  has  a  dorsal  and  ventral  lip,  the  latter  the 
larger  and  with  radiating  lines. 

Uncini  (Fig.  8)  appear  on  the  second  setigerous  somite,  only  slender  setse  appear- 
ing on  the  first.  The  rows  of  uncini  are  at  first  short  but  soon  lengthen.  Each  uncinus 
has  a  long,  gently  curved  shaft,  of  which  I  have  figured  only  the  terminal  portion. 
At  the  apex  is  a  single  tooth  with  a  much  larger  one  ventral  to  it.  Dorsal  to  the 
apical  tooth  are  a  series  of  fine  denticulations,  hardly  large  enough  to  be  called  teeth, 
which  extend  laterally  around  the  end  of  the  uncinus.  Ventral  to  the  larger  tooth  are  a 
series  of  fine  hair-like  processes.  In  the  tuft  dorsal  to  the  uncinus-row  are  two  kinds 
of  setae.  One  has  rather  heavy  brown-colored  bases,  which  are  bilimbate  just  outside 
the  body  wall  but  distally  to  this  narrow  into  an  extremely  long  delicate  white  apical 
portion  with  two  marginal  rows  of  minute  denticulations.  The  second  kind  are 
smaller  and  not  so  dark  in  color  as  the  first;  they  widen  slightly  toward  the  end  and 
narrow  abruptly  asymmetrically  to  form  a  long,  slender,  needle-like  apex  which  forms 
an  angle  with  the  main  axis  of  the  seta. 

Station  D.5698;  475  fathoms;  bottom  temp.,  F.  39.9°. 

TerebellidfiB 

Terebella  robusta  (Johnson) 
AmphitrUe  robusta  Johnson,  1901,  pp.  425-426,  PI.  xvi,  figs.  164-168. 
Station    D.5698;    475   fathoms;     bottom   temp.,  F.    39.9°.     One 
specimen. 

Thelepus  crispus  Johnson 
Thelepus  crispus  Johnson,  1901,  p.  428,  PI.  xvn,  figs.  175-1786. 
One  imperfectly  preserved  and  evidently  immature  individual.    In 
form  of  gills,  setae,  and  uncini  this  agrees  with  Johnson's  description,  but 
it  does  not  show  the  eye  spots  which  Moore  describes  in  the  young 
individuals. 

Station  D.5693;   451  fathoms. 


1923]  POLYCHMTOUS  ANNELIDS  11 

BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Baird,  W.  1863.  '  Descriptions  of  Several  New  Species  of  Worms  Belonging  to  the 
Annelida  Errantia  and  Sedentaria  or  Tubicola  of  Milne-Edwards," 
Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  of  London,  pp.  106-110. 

Chamberlin,  R.  V.  1919.  'The  Annelida  Polycha?ta.'  Mem.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool., 
XLVIII,  pp.  1-514.  Pis.  i-lxxx.  (Reports  on  U.  S.  F.  C.  S.  'Alba- 
tross' Expeditions  to  West  Coasts  Mexico,  Central  and  South  America, 
Galapagos  Islands,  1891,  No.  XXXVIII;  Tropical-Pacific,  1899-1900, 
No.  XX;  Eastern  Tropical  Pacific,  1904-1905,  No.  XXXI.) 
1919a.  '  New  Polych&'tous  Annelids  from  Laguna  Beach,  California.'  Pom- 
ona College  Journal  of  Entomology  and  Zoology,  XI,  No.  1,  pp.  1-23. 

Ehlers,  E.  1901.  'Die  Polychaeten  des  magcllischen  und  chilischen  Strandes.' 
Festsch.  K.  Gescll.  Wisscnscli.  (iottingen,  Math.  Phys.  Kl.,  pp.  1-232, 
Pis.  i-xxv. 

Johnson,  H.  P.  1901.  'The  Polycharta  of  the  Puget  Sound  Region.'  Proc.  Boston 
Soc.  Nat,  Hist..  XXIX.  No.  18,  pp.  381-437,  Pis.  i-xix. 

Kinberg,  J.  G.  H.  1855.  'Nya  slagten  och  Biter  af  Annelider.'  Ofversigt  K.  Vetens- 
kaps  Akad.  l'orh.  Bd.  12. 

McIntosh,  W.  C.  1885.  'Report  on  the  Annelida.  Scientific  Results  of  the  'Chat* 
lenger'  Expedition,  XII,  pp.  xxxvi-f-554,  Pis.  i-lv,  ia-xxxixu. 

Moore,  J.  P.    1902.    'Descriptions  of  Some  New  Porynokbe  with  a  List  of  other  Poly- 
chaeta  from  North  Greenland  Waters.'     Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.   Phila- 
delphia, LIV,  pp.  258-278,  PL  xm  and  xi\ . 
1903.    'Polychaeta  from  the  Coastal  Slope  of  Japan  and  from  Kamchatka.' 

Idem,  LV,  pp.  401-490,  Pis.  xxm-xxvii,  97  figs. 
1906.     'Additional   New  Species  of   I'olyeha'ta  from   the   North    Pacific' 
Idem,  LVIII,  pp.  217-260,  Pis.  x-xli. 

1908.  'Some  Polycha-tous  Annelids  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Coast  of  North 
America.'    Idem,  I.X,  pp.  321-364. 

1909.  '  Polycha?tous  Annelids  from  Monterey  Bay,  and  San  Diego,  Cali- 
fornia.'   Idem,  LXI,  pp.  235-295,  Pis.  vii-ix. 

1910.  'The  Polychaetous  Annelids  Dredged  by  the  U.S.  Ship  'Albatross' 
off  the  Coast  of  Southern  ( 'alifornia  in  1904 :  II.  Polynoidae,  Aphroditi- 
dae  and  SegaleonidaV    Idem,  LXII,  pp.  328-402,  Pis.  xxviii-xxxiii. 

1911.  'The  Polychaetous  Annelids  Dredged  by  the  U.  S.  Ship  'Albatross' 
off  the  Coast  of  Southern  ('alifornia  in  1904:  III.  EuphrosynidsB 
to  Goniadida?.'    Idem,  LX  III,  pp.  234-318,  Pis.  xv-xxi. 

Pallas,  P.  S.    1766.    '  Miscellanea  Zoologica,'  224  pp.,  14  plates. 

Treadwell,  A.  L.  1920.  'Polychaetous  Annelids  Collected  by  the  [' .  S.  Fisheries 
Steamer '  Albatross'  in  the  Waters  adjacent  to  the  Philippine  Islands  in 
1907-1910.'  Contributions  to  the  Biology  of  the  Philippine  Archi- 
pelago and  Adjacent  Regions.  U.  S.  National  Museum,  Bulletin  100, 
Volume  I,  part  8,  pp.  589-602  with  text  figures. 


AMERICAN     MUSEUM     NOVITATES 

Number  75  May  11,  1923 

59.57.54(729.5) 

A  PRELIMINARY  REPORT  ON  THE  HEMIPTERA-HETEROP- 

TERA  OF  PORTO  RICO  COLLECTED  BY  THE  AMERICAN 

MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 

By  H.  G.  Barber 

During  the  years  of  1914  and  1915  The  American  Museum  of 
Natural  History,  in  conjunction  with  the  New  York  Academy  of 
Science  and  the  Insular  Government  of  Porto  Rico,  making  a  survey  of 
the  natural  resources  of  the  island,  sent  several  entomologists  to  collect 
insects  and  to  gather  all  the  data  possible  concerning  this  particular 
fauna.  This  report  may  be  considered  a  preliminary  report  upon  the 
Hemiptera-Heteroptera  gathered  together  during  these  several  expedi- 
tions to  the  Island.    The  types  are  in  the  American  Museum. 

Catorhintha  borinquensis,  new  species 
Sordid  yellowish  gray  closely  punctate  with  ferrugineous.  Lateral  margins  and 
middle  longitudinal  line  of  the  pronotum,  apex  of  the  scutellum  and  three  obscure 
stripes  posteriorly  on  the  head  pale  yellowish-gray;  connexivum  alternated  with  ferru- 
gineous and  pale  yellow;  abdomen  dorsally  fuscous  with  a  large,  indefinite  pale  area 
in  the  center;  beneath  stramineous,  punctate  on  head,  pleura  and  sides  of  venter 
with  ferrugineous,  with  a  round  black  spot  on  the  sides  of  each  pleurite;  legs  pale, 
tinted  with  rufous. 

Head  above  the  base  of  each  antenna  provided  with  a  very  sharp  spine;  dorsal 
surface  of  head  coarsely  and  somewhat  closely  punctate  with  ferrugineous,  with  a 
median  pale  fascia  extending  from  base  to  the  middle  and  a  shorter  fascia  extending 
forward  from  the  base  between  each  ocellus  and  the  eye;  ocelli  red  surrounded  by  a 
smooth  black  patch.  Antenna?  with  the  first  segment  shorter  than  the  head,  second 
segment  a  trifle  longer  than  the  third,  fourth  segment  one-third  longer  than  the  third, 
basal  segment  finely  granulate,  ferrugineous,  second  and  third  segments  pale,  rufous 
at  their  apices,  apical  segment  pale  at  base  and  apex.  Apex  of  the  rostrum  reaching 
to  the  middle  of  the  intermediate  coxae  or  just  a  trifle  beyond  the  meso-metasternal 
suture.  Pronotum  rather  coarsely  punctate  with  ferrugineous,  with  a  conspicuous 
longitudinal  median  stripe  and  lateral  margins  pale.  Scutellum  closely  punctate, 
the  apex  smooth  and  pale,  towards  the  basal  angle  stinted  with  red.  Corium  coarsely 
punctate,  without  the  usual  calloused  pale  spot  opposite  the  apex  of  the  commissure. 
Connexival  segments  pale  at  base,  mottled  with  ferrugineous  apically.  Length, 
10-11  mm. 

Type. — Male;  Coamo  Springs,  VI  1915.    Eleven  paratypes. 

Related  to  C.  guttula  Fabricius  but  a  little  larger  and  more  coarsely 
punctate  and  more  ferrugineous.    The  spines  of  the  head  are  quite  long 


2  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  75 

and  very  acute.    The  rufous  coloration  of  the  antennae,  legs  and  ventral 
parts  is  often  quite  pronounced. 

Jadera  rubrofusca,  new  species 

Disk  of  pronotum  and  hemielytra  rufofuscous,  the  latter  narrowly  pale  and 
obscurely  spotted  with  fuscous.  Head  entirely,  broad  lateral  margins  and  median 
carina  of  pronotum,  the  scutellum,  the  abdomen  above  and  below  and  in  part  the 
pleura  bright  red.  Antenna*,  rostrum,  and  legs  fuscous.  Membrane  pale  fuliginous, 
obsoletely  spotted  and  often  paler  at  base. 

Head  sanguineous,  very  sparsely  granulate,  almost  smooth;  ocelli  set  almost  as 
far  apart  as  the  distance  of  each  from- the  eye;  second  segment  of  the  antenna  a 
little  longer  than  the  third,  fourth  about  as  long  as  the  second;  rostrum  reaching 
to  the  apex  of  the  second  abdominal  segment.  Pronotum  sparsely  set  with  seti- 
gerous  granules,  median  carina  wery  distinct.  Scutellum  red,  impunctate.  Hemi- 
elytra sparsely  beset  with  setigerous  granules,  narrowly  pale  bordered  and  there 
spotted  with  fuscous.  Pleurites  obsoletely  granulate,  rufous,  unspotted;  anterior 
and  posterior  margins  of  propleuron,  posterior  margins  of  meso-  and  metapleuron 
and  the  acetabular  shaded  with  fuscous.  Venter  red  indistinctly  granulate.  Length, 
11  mm. 

Type. — Male;  Aibonito,  VI 1915.  Twenty-two  paratypes;  Cayey,  V;  Aibonito, 
VI;  Manati,  VI;  Adjuntas,  VI;  Ensenada,  VI 1915. 

Closely  related  to  sanguinolenta  but  a  little  smaller  and  narrower 
than  that  species.  Besides  the  color  differences  noted,  the  head  is 
anteriorly  more  acuminate,  the  ocelli  placed  closer  together  and  the  head 
and  pronotum  much  more  sparsely  beset  with  setigerous  granules;  the 
red  border  on  the  lateral  margin  of  the  pronotum  is  wider  and  the 
pleurites  are  not  spotted  with  fuscous;  the  membrane  is  darker  and 
obsoletely  spotted. 

Lygseus  albonotatus,  new  species 

Black,  ■panel]?  grayish  tomentose,  with  a  large  triangular  orange  area  al  base 
and  the  outer  apical  margin  of  corium  white;  membrane  black,  with  an  elongate  white 
patch  along  the  outer  margin.  Beneath  black,  with  the  buooukB,  anterior  margin  of 
the  presternum,  the  acetabula  narrow  |y,  pale;  outer  a  utile  of  the  metapleuron  orange; 

odoriferous  orifices  I. lack. 

I  entirely  black  imptmctate,  slightly  transverse,  margin  before  eyes  almost 
■lit;   antenniferous  tuberclee  invisible  from  above;   antenna'  black,  basal  seg- 
ment about  one-half  as  lonn  as  secoinl,  this  a  t  rifle  longer  I  lian  thud,  fourth  a  little 

longer  than  the  seooodj  buooulai  very  slightly  elevated,  the  lower  edges  Level,  not 

<iuile  reaching  the  lci.se  of  the  head;    apc\  of  the  rostrum  reaching  U)  middle  of  I  he 
I'loiiolum    entirely    Mack,    almost     impunct  ate,    very    shallowly 

impressed  before  the  middle;  each  cicatrix  forming  ■  narrow,  shining,  oresentic  im- 

.■,  hull  rem  -he.  nc.nU  to  iiie  lateral  margin;  lateral  margins  very  slightly 

BOOCiivcK   aiciiated  about   the  middle.     Scutellum  entirety  black,  impunct  ale;    Long!- 


1923]       HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA  OF  PORTO  RICO  3 

tudinal  carina  behind  the  premedian  transverse  carina  broad  and  not  sharply  de- 
limited. Clavus  black,  impunctate.  Corium  impunctate  with  the  lateral  margin 
lightly  rounded,  the  two  margins  converging  posteriorly;  apex  of  the  corium  not 
reaching  the  middle  point  of  the  membrane;  the  two  discal  veins  much  more  evident 
on  the  ochraceous  area,  this  ochraceous  area  extending  nearly  to  the  middle  of  the 
corium;  the  outer  two-thirds  of  the  apical  margin  occupied  by  a  conspicuous  whitish 
or  pale  yellow  fascia.  Membrane  jet  black,  extending  a  little  beyond  the  apex  of  the 
abdomen;  veins  very  obscure,  with  a  very  conspicuous  elongate,  oval  white  patch 
midway  along  the  outer  margin,  not  pale  margined  posteriorly.  Beneath  with  a  few 
obsolete  punctures  anteriorly  on  the  presternum;  posterior  margin  of  the  meta- 
pleuron  strongly,  sinuate  in  the  middle.  Venter  entirely  black,  with  short  pile. 
Length,  3%  mm. 

Described  from  a  single  male  from  Mona  Island,  II  1914. 

This  is  one  of  the  smallest  members  of  the  genus,  even  smaller 
than  dallasii,  which  I  place  in  the  subgenus  Melanocoryphus  because  of 
the  lack  of  a  red  or  pale  spot  on  the  vertex*  of  the  head.  I  cannot  find 
that  it  is  related  to  any  other  described  member  of  the  genus. 

Lygaeus  (?Melanostethus)  coccineus,  new  species 

Black,  very  sparsely  grayish  tomentose;  middle  area  of  corium,  abdomen  above 
and  below  except  posteriorly,  coccineous;  membrane  dilute  lacteus  with  a  fuscous 
spot  on  the  basal  middle;  head  with  a  red  spot  on  the  vertex;  anterior  lateral  angles 
of  the  second  to  fifth  and  the  sixth  segment  above  and  below  black. 

Head  impunctate,  about  as  long  as  wide,  apex  reaching  to  the  middle  of  basal 
segment  of  the  antenna';  antenniferous  tubercles  visible  from  above;  lateral  margins 
of  the  head  not  sinuate  before  the  position  of  the  antenniferous  tubercles;  vertex  of 
the  head  with  a  dark  red  spot;  antennae  black,  second  segment  about  four  times  as 
long  as  first,  third  segment  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  second,  fourth  segment  about  as 
long  as  the  second;  bucculae  short  very  little  elevated,  reaching  to  the  middle  line 
of  the  eyes.  Rostrum  black,  apex  reaching  to  posterior  margin  of  second  abdominal 
segment,  second  and  third  segments  subequal.  Pronotum  black,  obsoletely  punctate, 
behind  the  middle  with  a  transverse,  obtuse  ridge  which  does  not  reach  the  lateral 
margins  on  each  side;  running  anteriorly  forward  from  this  is  a  short  obscure,  obtuse, 
median  ridge  which  does  not  reach  the  anterior  margin,  surface  shallowly  depressed 
either  side  of  this  and  more  deeply  depressed  behind  the  transverse  ridge;  lateral 
margin  of  the  pronotum  almost  straight;  cicatrices  narrow,  oblique,  separated  at 
their  inner  extremities  by  the  short  longitudinal  ridge.  Scutellum  black,  with  the 
usual  transverse  subbasal  ridge  and  apical  carina.  Clavus  black,  this  gradually 
widening  posteriorly,  finely  wrinkled.  Central  disk  of  the  corium  coccineous  or 
dark  carmine  red,  inner  claval  margin  narrowly  and  broad  lateral  margin  expanded 
posteriorly,  black,  narrow  apical  margin  also  red;  whole  surface  finely  wrinkled; 
the  two  longitudinal  veins  strongly  elevated;  costal  region  distinctly  rounded  beyond 
the  middle,  apex  reaching  to  posterior  margin  of  the  fourth  abdominal  segment. 
Membrane  dilute  lacteous,  veins  concolorous,  with  a  fuscous  spot  on  the  basal 
middle;  not  reaching  apex  of  the  abdomen.  Abdomen  coccineous,  narrow  edge  of 
connexivum  and  sixth  segment,  black.     Head,  ste  mum  and  legs  black.     Venter 


4  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  75 

coccineous  with  anterior  lateral  margins  of  segments  two  to  five,  disk  posteriorly  and 
all  of  sixth  segment,  black.    Length,  6/£-8  mm. 

Described  from  two  males  and  three  females  from  San  Juan,  II  1914. 

This  does  not  fall  into  any  of  the  recognized  subgenera  occurring  in 
the  Western  Hemisphere  but  apparently  should  be  placed  in  Melanoste- 
thus  erected  by  Stal  to  include  L.  marginatus  Thunberg  from  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope.  In  fact,  this  species  answers  very  well  to  Stal's  short 
characterization  of  Thunberg's  species,  but  it  seems  to  me  unlikely 
that  the  species  could  have  been  introduced  into  the  West  Indies. 

Pachygrontha  parvula,  new  species 

Head  longer  than  wide  with  an  obscure  pale  streak  in  the  middle  towards  base 
and  a  small  pale  spot  without  each  ocellus;  rather  closely  and  coarsely  punctate;  tylus 
projecting  well  beyond  jugse;  antenniferous  tubercles  outwardly  acute.  Antennae 
with  the  first  three  segments  pale,  fourth  segment  missing;  basal  segment  rather 
strongly  clavate  towards  apex  only,  a  little  shorter  than  second  and  third  taken 
together,  second  segment  one-third  longer  than  third;  ventral  surface  broadly  ferru- 
gineous.  Pronotum  only  a  little  longer  than  wide,  much  less  than  half  the  length 
of  the  corium,  evenly  and  coarsely  punctate  with  ferrugineous  with  a  conspicuous  cal- 
loused median  longitudinal  line  continuous  throughout;  a  smooth  ferrugineous  area 
either  side  of  this  on  the  central  disk;  just  within  the  humeral  angles  provided  with  a 
smooth  ferrugineous  knob-like  elevation;  the  lateral  margins  not  straight  but  strongly 
concavely  arcuate  behind  the  middle,  the  edge  pale,  rather  sharply  carinate  and  nar- 
rowly subreflexed.  Scutellum  with  a  conspicuous  median  elevated  ridge,  continuous 
with  central  carina  of  the  pronotum;  elsewhere  ferrugineous,  coarsely  punctate. 
Clavus  with  two  distinct  rows  and  apically  with  an  incomplete  row  of  close-set  strong 
punctures.  Corium  pale  stramineous,  sparingly  punctate  with  ferrugineous  in  three 
series  between  the  veins;  middle  of  apical  margin  and  apex  of  the  corium  with  a  dark 
castaneous  spot,  the  latter  less  conspicuous.  Membrane  with  an  obscure  infuscated 
median  streak.  Beneath,  pale  ferrugineous,  tomentose,  propleuron  and  edge  of  the 
venter  somewhat  paler.  Legs  pale  sordid  yellow,  speckled  with  ferrugineous,  the 
incrassate  fore  femora  ferrugineous  beneath,  armed  with  four  stout  black-tipped  teeth 
between  each  of  which  is  a  shorter  tooth.    Length,  4%  mm. 

Described  from  a  single  male  from  Mona  Island,  II  1914. 

Somewhat  related  to  P.  bimaculata  Distant  but,  besides  being 
smaller  with  different  markings,  the  antennal  segments  differ  in  relative 
length,  etc.  ' 

Ortheea  ferruginosa,  new  species 

I  MIUgilMOO;  head,  interior  Idbfl  o(  pronotum  md  scutellum  dark  castaneous; 
posterior  lobe  of  pronoturn  nixl  hemielvlr.-i  pale  oehr.-ieeous,  punctate  and  maculate, 
wiih  d graftal  ous;  :uitcim:i\  lep  .m<l  roslrum  stramineous,  banded  with  ferrugineous 
or  fuwous  as  btntifc  r  doHcril>ed;   lx>nmth  castaneoUfc 

<i  :i  infi<-  longer  end  eoereely  narrower  than  the  .-interior  lobe  of  the  pronotum, 
dark  castaneous,  ap«-\  ol  I  j  tin.  reddish;  ooatod  irhh  fins  golden  hairs;  abruptly  con- 


1923]      HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA  OF  PORTO  RICO  5 

tracted  just  behind  eyes;  apex  extending  to  just  beyond  the  middle  of  the  basal 
segment  of  the  antennae;  ocelli  red.  Antennae  stramineous,  apex  of  1st,  2nd,  3rd,  and  all 
of  4th  fusco-ferrugineous;  2nd  segment  one-third  longer  than  basal,  3rd  segment  about 
one-third  shorter  than  2nd,  4th  a  little  shorter  than  2nd.  Head  beneath  castaneous, 
finely  punctate.  Rostrum  stramineous,  basal  segment  about  one-third  longer  than 
basal  segment  of  antenna;  apex  extending  to  end  of  intermediate  coxae.  Pronotum 
strongly  constricted  behind  the  middle,  anterior  lobe  castaneous,  considerably  nar- 
rower than  and  not  quite  twice  as  long  as  the  posterior  lobe,  finely  and  sparssly  punc- 
tate and  provided  with  a  few  long  pale  hairs;  posterior  lobe  ferrugineous,  more  closely 
punctate,  with  a  smooth  ochraceous  spot  either  side  of  the  middle  and  another  more 
narrow,  elongate  one  on  the  humeral  tubercles.  Scutellum  uniformly  castaneous, 
rather  coarsely  punctate  along  the  sides,  with  an  abbreviated  premedian  transverse, 
smooth  ridge  followed  by  a  median  longitudinal,  smooth  carina  which  reaches  the 
concolorous  apex.  Hemielytra  ochraceous,  sparingly  punctate  with  ferrugineous  and 
marked  with  three  rather  obscure  fascia  as  follows:  a  small  round  subbasal  spot,  a 
broad  post-median  costal  fascia  fading  out  inwardly  and  a  triangular  apical  fascia; 
with  an  irregular  smooth  pale  area  close  to  and  opposite  to  the  apex  of  commissure; 
another  small  pale  area  on  the  costal  margin  just  before  the  apical  fascia;  costal 
margins  lightly  convexly  arcuate  before  the  middle.  Membrane  fuscous,  irrorate, 
with  sordid  ochraceous,  veins  for  the  most  part  and  a  small  triangular  spot  at  apex 
pale.  Sternum  and  venter  castaneous,  the  posterior  margin  of  the  metapleuron  paler 
ferrugineous.  Venter  finely  pilose.  Legs  stramineous  with  basal  half  of  incrassate 
fore  femur  pale  castaneous;  second  and  third  femora  with  a  narrow  preapical  ring 
and  apices  of  all  tibiae  and  tarsi  narrowly,  fuscous.  Incrassate  fore  femur  armed  along 
the  outer  two-thirds  with  several  strong  teeth  interspersed  with  a  few  smaller  ones. 
Anterior  tibia  slightly  curved.    Length,  4)j  mm. 

Type. — Male;  Mayaguez,  VII  1914.  Paratypes:  two  females,  Maricao,  VII 
1914;  one  female,  Adjuntas,  VI 1915;  and  two  females,  San  Lorenzo,  Santo  Domingo, 
VI  1915. 

Very  closely  related  to  servillei  Guerin  but,  besides  being  smaller, 
the  legs  are  differently  colored  and  marked  and  the  terminal  segment  of 
the  antenna  is  entirely  fuscous. 

Euryophthalmus  obovatus,  new  species 

Narrowly  obovate,  widest  across  apex  of  commissure.  Finely  pilose.  Color 
piceous-black,  extreme  base  of  antenna-,  bucculae,  narrow  anterior  margin  and  poste- 
rior third  of  pronotum,  clavus  in  part,  corium  except  inner  apical  part,  connexivum, 
lateral  margins  of  the  venter,  trochanters,  femora  and  extreme  base  of  tibia,  bright 
red.     Membrane  pale,  black  at  base. 

Head  subshining  black,  with  very  sparse  covering  of  golden-yellow  hairs  and  fine 
black  pile;  impunctate,  finely  transversely  rugulose;  eyes  strongly  projecting;  be- 
neath except  for  bucculae  shining  black,  with  fine  sparsely  scattered  silvery  hairs. 
Rostrum  black  with  the  hist  three  segments  almost  equal,  the  fourth  about  two-thirds 
as  long  as  the  third.  Antennae  black  with  extreme  apex  of  antenniferous  tubercles  and 
base  of  first  segment  reddish;  terminal  segment  subequal  in  length  to  the  basal  one. 
Pronotum  shining  black,  a  little  wider  than  long,  provided  with  fine  black  hairs; 


6  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOV  IT  ATE  S  [No.  75 

anterior  margin  very  narrowly  red  followed  by  a  coarsely  punctate  sunken  area; 
transverse  anterior  lobe  smooth,  shining  with  a  transverse  sunken  pit-like  depression 
placed  nearer  to  the  lateral  than  the  median  line;  posterior  lobe  lightly  depressed 
anteriorly,  a  little  longer  than  the  anterior  one,  set  off  anteriorly  by  a  series  of  rather 
close-set  coarse  punctures  followed  by  scattered  coarse  punctures,  which  are  black 
anteriorly  on  the  smooth,  broad,  red  fascia  which  occupies  more  than  half  of  the 
posterior  lobe  and  extending  between  the  two  humeral  margins;  lateral  margins  very 
slightly  arcuated  near  the  middle.  Scutellum  black,  sparsely  but  distinctly  punctate, 
without  fine  coating  of  decumbent  hairs;  plainly  wider  than  long.  Hemielytra  red 
with  clavus  coarsely  and  closely  punctate  and  smudged  with  black  inwardly.  Corium 
red,  sparsely  punctate  with  black  between  the  median  vein  and  claval  suture;  with  a 
single  row  of  regular  punctures  along  the  claval  suture;  inner  area  posterior  to  middle 
smudged  with  black;  costal  margins  strongly  rounded,  widest  across  apex  of  the  com- 
missure, from  whence  more  strongly  converging.  Membrane  sordid  lactose,  broadly 
1  (lack  at  base,  apex  not  reaching  end  of  the  abdomen,  extending  a  trifle  upon  the  base 
of  the  sixth  segment.  Tergum  black;  entire  connexivum  above  and  below  to  just 
beyond  the  line  of  the  spiracles,  red.  Below  with  the  sternum  and  venter  shining 
black  with  sparse  and  scattered  coating  of  fine  silvery-white  hairs  and  fine  black  pile. 
Propleura  posteriorly  coarsely  punctate.  Trochanters,  femora  and  extreme  base  of 
the  tibia  red,  remainder  black;  anterior  femora  only,  armed  with  two  or  three  small 
spines.    Length,  11-12  mm.    Width  across  corium,  5  mm. 

Type. — Male;  San  Lorenzo,  Santo  Domingo.  Paratypes:  female,  Udnato, 
Porto  Rico;  three  males  and  six  females,  San  Lorenzo,  Santo  Domingo. 

Atheas  pallidus,  new  species 

Whitish;  head  pale  ferrugineous,  pronotum  anteriorly  on  either  side  of  median 
carina  and  the  disk  exclusive  of  triangular  posterior  part,  sternum  and  venter 
pale  ferrugineouB;  discoida]  area  of  hemielytra  apically  and  post -median  spot  of  the 
membrane  obscurely  embrowned;  legs  stramineous. 

Bead  without  evident  projecting  spines;  antenniferous  tubercles  blunl  not  at  all 
prominent,  the  lateral  spines  depressed,  reduced  to  a  pale  ruga  running  a lon»'  the  inner 
in.irjrin  of  the  eyes;  space  between  these  smooth,  pale  ferrugineous.    Antenna'  long 

ami  slender,  lightly  euiKrow  ned.  apical  segment  fuscous  except  at  extreme  kase, 
apical  part  of  third  paler;  slightly  incrassate,  cylindrical  basal  segment  twice  as  long 
as  the  second  which  is  constricted  at  hase  and  twice  as  long  as  wide;    third    segment 

very  Long,  not  Lncrassate  at  base  or  apex,  over  three  times  as  long  as  firsl  and  second 

taken  together;    apical  Segment  finely  hairy  almost  as  long  as  first  and  second  taken 

tber,  slender  al  ban  gradually  widening  to  one-fourth  way  from  apex  thence 
more  abruptly  tapering.  Ant'  riot-  margin  of  pronotum  twice  sinuate,  in  the  middle 
forming  a  very  obtuse  angle]  paranota  pale  hyaline  rather  widely  reflexed  and 
furnished  with  a  single  ron  of  lOto  H  areolss,  the  outer  margin  straight  between  the 
anterior  and  posterior  abruptly  rounded  terminations;  anterior  part  of  pronotum 

ewhsi  elevated,  pale  hyaline,  distinctly  areolate,  more  strongly  elevated  ami 
compn  ci i  :,i  i he  .-inferior  i ermi nation  of  the  median  carina,  posteriorly  to  this  on 
either  side  of  median  carina  with  i  transverse,  smooth,  pale  ferrugineoui  depression; 
pale  latei  lender  but  distinct,  running  baok  from  the  center  of  this  depree- 

dei  km  \'i\  distinctly  elevated,  continuous  from  base  to 


1923]      HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA  OF  PORTO  RICO  7 

apex;  rounded  disk  between  these  carina  smooth  pale  ferrugineous  and  pruinose; 
the  triangular  prolongation  rather  acute,  distinctly  areolate.  Hemielytra  narrow 
elongate,  semicircularly  rounded  behind,  the  outer  margins  almost  parallel,  very 
gently  rounded,  lightly  contracted  opposite  the  middle  of  the  membrane;  costal 
margin  with  two  distinct  regular  rows  of  subquadrate  areoles  to  just  beyond  the 
middle  of  membrane,  thence  furnished  with  a  single  row  posteriorly;  subcostal  area 
with  a  single  row  of  areolae  on  the  basal  half,  apically  with  two  rows;  discoidal  area 
extending  to  just  beyond  the  middle  of  hemielytra,  about  four  times  as  long  as  wide, 
the  areoles  very  evident,  about  the  size  and  character  of  those  of  the  posterior  prolon- 
gation of  the  pronotum,  posteriorly  embrowned.  Membrane  reaching  far  beyond  the 
apex  of  the  abdomen,  provided  with  numerous  distinct  areoles,  these  gradually  en- 
larging in  size  towards  apex,  a  little  behind  middle  with  an  obscure  embrowned  area. 
Beneath,  sternum  and  venter  pale  ferrugineous,  pruinose;  sternal  laminae  of  the 
rostral  groove  white,  contiguous  on  the  mesosternum.  Coxae  and  remainder  of  the 
legs  stramineous,  extreme  apices  of  the  tibiae  and  tarsi  infuscated.  Wings  fuliginous, 
apices  visible  below,  reaching  past  middle  point  of  exposed  part  of  membrane. 
Length,  3  mm;  width,  %  mm. 

Described  from  several  examples  from  Areceibo,  VII  1914. 

This  is  not  related  to  any  other  described  species  of  Atheas.  The 
pallid  aspect,  absence  of  spines  of  head,  long  antennae  with  contiguous 
basal  segments,  contiguous  mesosternal  rostral  laminae  are  some  of  its 
most  evident  characters. 

Ploiariodes  barberi,  new  species 
\\ .  L.  McAtee  and  J.  R.  Malloch1 

Male. — Head  with  white  pruinosity  in  front  of  eyes  and  a  white  line  from  base  of 
each  antenna,  which  connects  with  another  that  runs  diagonally  from  lower  hind 
margin  of  eye  to  upper  occiput;  faint  lines  of  pruinosity  on  lower  sides  of  pronotum 
in  front  and  on  pleura,  and  posterior  and  lateral  margins,  and  lateral  and  dorsal 
carina?  of  pronotum  white.  Abdominal  spiracles  white;  venter  mottled,  each  sternite 
with  a  large  round  bare  spot  on  each  side  on  hind  margin.  Antennae  and  legs  with 
narrow  annulations,  a  subapical  one  on  each  femur  and  on  first  segment  of  antenna 
broader.  Dark  areas  on  fore  wings  profusely  areolate  with  minute  pale  dots;  apices 
of  hind  wings  fuscous  with  white  reticulations. 

Pronotum  without  median  tubercle  on  hind  margin;  submedian  dorsal  carinae 
as  sharp  as  the  lateral  ones,  but  little  curved;  mesonotal  and  metanotal  thorns  absent 
in  type,  the  one  at  base  of  abdomen  distinct.  Apical  abdominal  sternite  not  deeply 
excavated  at  tip.  Fore  femur  with  very  weak  ventral  spinules.  Stigma  normal, 
cross-vein  closing  apex  of  discal  cell  on  its  anterior  half  straight,  the  other  one 
curved.    Length  (without  wings),  3  mm. 

Holotype.— Tallaboa,  near  Ponce,  Porto  Rico,  July  23,  1914,  H.  G.  Barber. 

Named  in  honor  of  the  collector.  This  is  one  of  the  most  distinct 
species  known  to  us.    The  submedian  dorsal  pronotal  carinae  are  not 

'This  description  was  kindly  drawn  up  by  Messrs.  McAtee  and  Malloch;  the  species  should  be 
credited  to  them. 


8  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  75 

sharp  in  any  other  species,  and  the  only  other  which  has  the  dark  areas  of 
the  fore  wings  with  minute  hyaline  dots  is  P.  parshleyi  Bergroth.1 

Gorpis  Stal 

This  genus,  established  in  1859  by  Stal  for  cribralicollis  from  Ceylon, 
has  a  rather  wide  distribution  through  the  Ethiopian,  Oriental  and 
Australian  faunal  realms  but  has  not  hitherto  been  reported  from  either 
the  Neotropical  or  Nearctic  realms.  Reuter  in  the  Annales  Soc. 
Entomol.  de  Belgique,  LIII,  1909,  pp.  423-430,  gives  an  extended  char- 
acterization of  the  genus  Gorpis  and  treats  of  the  seven  known  species. 

Gorpis  neotropicalis,  new  species 

Sordid  yellow- white;  antennae,  dorsum  of  head  in  part,  scutellum  posteriorly, 
streak  on  clavus  posteriorly  and  also  along  inner  and  apical  margin  of  corium,  ros- 
trum, apices  of  all  femora,  base  and  apex  of  all  tibiae,  dilute  red. 

1 1  smooth,  shining,  plainly  pilose  below  and  with  a  few  scattered  long  hairs 
above;  space  between  the  eyes  subequal  to  that  of  diameter  of  eye  itself;  ocelli  not 
discernible,  sides  of  tylus  longitudinal  streak  on  the  vertex  and  a  V-shaped  fascia  run- 
ning back  from  the  center  of  the  eyes  to  base,  dilute  red.  Antennae  finely  pilose, 
irrorate  with  red  on  the  two  basal  segments,  basal  segment  about  as  long  as  head  and 
the  anterior  lobe  of  the  pronotum  taken  together,  apex  slightly  incrassate,  two-thirds 
as  long  as  second;  third  segment  one-third  shorter  than  first;  fourth  segment  over 
one-half,  nearly  two-thirds  as  long  as  third  segment.  Rostrum  finely  pilose,  with  short, 
thick  basal  segment,  second  segment  one-third  longer  than  third,  fourth  less  than 
one-half  the  length  of  third.  Pronotum  dull,  non-pilose,  obtusely  constricted  behind 
middle,  with  the  anterior  lobe  exclusive  of  collar  a  trifle  longer  than  posterior  lobe; 
disk  of  both  lobes  impunctate,  with  a  few  coarse  punctures  along  the  sides  posterior 
to  tin-  transverse  strict  urej  anterior  lobe  with  a  faint  median  sulcus;  humeral  angles 
unarmed,  provided  with  an  elongated  rounded  prominence;  posterior  margin  evenly 
arcuated,  not  straight  before  the  base  of  scutellum.  Scutellum  impunctate,  slender, 
transversely  depressed  before  the  middle;  disk  behind  this  somewhat  swollen,  dilute 
nil;  apes  depraved,  very  acute.  Hemielvtra  dull,  obsoletely  wrinkled;  clavus  pos- 
teriorly dilute  reddish;  oorium  with  costal  margin  from  close  to  base  narrowly  ex- 
panded; inwardly  streaked  with  dilute  red  close  to  and  along  apical  hall'  of  clavus 
extending  to  1  memhrane,  another  similar  streak  along  the  inner  margin 

of  corium  next  to  tin-  membrane  which  docs  not  quite  reach  the  apex  of  corium;  apex 

Often  reaching  back  as  far  as  apex  <>f  the  abdomen.    Membrane  pale,  reaching 

well  beyond  apes  of  abdomen*    Wings  manning  apes  of  abdomen.    Legs  long  and 

Slender  with   long   pile;     lore   femora  slightly    incrassate,   almost    Straight,    provided 

above  with  a  ''red  long  hairs  and  baton  densely  clothed  with  numerous 

pared  irith  slender  bristles  and  hairs;  fore  Ubiss  curved  at  base,  gently 

Bd  api.alh  from  middle,  inwardU  serrate,  sen « I  n  ms  tipped  with  downwardly 
curved  nets?;    toward-,  a]  BJ    abrupti]    expanded  and  armed  inwardly  with  a 

•1023,  Notula  Katomolosfcfl 


1923]      HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA  OF  PORTO  RICO  9 

stout,  curved  spine  or  process  extending  beyond  apex  of  tibia.  Propleuron  coarsely 
punctate;  mesopleuron  smooth,  broadly  whitish  pruinose  except  along  outer  margin. 
Venter  smooth,  shining;  genital  segment  of  male  finely  pilose,  provided  on  either  side 
with  an  upwardly  directed,  curved  and  somewhat  twisted  acute  genital  hook,  curving 
toward  median  line.    Length,  12  mm. 

Type. — Male;  Aibonito,  VII  1914.  Paratypes:  three  males  and  three  females, 
Aibonito,  VII  1914  and  one  female,  Adjuntas,  VI  1915. 

This  species  seems  to  be  somewhat  closely  related  to  cribraticollis 
Stal,  described  from  Ceylon.  The  disk  of  the  pronotum  is  not  closely 
punctate;  the  ocelli  are  not  discernible;  the  anterior  femora  are  scarcely 
curved  and  the  posterior  margin  of  the  pronotum  is  evenly  arcuate. 
In  fact,  some  of  the  characters  would  seem  to  throw  this  out  of  the  genus 
Gorpis  as  characterized  by  Stal  and  Reuter  and  yet,  as  most  of  the 
characters  agree,  I  hesitate  to  establish  a  new  genus  for  it.  The  reddish 
maculations  are  subject  to  considerable  variation  and  some  specimens 
are  almost  entirely  devoid  of  red. 

Hydrometra  consimilis,  new  species 

Color,  similar  to  H.  martini,  brownish-fuscous  with  a  pale  median  line  on  the 
pronotum;  two  basal  segments  of  the  antennae,  rostrum,  and  legs,  brown.  Head, 
with  anteocular  part  twice  as  long  as  the  postocular,  from  a  little  before  middle 
gradually  widened  to  the  base  of  the  antenniferous  tubercles;  strongly  impressed  or 
sulcate  between  the  eyes;  postoculrr  part  gradually  widening  posteriorly,  widest 
just  before  the  pronotum,  furnished  with  a  seta  on  either  side  before  a  basal  transverse 
pale  fascia  and  with  four  setae  anteriorly  on  the  anteocular  expanded  part.  Antenna 
with  incrassate  basal  segment  extending  about  one-fourth  its  length  beyond  apex  of 
the  head,  second  segment  lightly  incrassate  at  apex  almost  twice  as  long  as  basal, 
third  segment  long,  over  three  times  as  long  as  second,  fourth  a  little  over  twice  as 
long  as  second,  about  one-third  shorter  than  third;  third  and  fourth  segments  fuscous. 
Rostrum  brown  reaching  well  beyond  middle  point  of  postocular  part  of  head; 
middle  region  of  head  below  pale  brown.  Pronotum  dark  brown  more  or  less  in- 
fuscated  with  a  median  longitudinal  pale  line,  also  bordered  with  a  pale  line  along  the 
lateral  edge;  posteriorly  on  either  side  with  a  somewhat  elongate  subtubercular 
prominence  placed  on  a  line  above  the  posterior  coxae.  Hemielytra  dull  lactose 
with  fuscous  nervures  and  with  a  brown  streak  running  through  almost  the  entire 
length  of  the  corium;  apex  of  membrane  reaching  the  middle  of  fifth  abdominal 
segment.  Genital  segment  much  as  in  martini,  furnished  dorsally  with  a  prominent 
terminal  spine  which  is  not  porrect  but  slightly  inclined  upwards.  Beneath  with 
sternum  and  venter  in  the  central  longitudinal  region,  pale  brown;  venter  laterally 
fuscous,  somewhat  pruinose;  close  to  base  of  sixth  segment  furnished  on  either  side 
with  a  deflexed,  short,  broad  flattened  process,  these  set  rather  close  together,  and 
concave  along  their  free  edges.  Legs  deep  brown,  apex  of  hind  femora  about  reaching 
end  of  the  abdomen.    Length,  9%  mm. 

Type. — Macropterous  male,  Coama  Springs,  VII  1914. 


10  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  NOVITATES  [No.  75 

Closely  related  to  H .  martini  Say  but  the  anteocular  part  of  the 
head  is  relatively  longer  and  strongly  impressed  between  the  eyes;  the 
relative  lengths  of  the  antennal  segments  is  different,  the  spine  of  the 
genital  segment  is  upwardly  inclined  and  the  flattened  basal  processes  of 
the  sixth  abdominal  are  more  evident,  but  perhaps  retractile.  Both 
anstralis  Say  and  naiades  Kirkaldy  are  closely  allied  species,  but  neither 
is  the  head  nor  the  second  segment  of  the  antenna  more  dilated  apically 
than  in  martini.  The  relative  lengths  of  the  antennal  segments  as  well 
as  the  size  precludes  the  possibility  of  this  being  Kirkaldy's  species. 
H .  caraiba  Guerin  is  a  much  larger  species  with  rostrum  not  extending 
beyond  the  eyes. 

Plea  punctifer,  new  species 

Pale  yellowish-gray;  closely  and  rather  coarsely  punctate,  the  punctures  on  the 
posterior  part  of  the  corium  brown;  apex  of  the  head  and  rostrum  fuscous;  middle 
stripe  on  the  vertex  in  front  and  the  scutellum  more  pale  testaceous  yellow;  inner  line 
of  clavus  next  to  scutellum  and  claval  suture  narrowly  but  lightly  infuscated.  Claval 
suture  distinct. 

II  i«l  with  closely  and  evenly  set  clean-cut  punctures  except  on  the  median 
testaceous  stripe,  when  they  are  more  sparse;  no  indication  of  a  median  line  or  carina; 
width  between  the  eyes  about  two  and  one-half  times  as  great  as  its  length,  inner 
orbits  of  the  eyes  parallel  from  close  to  base.  Pronotum  somewhat  shining,  unicolor- 
ous,  closely  punctate,  more  coarsely  soon  the  anterior  half,  posteriorly  with  punctures 
more  shallow  and  larger,  appearing  rimmed  but  not  reticulate,  set  with  fine  decum- 
bent hints  the  lateral  margins  not  at  all  parallel,  very  lightly  concave  before  the 
somewhat  more  prominent  humeral  angles  which  protrude  well  beyond  the  line  of 
eyes;  potteries  margin  before  l>:ise  of  scutellum  straight.  Scutellum  a  trifle  wider 
than  long,  shining  testaceous-yellow,  coarsely  punctate  along  the  sides,  more  sparsely 
Won  the  disk;  acuminate  at  apex  and  there  finely,  transversely  rugulose.  Hetni- 
elytra  siibshining  with  the  claval  suture  very  distinct ;  closely  and  coarsely  punctate, 
the  puncture-,  posteriorly  on  the  corium  faintly  Uownish.     Seen  from  the  side,  the 

donal  outline  hi  gently  rounded  from  the  posterior  third  of  pronotum  to  a  little  beyond 

of  MimiiiisaiiHi.  whence  it  is  abruptly  declivous;  posteriorly  its  plane  is  almost 

perpendicular;  the  greatest  dorso-ventral  diameter  being  aboul  the  middle  point  of 

the  coin  ii  ii~  -ure.   Sternum  and  renter  fuscous.    Lags  pale  testaceous-yellow,  with  the 

coxa     l  roeh.-i  titers  and  base  of  the  femOTS  fuscous;    anterior  tarsus  alioiil  one-half  the 

length  of  the  fore  iiIum,  tin-  t  v  i  segments  subequal;  tarsal  claws  more  than  one-half 

the  lengtfl  of  a  tarsal  segment ;   middle  femur  provided  \\  it  h  close-set  slender  spines  or 

e;  apt  r  of  middle  trochanter  armed  with  two  short  spines;  hind 

eluding  clan     three  fourths  ns  long  as  hind  liln.i.     I  .cn^l  h, 'J1.,  mm.     Width, 
I  mm 

!  I  II  \fe.  ll.o.   \  1 1    191  1. 

'I  bin  m  comideraMy  larger  an. I  relatively  broader  than  /'.  striola, 
differently  punctured,  frith  the  arch  of  tin-  back  less  rounded  ami  mote 


1923]      HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA  OF  PORTO  RICO  11 

abruptly  declivous  behind.  Unlike  all  specimens  of  striola  which  I  have 
seen,  the  claval  suture  is  very  distinct.  Mr.  Roland  F.  Hussey  has  sug- 
gested to  me  that  possibly  this  may  be  present  in  full-winged  forms  only. 
Professor  Drake  has  kindly  allowed  me  to  examine  a  paratype  of  his 
harnedi  from  Mississippi,  which  is  much  more  shining  and  strongly 
marked  with  fuscous  with  the  punctures  not  so  closely  set  especially  on 
the  corium,  besides  being  relatively  narrower.  I  have  not  been  able  to 
differentiate  the  sexes. 

Plea  puella,  new  species 

Smaller  than  P.  striola,  somewhat  shining.  Color  pale  cinereous,  on  the  corium 
rather  closely  punctate  with  fuscous,  clouded  with  brown  at  apex  of  clavus  and 
corium;  pronotum  posteriorly  reticulate;  head  pale  yellow-gray  with  a  brown  streak 
in  the  middle. 

Head  shining,  finely  and  sparsely  punctate  along  the  sides,  impunctate  in  the 
center  of  the  disk;  not  quite  twice  as  wide  between  the  eyes  as  long;  across  the  eyes 
plainly  narrower  than  diameter  of  pronotum  posteriorly.  Pronotum  with  the  anterior 
fifth  smooth  with  a  row  of  punctures  along  the  anterior  margin;  this  smooth  area 
followed  by  a  series  of  coarse  punctures,  posterior  two-thirds  reticulate;  humeral 
margin  projecting  beyond  line  of  eyes  and  somewhat  elevated  within.  Scutellum 
shining  testaceous-yellow,  a  little  longer  than  wide,  with  scattered  brown  punctures. 
Clavus  and  corium  furnished  with  rather  close-set  brown  punctures,  on  the  latter 
more  closely  set  and  shallower  posteriorly,  with  a  single  row  of  coarse  punctures 
along  the  costal  edge;  clouded  with  fuscous  posteriorly  on  the  clavus  and  corium. 
Viewed  from  the  side  with  the  dorsal  outline  from  base  of  scutellum  greatly  flat- 
tened, very  lightly  arcuated  and  subparallel  to  costal  margin,  abruptly  declivous 
from  a  little  behind  apex  of  commissure.  Sternum  and  venter  fuscous.  Legs  tes- 
taceous-yellow; coxa?  fuscous.    Length,  1%  mm.    Width,  %  mm. 

Type  and  Twenty-nine  Paratypes. — Arecibo,  VII  1914.  One  paratype: 
Guadeloupe. 

This  species  is  considerably  smaller  than  the  preceding  and  about 
three-fourths  the  size  of  striola.  From  the  latter  it  may  be  distinguished 
by  differences  in  coloration  and  punctuation  with  relatively  longer 
scutellum  and  less  rounded  dorsally.  As  suggested  by  Kirkaldy  in  1904, 
Champion's  striola  is  very  probably  distinct  from  that  species. 

General  List 

In  addition  to  the  above,  the  following  species  were  found  in  Porto 
Rico.  The  detailed  distribution  of  these  species,  together  with  notes 
concerning  them,  will  be  given  in  the  full  report. 


12 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  N0V1TATES 


[No.  75 


SCUTELLERID.E 

Pachycorisfabricii  Linnaeus 
Diolcus  boscii  Fabricius 
Augocoris  sexpunctatus  Fabricius 

Ctdnid.e 
Corimdsena  (Eucoria)  minuta  Uhler 
JZthus  indentatus  Uhler 
Amnestus  subferrugineus  West  wood 
Amnestus  pusio  Stal 

Pe\tatomid,e 
Mormidea  angustata  Stal 
Mormidea  sordidula  Stal 
Solubea  jrugnax  Fabricius 
Euschistus  crenator  Fabricius 
Proxys  victor  Fabricius 
Thyanla  perditor  Fabricius 
Thyanla  casta  Stal 
Thyanta  antiguensis  Westwood 
Loxa  flavicoUis  Drury 
Fecelia  minor  Vollenhoven 
Nezara  viridula  Linnseus 
Acrosternum  marginatum  Palisot  de 

Beauvois 
Piezodorus  guildingi  Westwood 
Piezodorus  tinctiis  Distant 
Arvelius  albopunctatus  DeGeer 
Edessa  sp« 
Edessa  bifida  Say 
Alaeorrhynchus  phymatophora  Palisot 

de  Beauvois 
Podisus  sagitln  Fabricius 
Piezosternum  eubulatum  Thunberg 

COREIDJC 

LeptogloMtu  balicit'i,  J.iniucus 
Leptoglo$*iu.ttigma  Ilerbet 
Leptoqlouu*  gonagra  I- .il >rn  ins 

t  picta  Drury 

■  'tin   l-nlir-irni- 

Corecoru  fiuca  Humbert 
c.Tian*  batatat  Vtbtiam 
CharisaUnu  gneQkontU 

MarguM  of»>  nmtnr  I 
Catorhiniha  gultul-i  I 

.tri/M<i  *r,n)n,ti<,i  I'nl.rirniM 

fioM  tmdcla  DftUai 

Sphirtyrtu*  whUH  CJim -mi 


Leptocoris  filiformis  Fabricius 
Hyalmenus  longispinus  Stal 
Megalotomus  rufipes  Westwood 
Harmostcs  serratus  Fabricius 
Exogenus  extensus  Distant 
Corizus  hyalinus  Fabricius 
Corizus  sidx  Fabricius 
Jadera  sanguinolenta  Fabricius 

NEIDIDvE 

Jalysus  spinosus  Say  ■ 

LyGjEID^E 

Oncopeltus  fasciatus  Dallas 
Oncopeltus  aulicus  Fabricius 
Lygxus  (Melanocoryphus)  collaris 

Fabricius 
Lygxus  (Ochrostomus)  pulchellus 

Fabricius 
Ortholomus  jamaicensis  Dallas 

(=  Nysius  providus  Uhler,  in  part) 
Nysius  ericx  Schilling 

(?  =  Nysius  scutellatus  Dallas) 
Nysius  basalis  Dallas 

(?=  Nysius  inxqualis  Uhler) 
Cymoninus  (Ninus)  notabilis  Distant 
Ischnorhynchus  championi  Distant 
Cymus  vircscens  Fabricius 

(=Cymus  breviceps  Stal) 
Blissus  leucopterus  Say 
Geocoris  lividipennis  Stal 
Ninyas  deficiens  Lethjerry 

( =  Ninyas  strabo  Distant) 
Ligyrocoris  abdominalis  Guerin 
Paromius  Iimijitlus  Dallas 
Orthxa  bilobata  Say 
Orthxa  vincta  Say 
J'tixhiomcra  minima  Guerin 
Ozophora  burmeisteri  Guerin 
Ozophora  concava  Distant 

Pyrrhocorid/b 
1>ijs<Ii  mis  andrex  Liniwus 
Dysdercus  sanguinarius  Sl.il 
(  —  D.  jamaicensis  Walker) 

Ti.\<;ii>.N 
Corythucha   gossijpi    I':il>riciuN 
C,,i  ylluiica  moncha  Stal 


1923]      HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA  OF  PORTO  RICO 


13 


Coryihaica  carinata  Uhler 
Leptodictya  bambusae  Drake 
Teleonemia  prolixa  Stal 

PHYMATIDiE 

Phymata  marginata  Fabricius 
M acrocephalus  crassimanus  Fabricius 
Macrocephalus  leucographus  Westwood 
Macrocephalus  pulchellus  Westwood 

Reduviid^j 
Ploiariodes  rubromaculata  Blackburn 
Ploiariodes  armata  Champion 
Ploiaria  gundlachi  Dohrn 
Zelus  longipes  Linnaeus 

(?=Z.  rubidus  Lepeletier  and 
Serville) 
Zelus  subimpressus  Stal 
Heza  pulchripes  Stal 

Mesoveliid^e 
Mesovelia  mulsanti  Buch.  White 

Nabid^e 
Pagasa  fusca  Stein 
Nabis  sordidus  Reuter 
Nabis  signatus  Uhler 
Carlhasis  minor  Reuter 

(?  =  C.  rufo-notatus  Champion) 

ANTHOCORIDjE 

Piezostethus  sordidus  Reuter 


Macrotracheliella  teevis  Champion 
Triphleps  insidiosus  Say 

GERRIDiE 

Gerris  (Limnotrechus)  cariniventris 

Champion 
Tenagogonus  (Limnogonus)  guerini 

Lethierry  and  Severin 
Rheumatobates  imitator  Uhler 

Veliid^e 
Microvelia  pulchella  Westwood 
Microvelia  capitata  Guerin 
Rhagovelia  tayloriella  Kirkaldy 

SaLDIDjE 

Saldula  pallipes  Fabricius 
Micranlhia  humilis  Say 
Micranthia  species 

NOTONECTIDiE 

Notonecta  undulata  Say 
Buenoa  species 

NaUCORIDjE 

Pelocoris  femoratus  Palisot  de  Beauvois 

Nepid.*: 
Ranatra  species 

BELOSTOMATIDiB 

Lethocerus  annulipes  Herrich-Schaeffer 
Belostoma  boscii  Lepeletier  and  Serville 


INDEX 

NOVITATES  37  to  75 

The  figures  in  heavy  type  refer  to  the  Novitates  number;    the  figures  in  ordinary  type  refer  to 
the  page  cff  that  Novitates. 


Acamatus,  45,  2. 

Acanthomyrmex,  46,  3. 

Acanthopholida?,  72,  4. 

Acodon  bogotensis,  54,  7. 

Acris,  70,  4,  5. 

Acromyrmex  octospinosus,  45,  13. 

Acrosternum  marginatum,  75,  12. 

Admetella  hastigerens,  74,  3. 

Aeromyrma,  48,  1. 

iEthus  indentatus,  75,  12. 

Agapostemon  texanus,  47,  4. 

Akodon  chapmani,  54,  7. 

AlcsBorrhynchua  phymatophora,  75,  12. 

Alectis  ciliaris,  50,  3. 

Alecton  discoidalis,  60,  3. 

flavum,  60,  3. 
Alligator  mississippiensis,  73,  2,  12. 

stnenae,  73,  5,  7,  12. 

thomsoni,  73,  1-13. 
Alloperdita  novsangbjB,  66,  3. 
Atopomyrmex,  46,  3. 
Atopula,  46,  3. 
Amblyopinua  jelskyi,  68,  3. 

mniszechi,  68,  3. 
Ameiva  abbotti,  64,  1,  2. 

beatentris,  64,  2-4. 
Amnestus  pusio,  75,  12. 

subferrugineus,  75,  12. 
Amphinomida',  74,  1,  2. 
Amphitrite  robusta,  74,  10. 
Anabas  lineatus,  57,  2. 

nanus,  57,  3. 
Anasa  scorbutica,  75,  12. 
Anatomys  leander,  55,  8. 
Andrena,  40,  1. 
Aneleus,  48,  1. 
Anochetus  emarginatua,  45, 3. 

biennis,  45,  3. 

inennis  meinerti,  45,  3. 

targionii,  45,  3. 
Anolis  cy  botes,  64,  4. 

longitibialis,  64,  4. 


Anoura  geoffroyi  apolinari,  54,  8. 
Anthocopa  papaveris,  40,  6. 
AnthoeoridsB,  75, 13. 
Anthony,  H.  E.    '  Mammals  from  Mexico 
and    South    America, '    54,    1-10; 
'Preliminary    Report    on    Ecua- 
dorian  Mammals.     Xo.   3,'   55, 
1-14. 
Aot  ns  lemurinufl,  54,  9. 
Apaloderma  aequatoriale,  56,  1-3. 

minus,  56,  1,  2. 

narina,  56,  2. 

narina  a'<|uatoriah\  56,  1. 

nanna  l)iachyurum,  56,  3,  4. 

narina  const  ant  ia,  56,  3. 

narina  narina,  56,  2,  3. 

rufiventre,  56,  2. 
Aphrodita  defendons,  74,  6. 

flava,  74,  2. 
Aphroditidas  74,  1,  6. 
Apterostigma  mayri,  45, 13. 

urichi,  45,  13. 

wasmanni,  45,  13. 
Aicha'optcryx,  62,  1. 
Archaeornissiemensii,  62,  1. 
Arvelius  albopunctatus,  76,  12. 
Aspifloma  ignitum,  60,  12. 
Atheas  pallidus,  75,  6. 
Atta  cephalotes,  45,  14. 
Augocoris  sexpunctatus,  75,  12. 
Azteca  alfaroi  lucidula,  45,  14. 

barbifex,  46,  14. 

lii color  belti,  45,  14. 

chartifex,  45,  14. 

chartifex  decipiens  lanians,  46,  14. 

constructor,  45,  14. 

delpini  trinidadcnsis,  45,  14. 

foreli  ursina,  45,  15. 

jelskii,  45,  15. 

trigona  mathildse  spuria,  45, 15. 

trigona  mediops,  45,  15. 

velox,  45,  15. 


INDEX 


velox  nigrivontris,  45,  15. 
xanthochroa,  45,  15. 

Baluchitherium,  42,  4,  6. 

Barber,  H.  G.  'A  Preliminary  Report 
on  the  Hemiptera-Heteroptera  of 
Porto  Rico  Collected  by  The 
American  Museum  of  Natural 
ffiatory,'  75,  1-13. 

Barilius  engrauloides,  57,  2. 

Bassarieyon  medius,  54,  5. 

Belostoma  boscii,  75,  13. 

Belostomatidae,  75,  13. 

Helot  us  balloui,  63,  8. 
caeuinenum.  63,  7. 

Berkcv.  Charles  P.,  see  Granger,  Walter, 
also  Granger,  W.  and  Gregory, 
\Y.  K. 

Blissns  leucopterus,  75,  12. 

Brachyinynnes  heeri,  45,  i">. 
iniuutus,  45,  15. 
remon  aaamilu  oigrifrons,  67, 11. 

Bruaatricapillus  tacareuna-,  67,  11. 
fimhriatus,  67,  11. 

Buenoa,  75,  13. 

( Imoleatce  caniventer,  55,  l.  2.  7. 

fuliginosus,  55,  1,  2. 

tatei,  55,  1  :;. 
Calliopsi>  rhodophilus,  40,   I. 
( 'allnpi-ina  ailjuncta,  60,  9. 

l>elli.osa,  60,  10. 

borenoona,  60,  i>. 

fu«<  otriinma,  60,  '.».  lit 
j:mt limijH'iinis,  60,  in. 
maefttra,  60,  B 
muiiticola,  60,  8. 
poatjet,  60,  '.l. 
,-«l'iii.  60,  in 
<  'ailntiiiu-  eruaoe,  59,  i    ; 

••burin  ikimi  lu>,  59, 
fleguiu*,  69,  3. 
vafer.  69, 

46,  15. 
•grit,  46, 

If,  [fl 
Ih-,1-  ..  46.  I., 
l.i.l.  i.     46,  I*. 


brettesi,  46,  16. 
canescens,  46,  16. 

claviscapus,  45,  16. 

dorycus  carin,  69,  5. 

exeisus,  45,  16. 

femoratus,  46,  15. 

godmani  palliolatus,  46,  16. 

herculeanus      japonicus    aterrimus, 
69,  5. 

latanguluB,  45,  16. 

lindigi,  45,  16. 

nicobarensis  exiguo-guttatus,  69,  5. 

novogrenadensis,  45,  16. 

rectangularis  setipes,  45,  16. 

rufoglaucus  paria,  69,  6. 

senex,  46,  16. 

urichi,  45,  15. 

zoc,  45,  16. 
Camptopoeum  opuntiarum,  47,  4. 
Caprimulgus  longirostris,  67,  3. 
Carangoides  ferdau,  50,  2. 

gymnostethoides  evenuaiiui,  50,  3. 

jordani,  60,  1,  2. 
Carangus  allinis,  50,  1. 
Carebara  anophthalma,  48,  4. 

bicarinata,  48,  1,  2,  5. 

mayri,  48,.  5. 

Winifreds,  48,  2-5. 
Carebaivlla,  48,  1. 
Caranx  affinislundini,  50, 1, 2. 

cheilio,  60,  2. 

guara,  50,  2. 

Carthasis  minor,  76,  13. 

rufo-uotatus,  76,  13. 

Cataulacus  granulatua,  69,  \. 
( Satorhintha  borinquenais,  75,  l. 

gut  tula.  75,  12. 
Cebuafatuellua,  54,  lit. 
( !ephak>tee  at  rat  us,  46,  12. 

(  VlvolepteS.   53,    L8. 

( ieroopithecoidea,  63,  14. 

Chapin,    .lames    P,       'The    Species    and 

Geographic  Races  of  Steganura,' 

43,  1   12;   'Notes  on  Some  Birds 
of  Tropica]  Africa,  \\  ith  I  teecrip- 
tions  of  Three  Nen   I'm  ins,'  66, 
i  B, 
< ' > i . 1 1 1 1 1 1 : 1 1 ■ ,  Prank  M.    '  I  toscriptioni  <>f 


INDEX 


Proposed  New  Birds  from  Pana- 
ma,   Venezuela,    Ecuador,    Peru, 
and  Bolivia, '  67,  1-12. 
Chariesterus  gracilicornis,  75,  12. 
Cheilinus  lunifer,  65,  3. 
Chelydra  serpentina,  39,  1,  7. 
Chelynia  pavonina,  40,  7. 
Cherrie,  George  K.,  and  Reichenberger, 
E.  M.  B.     'Descriptions  of  Pro- 
posed New  Birds  from  Brazil  and 
Paraguay,'  58,  1-8. 
Chloeia  flava,  74,  2. 

Chordeiles  acutipennis  acutiprnnis,  67,  2. 
acutipennis  sequatorialis,  67,  1,  2. 
acutipennis  pruinosus,  67,  2. 
Ciccaba  albogularis  albogularis,  67,  1. 

albogularis  meridensis,  67,  1. 
Cirratulida1,  74,  1,  9. 
Oeridai,  59,  1-4. 

Cockerell,  T.  D.  A.  'Notes  on  Some 
Western  Bees,'  40,  1-7;  'Two 
New  Subgenera  of  North  Ameri- 
can Bees,'  47,  1-5;  'The  Sup- 
posed Plumage  of  the  Eocene 
Bird  Diatrytna,  62,  1-4;  'Two 
Nocturnal  Beat  and  a  Minute 
Perdita,'  66,  1-4. 
Codioniyniiex  t  haxtcri,  45,  13. 
Ccereba  oblita,  71,  7,  8. 

tricolor,  71,  7,  8. 
Colletes,  47,  4. 

nigrifrons,  40,  3. 
Corecoris  fusca,  76,  12. 

batatas,  75,  12. 
Coreidae,  75,  12. 
Corimela'iia  ininuta,  75,  12. 
Corinthiscus  axinnides,  59,  2-4. 

riveti,  59,  4. 
Corizus  hyalinus,  75,  12. 

sidae,  75,  12. 
Corythaicacarinata,  75,  13. 

moncha,  75,  12. 
Corythucha  gossypi,  75,  12. 
Ciematofaster  artifex,  69,  2. 
brasilicnsis,  45,  8. 
brevispinosa  minutior,  45,  8. 
limata,  45,  8. 
limata  parabiotica,  45,  8. 


Crocodilus,  73,  9. 
Cryptocerus  clypeatus,  46,  11. 

maculatus,  45,  11. 

maculatus  nanus,  45,  11. 

pusillus,  45,  11. 

spinosus,  45,  11. 

umbraculatus,  45,  11. 
Cydnida?,  76,  12. 
Cymoninus  notahilis,  75,  12. 
Cymus  breviceps,  75,  12. 

virescens,  75,  12. 
Cyphomyrmex  rimosus,  45,  13. 

rimosus  ininutus,  45,  13.' 
Cyrtomyrma,  69,  6. 

Dacryon,  46,  3. 
Dccaptcius  lundini,  50,  1. 

iiiacarcllus  pinnulatus,  50,  1. 

maruadsi,  50,  1. 
Decapheidole,  45,  8;  46,  3. 
Dendragapus   obscunis   fuliginosus,   71, 
1-4. 

obsrurusmunroi,  71,  1-4. 

ol)scurus  sitkensis,  71,  3,  4. 
Dendroica  auduboni,  71,  5. 

pinus  abacoensis,  71,  6. 

pinus  aclirustera,  71,  6. 

pinus  chrysoleuca,  71,  5,  6. 

pinus  pinus,  71,  6. 
Desmodus  rotundus,  64,  9. 

rufus,  54,  9. 
Diacamma  rugosum  geometricum  anceps, 

69,  1. 
Diandrena  ablegata,  40,  1,  2. 

austrocalifornica,  40,  1. 

beatula,  40,  1. 

chalyba>a,  40,  1. 

chalybioides,  40,  1. 

clariventris,  40,  1. 

cyanosoma,  40,  1. 

foxii,  40,  1. 

nothocalaidis,  40,  1,  2. 

olivacea,  40,  1. 

parachalybea,  40,  1. 

pcrchalybea,  40,  1. 

puthua,  40,  1. 

scintilla,  40,  1. 

subchalybea,  40,  1. 


INDEX 


submcesta,  40,  1. 
Diatryma.  62,  1. 

filifera.  62,  3.  4. 

steini,  62,  2. 
Dibelodon  cdensis,  49,  1-3. 

shepardi,  49,  2. 

tropicus.  49,  '2. 
Didelphis  karkinophaga  cauca?,  64,  4. 

marsupialis  cauca\  54,  4. 

paraguayensis  nieridensis,   64,  4. 
Dilobocondyla.  46,  3. 
Dinomyrmex.  46,  15;  69,  5. 
Diolcus  boscii.  75,  12. 
Dolichodorina-,  45,  14;   69,  4. 
Dolichodenis  attclahoides,  45,  14. 

bidens,  45,  14. 

bidens  spuriuB,  45,  14. 

I.ispinosus,  45,  14. 

championi  ta>niatus,  45,  14. 

del.ilis.  45,  14. 

decollatus,  46,  14. 

lutosus,  45,  14. 
Dryopithecus,  63,  15. 

punjabicits,  37,  2. 
Dwight,    Jonathan.     'Description  of   a 
New    K.nc  of  the  Lesser  Black- 
backed   (lull,    from   the  Azores,' 
44,  1  2. 
rem  ainln  ;c.  76,   12. 

janiaiciii>i>,  76,  12. 

sanguinarius,  76,  12. 

m  adnepos,  45, 

bunhrlh.46,  1. 
bunhelli  urnlii,  46,   1. 

Be,  46,  1. 
pil< .Mini,  46,  '_'. 
totnma  brasUienae,  46, 3. 
c. in -1111111111,  45,  3. 
riinlnni,  41 

iiiIhiii  |ilciiio(loii,  45,  .•. 
tiilH-niilaluiii,  45,  8. 

EdcMn  bifida,  Tf, 

41,  I 
.olnmh.,41,  I    .;.  :.    Ill 

i   41,  I 
ir.i|-...i..i,  41.  I     .'.II     12,  16. 
jack*>rii,  41,  I 


jeffersonii,  41,  1-16. 

meridionalis,  41,  5. 

primigenius,  41,  1,  7-12. 

tcxianus,  41,  1. 
Elginia,  72,  3. 
Eleutherodactylus  auriculatoides,  61,  3. 

flavescens,  61,  2,  3. 

minutus,  61,  4. 

ruthse,  61,  6. 

schmidti,  61,  5. 
Emberiza  paradisa^a,  43,  3,  7. 
Eoanthropus,  53,  15. 
Epicauta,  47,  4. 
Epihalictoides,  40,  3. 
Erebomyrma,  48,  1. 

longi,  45,  11. 
Erythrolychniaalbopalpis,  60,  10. 

bipartitus,  60,  10,  11. 

rlarki,  60,  11,  12. 

fulgidus,  60,  10. 

olivieri,  60,  11. 

quinquenotatus,  60,  11. 
Erythrosmia  andrenoides,  40,  G. 

melanura,  40,  6. 
Eucoria,  76,  12. 
Eunoe  cxoculata,  74,  4-6. 
Euponera  constrict  a,  45,  3. 

darwini  indica,  69,  1. 

laevigata  whelpleyi,  45,  3. 

stigma,  45,  3. 
Kupsittula  aurea  aurea,  58,  3,  4. 

aurea  major,  58,  3,  4. 
Euryophthalmusobovatus,  76,  5. 
Kusrliist  ns  crenator,  75,  12. 

Exogenua  extensua,  75,  12. 

Exomalopsis,  47,  I. 
oornigera,  47,  5. 

scnata,  47,  5. 
solani,  47,  5. 

Peoelia  minor,  75,  L2. 

Formica  i*coti,  69,  i. 

rufibarbii  {lauoa,  69,  I. 

rnlibarhis  oiicnlalis,  69,  I. 

nilil.arbissubpilosa,  69,  ■!. 

I ■' ■nlii',  45,  1,  2;    69,  1. 

I  ..inn.  ,n:r,  45,  In;  69,  -1. 

I'ou  l.i .     I  lenrj     W  .       'I  >escriplion   of    a 


INDEX 


New    Loach    from    Northeastern 
China,'  38,  1-2. 
Furcosmia  papaveris,  40,  6. 

Gorpis  neotropicalis,  75,  8. 

Halictoides  atroeaeruleus,  40,  2. 

autumnalis,  40,  2. 

calcaratus,  40,  2. 

clavicrus,  40,  2. 

dcutiventris,  40,  2. 

harveyi,  40,  3. 

m&rginatus,  40,  2,  3. 

marginatu.s  halictulus,  40,  3,  4. 

maurus,  40,  3. 

montanus,  40,  2. 

mulleri,  40,  3. 

novaeanglise,  40,  2. 

oryx,  40,  2. 

painirensis,  40,  2. 

paradoxus,  40,  2. 

virideseens,  40,  2. 
Balosydna  brevisetosa,  74,  4. 
Bapalorhynchus,  39,  1. 

gracilis,  39,  2  3. 
Bapalotremina*,  39,  1. 
Baplacroselis,  63,  9. 

Ilamiostes  serratus,  75,  12. 

Barmotho8  multisetosa,  74,  2. 
Hellman,  Milo,  sec  Gregory,  W,  K.  and 

Bellman,  Mil<>. 
Bemiderma  perspicillatum,  54,  8. 
Hemispingus    castaneicollis    berlepschi, 
67,  12. 

castaneicollis  castaneicollis,  67,  12. 

gceringi,  67,  12. 

inelaiiotis,  67,  12. 

ochraceus,  67,  12. 

piura,  67,  11,  12. 
Bendecapheidole,  46,  3-0. 
llenotosoina.  39,  5. 

haematobium,  39,  5-8. 
llespriopithecus   haroldcookii,    37,    1-5; 

53,  1-16. 
He/a  pulchripes,  75,  13. 
Bolcoponera,  45,  3. 
Hoininoidea,  53,  1  1. 
Homo  sapiens,  37, :;. 


sapiens  mongoloideus,  37,  4. 
Hoplitella,  40,  5. 
Hoplitina  hesperia,  40,  5,  6. 

incanescens,  40,  6,  7. 

pentamera,  40,  5-7. 

reinotula,  40,  6,  7. 
Hovey,  Edmund  Otis.      'Aerolite  from 

Rose  City,  Michigan,'  52,  1-7. 
Hyaenarctos,  53,  13.* 
Hyalinoeeia,  74,  7. 

tubioola  stricta,  74,  1,  2,  8. 
Hyalmenus  longispinus,  75,  12. 
Hydrometra  australis,  75, 10. 

earaiha,  75,  10. 
consiinilis.  75,  9. 
martini,  75,  10. 
naiades,  75,  10. 
Hvla  canadensis,  70,  5,  6. 
cbica,  70, 1,  2. 
co])ii,  70,  5,  6. 
cnicifer,  70,  2. 
heilprini,  61,  1,  2. 
ocularis,  70,  2-1. 

septentlionalis,  70,  5,  6. 

versicolor,  70,  2. 

weheri,  70,  .">,  »i. 
Hylella,  70,  2. 
liypoclinea,  45,  14. 
Hypsilophodon,  72,  3. 

Ichthvoinvs  orientalis,  55,  7,  8. 

soderstioini.  55,  8. 

stolzmanni,  55,  8. 

tweedii,  55,  8. 
Idionycteris  mexicanu>,  54,  1-4. 
Ilingoceras,  37,  5. 

Iridomynnex  dispertitus  inicans,  45,  14. 
Ischnorhynehus  championi,  75,  12. 

Jadera  rubrofusca,  75,  2. 

sanguinolenta,  75,  12. 
Jalvsus  spinosus,  75,  12. 

Labidus,  45,  1. 
Lstmatonice,  74,  6. 

Latnionice  pellucida,  74,  G. 

Lagisca  multisetosa,  74,  2. 
Lagothrix,  53,  13. 


6 


INDEX 


Lampyrida?,  60,  3-13;  63,  1-7. 
Lams  argent  at  vis.  44,  2. 

cachinnans,  44,  2. 

fuscus  affinia,  44,  1. 

fuscus  atlantis,  44,  1,  2. 

f\iscvis  fuscus,  44,  1. 

fuscus  taiinyrensis,  44,  1. 

leucopha-us,  44,  2. 
Lasiurus  varius,  64*,  9. 
Leanira  areolata,  74,  6. 
Lefua  andrewsi.  38,  1,  2. 

cost  at  a.  38,  2. 
Leiocephalus  barahonensis,  64,  5. 

beatanus.  64,  5. 
Leodice  segrcgata.  74,  7. 
Leodicida>,  74,  1,  7. 
Lepidasthenia  curt  a.  74,  4. 
Lcpidonotus  lonli,  74,  1. 
LepiOCOtia  filifonnis.  75,  12. 
Leptodictya  hambusa\  75,  13. 
Lepiogenya   aniathnulosa   trinidadenas, 

45",  3. 
I^eptnglossus  baltratus,  75,  12. 

gnnagra,  76,  12m 

stigma,  75,  12. 
Leptoaciunia    pucheranii    medellinenaia, 

64,  :.. 
Leptothonu  aaper,  46,  11. 

tri-i.uii,  46,  11. 

LethoeenM  anmitipea,  75,  13. 

loliillialis.  75,   12. 
LimiliigiillUS.   76,    13. 

I.itiiiioticclius,  75,  13. 
Litiura.  43,   12. 
I.i<iim\  mux,  48,  1. 
LfthtllgUI  apicali-.  47,   I 
Lonoborhina  .'inula,  66,  18. 

oeaidaotaUs,  66,  i:j.  1 1 
Lotdonj  una,  46, 3. 
II.ivi-mIIi-,  76,  I 
l.tindnlii,  60,  3. 

l.niiM-ri,  60,  I    I 

mi-.  60,  I 

fuhroUnotua,  60,  1 

flllv<ilitii-tilx  llaVliolll.H,  60,  4,  6. 

iiki-kmIm,  60,  I 
mnrt'iiu|«  iiiiih,  60,  4. 


miniatocollis,  60,  4,  5. 

subdubitata,  60,  4,  6,  7. 

virilis,  60,  8. 
Lumbriconereis  bifilaris,  74,  9. 
Lumbrinereis  bifilaris,  74,  9. 
Lutziella,  47,  1-4. 
I.ycida\  60,  1-3. 
Lygseidse,  75,  12. 
Lygseus  albonotatus,  75,  2. 

coccineus,  75,  3. 

collaris,  75,  12. 

marginatus,  75,  4. 

pulchellus,  75,  12. 

Macrocephalus  crassimanus,  75,  13. 

leucographus,  75,  13. 

pulchellus,  75,  13. 
Macropheidole,  45,  8. 
Macrotracheliella  larvis,  75,  13. 
Maeroxus  medcllinensis.  54,  5. 
Malaco])tila  torquata.  67,  3. 
Maldane  cristata,  74,  5,  9,  10. 

siniilis,  74,  9. 
Maldanida,  74,  1,  9. 
Nfammontince,  41,  1. 
Mauacus  manaoua  abditivue,  58,  5. 

manacus  bangsi,  58,  5. 

manaoua  tlaveolus,  58,  f>. 

manaoua  gutturoeua,  58,  5. 

manaoua  interior,  58,  5. 

manaoua  leuoochlamya,  58,  5. 

manaoua  manacus,  58,  S. 

manaoua  purua,  58,  5,  7. 

manaoua  Bubpurua,  58,  l,  5,  7. 

manacus  t  ring  at  is,  68,  5. 
Margus  obscurator,  75,  12. 

Marmoaa  oauoa),  54,  5. 

plura,  54,  5. 

Mastodon  andium,  49,  3. 
brevidena,  49,  4. 
humboldtii,  49,  2. 
matthewi,  49,  4. 
merriami,  49,  1. 
proavua,  49,  1. 

tapimidcw  amciicaiuis,  49,  4. 
Mnstiidontinie,  49,  I. 

m icto,    11.     'Roviaion   of   PaUeo* 

maatodon  and  Maritherium.  PaiMh 


INDEX 


mastodon  intermedins  and  Phiomia 
osborni,  new  species,'  61,  1-6. 
Megalomyrmex  bituberculal  us,  45,  8. 
Megalopta  vidians,  66,  1,  3. 
Mt'Kaloptolla,  66,  1. 
Megalotomus  rufipes,  76,  12. 
Meiolania,  72,  3. 
Melanocoryphus,  75,  12. 

dallasii,  75,  3. 
Melanomvs  buenavista?,  54,  6. 
MelanostethuB,  75,  3. 
Meranoplus  bicolor,  69,  3. 
Mesoponera,  46,  3. 
Meeovelia  mulaanti,  75,  13. 
MeeoveUids,  76,  13. 
Mesor  lobulifer,  69,  1. 
Micrantbia  humilis,  75,  13. 
Microvelia  pulchella,  75,  13. 

capitata,  75,  13. 
Microxua  bogotenajs,  54,  7. 
Miomastodon,  49,  1. 

matthewi,  49,  4. 

merriami,  49,  4. 

proavus,  49,  4. 

tapiroidcs  amcricanus,  49,    I. 
Mioneotea  olivaoaua  fasoiatioollis,  67,  9. 

olivaoeuB  galbinus,  67,  9. 

olivaccus  pallidus,  67,  9. 

Btriaticollis columbianus,  67,  (.». 

striaticollis  polioccphalus,  67,  9. 
Mitara,  48,  10. 
Mceritherium,  51,  1. 

andrewsi,  61,  5. 

graeUe,  51,  5. 

lyonsi,  51,  5. 

trigodoik,  61,  5. 

trigi modem,  51^  5. 
Molossus  bonda>,  64,  9. 
Monacis,  45,  14. 
Monasa  fusea,  67,  3. 
Moneilema,  47,  4. 
Monodcl|)liis,  68,  15. 
Monomorium  amblyops,  48,  S. 

Horicola,  45,  S. 

graoillimum,  69,  3. 

heyeri,  48,  9. 

minutum,  69,  3. 

subterraneum,  48,  10. 


Mook,  Charles  C.     'A  New  Species  of 
Alligator  from  the  Snake  Creek 
Beds,'  73,  1-13. 
Mormidea  angustata,  75,  12. 
sordidula,  76,  12. 

Muscicapa  pullata,  67,  3. 

Muscipipra  vetula,  67,  3. 
Mus  inusculus  museums,  64,  5. 

Mutchler,  A.  J.  '  Notes  on  West  Indian 
Lycid*  and  Lampyridae  (Coleop- 
tera)  with  Descriptions  of  New 
Forms,'  60,  1-13;  'Notes  on 
West  Indian  Lampyridae  and  Can- 
tharidc  (Coleoptera)  with  De- 
scriptions of  New  Forms,' 63,  1-9. 

Mycoccpurus  smithi,  45,  18;  48,  10. 

Myiarchus  pha-occphalus,  67,  10. 
toddi,  67,  10. 

M \<>1  is  caucensis,  54,  9. 

Myrma,  69,  6. 

Myrmamblys,  45,  l(i. 

M\  rinccini'lla  panainana,  46,  1-3. 

Myrmhopla,  69,6. 

Myrmiciiuc,  45,  (i;  69,  1. 

Mynnicocrypta  squamosa,  45,  13. 

Myniiolirarhvs,  46,  16. 

MynnocladoBcua,  45,  16. 

Mvrmoscricus,  69,  (). 
Mynnosphincta,  45,  15. 
Myrmothrix,  45,  15;  69,  5. 

Nal.uhe,  76,  13. 
Nabis  signatus,  66,  13. 

sordidus,  75,  13. 
Xaima-thiops  aiigustolinea,  57,  1. 
Naucoridae,  75,  13. 
Xciduhc,  75,  12. 
Neolebias,  67,  1. 
Ncotnoiphus  salvini  aequatorialis,  67,  5. 

salvini  salvini,  67,  5. 
Neoponera  obaeuriooraia  latreillei,  46,  3. 

unidentata,  45,  3. 
Nephthydida",  74,  1,  6. 
Nepthys,  74,  6. 
NYphthys  ectopa,  74,  6. 
Nereidae,  74,  1,  7. 
Nereis  integer,  74,  7. 

kobiensis,  74,  7. 


s 


INDEX 


mediator,  74,  7. 

Neustieomys  niontieolus,  55,  S. 

Nezara  viridula,  75,  12. 

Nichols.  John  Treadwell.  'Carangtrides 
jordani  from  the  Hawaiian  Islands, 
with  Notes  on  Related  Fishes,' 
50,  1-3;  'Now  African  Fishes,' 
57,  1-3;  '  A  New  Wrasse  and  Two 
New  Ciehlids  from  Northeast 
Africa,'  65,  1-4. 

Ninus.  75,   12, 

Ninyas  derieiens,  75,  12. 
strata,  75,  12. 

Noble,  (1.  K.  'Six  New  Batrachians 
from  the  Dominican  Republic,' 
61,  1-6;  'Four  New  Lizards  from 
Beata  Island,  Dominican  Repub- 
lic.' 64,  1-5;  'The  Generic  and 
Genetic  Relations  of  Ptettdaeru, 
the  Swamp  Tree  Frogs,'  70,  1-6. 

Northria  iridescens,  74,  8. 

Nothria.  74,  1. 

hiatidentata,  74,  S. 
iridescens,  74,  8. 

Nnlinan,   Howard.     'A   New  ( ienus  and 

Bpecief  of  Btaphylinidas  Parasitic 

on  a  South  American  Opossum,' 
68,   1   :;. 
Noione.t.i  undulata,  75,  13. 
Notonectida,  7f), 

•  <iu-  vanus,  54,  '.». 
Nvctipitheeiis  lemurinus,  64,  it. 

NAl.indelia,  45,   l.");    69,    I. 

'i-  baaahs,  76,  12 

I    75,  12 
maquahs,  76,   12. 
providu-,  75,   12 

70,  12. 
.In-  maculatui  ma.iilatus,  58,  I 
niwul:.tu~  mi.  h:ili>,  68, 

|>:illl<lmula,  58, 

N, 
Lip    •       f)K,  fl 

n 

tnatoda,  45,  i 

Mine,  ulii-, 

4«,   I 


lnematoda  meinerti,  45,  4. 
Odontoponera  transversa,  69,  1. 
Oligoim  rmex.  48,  1. 

anophthalmus,  48,  4. 
Oligoryzomys,  64,  6. 
Omaloxenus  bequaerti,  68,  1-3. 
Oncopeltus  fasciatus,  75,  12. 

aulicus,  75,  12. 
Onuphis  hiatidentata,  74,  1,  2,  8. 

iridescens,  74,  8. 

lepta,  74,  7. 

litabranchia,  74,  7. 

vexillaria,  74,  8. 
Ornithomimus,  42,  3,  6. 
Oroi>ozus  rufula  obscura,  67,  8,  9. 

rufula  occabambse,  67,  8,  9. 

rufula  rufula,  67,  8. 
Orospingus,  67,  12. 
Ortha>a  bilobata,  75,  12. 

ferruginosa,  75,  4. 

vincta,  75,  12. 
Orthocrema,  45,  8. 
Ortholomus  jamaicensis,  75,  12. 
Oryzomvs  albigularis,  54,  5. 

childi.  54,  li. 

dryas  humilior,  54,  ti. 

laniger,  54,  7. 

ineridensis,  54,  6. 

o'connelli,  54,  (i. 

pahnine,  54,  0. 
pert  oralis,  54,  5,  6. 
Osborn,  Benry  Fairfield.    'Hesperopithe- 

nis,  the  First  Anthropoid  Pri- 
mate bound  in  America,'  37, 
1-5;     'Species    of    American    1'le- 

istocene     Mammoths,      Elephcu 

ji fft  rsi'ini.    New    Species,'    41,     1 

lit;  'Dtbeiodon  sdenms  (Flick)  of 
Southern  California,  Miomattodon 

(tf      the      Middle      Miocene,       New 

Genus,'  49,  i   i. 

I  'una,  40,  7. 

andrenoides,  40,  n. 

fallas,  40,   6, 

remol  ula,  40,  .">.  8 

semirultia,  40,  li. 

bora  burmeisteri,  76,  12. 
oonoava,  76,  12. 


INDEX 


0 


Pachycerapis,  47,  4,  5. 
Pachycondyla  crassinoda,  45,  3. 

gagatina,  45,  3. 

harpax,  45,  3. 

impreesa,  45,  3. 
Pachyooris  fabricii,  75,  12. 
Pachygrontha  parvula,  75,  4. 
Pagasa  fusca,  75,  13. 
PalffiomastodoD  barroisi,  51,  3. 

beadnelli,  51,  1,  3,  6. 

intermedins,  51,  1,  2. 

parvus,  51,  2,  6. 

wintoni,  51,  3. 
Paleopithecue  uvalenais,  37,  2. 
Pan  Bchweinfurthii,  53,  4. 
Panurgid»,  66,  1. 
Panurgus  chalybseus,  40,  1. 

halietulus,  40,  3. 
Parahalicd  lidcs,  40,  3. 
Paramimia,  40,  1. 
Parapithecus,  53,  l  \. 
Paraponera  clavata,  48,  7. 
Paratrechina     bourbonica     bengalensis, 

69,  4. 
Parholoomyrmex,  69,  3. 
Paromiua  longulus,  75,  12. 
Pedioectee  lentus,  62,  1. 

pbasianellus,  62,  1. 
Pelocoris  femoratua,  75,  13. 
lVlonia,  59,  4. 
PentatomidsB,  75,  12. 
Perdita,  47,  1. 

bradleyi,  66,  2. 

haliotoidee,  47,  4. 

Larree,  66,  4. 

maorostoma,  47,  l. 

minima,  66,  3,  4. 

nova'anglia',  66,  2. 

opuntie,  47,  2   \. 
Perditella,  66,  4. 
Pheidole  biconstiicta  Bocratee,  45,  6. 

cornutula,  45,  (i. 

dcrciii,  45,  S. 

citKTsoni,  46,  4-6. 

fallax  jclskii,  45,  (>. 

fallax  jelskii  antillcnsis,  45,  6. 

fimbiiata,  45,  8. 

flavens  gracilior,  45,  6. 


flavens  sculptior,  45,  6. 

lacerta,  45,  6,  7. 

pilifera,  46,  4. 

rhoinbinoda,  69,  2. 

Bubaimata  boriiuiuenensis,  45,  6. 

susannse  obscurior,  45,  6. 

taehigalia,  46,  3,  4,  6. 

teneri'sccns,  45,  7,  8. 
Pheidologeton,  48,  1. 

di versus,  69,  2. 
Philander  cieur,  64,  4. 

laniger  cieur,  54,  4. 
Phiomia  minor,  51,  6. 

minus  minor,  61,  3. 

osborni,  51,  3-5. 

serridens,  51,  1,  3,  6. 

wintoni,  61,  3. 
Photinus,  60,  2.  3. 

apopleeticus,  63,  5. 

eeratus,  63,  1. 
eoinniissus,  63,  5. 

diacoideua,  63,  6. 

dul)iosus,  63,  2. 
glaueus,  63,  1. 
heterodoxus,  63,  1.  i 

lengi,  63,  •_',  :;. 

limbipennis,  63,  0. 

lutzi,  63,  2. 

magnus,  63,  3. 

magnufi  burquino,  63,  4. 

aefarius,  63,  5. 

pallens,  63,  1. 

pygnueus,  63,  2. 

quadrimaculatuti,  63,  5. 

simplex,  63,  5. 

sublateralis,  63,  ti. 
*     unieus,  63,  4. 

vittatus.  63,  7. 
Photuris.  60,  2. 

ltrunnipennis,  63,  7. 

jamaieensis   63,  7. 
Phthia  pieta,  75,  12. 

lunata,  75,  12. 
Phyllostoma  rotuiulum,  54,  9. 
Phymata  marginata,  75,  13. 
PhymaticUe,  75,  13. 
Piezodorus  guildingi,  75,  12. 

tinctus,  75,  12. 


10 


INDEX 


Piezosternum  subulatum,  76,  12. 
Piezostethus  sordidus,  76,  13. 
Pithecanthropus,   37,   4;    53,  1-3,  6-9, 
14.  15. 
ereetua,  37,  3. 
Plagiolepis  longipos,  69,  4. 

wroughtoni,  69,  4. 
Platynereis  integer,  74,  7. 
Platythyna  angusta.  45,  2. 
Plea  harnedi,  75,  11. 
puella,  75,  11. 
punctifer.  75,  10. 
Btriola,  75,  11. 
Plecotus.  54,  1-4. 

anritus,  3. 
Pliohippus,  37,  5. 
Ploiaria  gnndlaohi,  75,  13. 
Ploiariodes  armata,  75,  13. 
l>arlx'ri,  75,  7. 
parshlfvi,  75,  8. 
rabromaculata,  75,  13. 
Podisua  aagitta,  75,  12. 
Podoniyrnia,  46,  3. 
l'.ilvinx-  lordi,  74,  4 
Porynoid*,  74,  1.  2 
l'olvrailiis  div<  -s.  69,  6. 
mavri,  69,  6. 

Qala  Uevior  debflis,  69,  <;. 
Ponera  opaciceps,  45,  3, 

trigona  opaeior,  45,  8. 
l'uii.riii;.-.  45,  2    1;  69,  1. 

53,  13. 
PftOOlepil  «-:t-<ili:i'.  45,  15. 
longicoriiia,  45,  i"» 
rtttffihfflij  45,  l.">. 
vividula,  45,  IV 
viviilula  guaietnalenaia  itinerant,  45, 

i.-. 
•  -|h*1i it  punetulata,  45,  2. 
16,  8. 
pi...  t  in-  -|i,iii|ht.1ii>,  45,  II 
■  .tun-Hi,  54,  B 
i   69,  1 
iii<.iiK<.lnii,  60, 
I'  72 

I     72,   I 

!  XI 

Paftlkloprocne  nllin-<'|iM,  66,  I 


bamingui,  56,  4. 

blanfordi,  56,  6. 

chalybea,  56,  5,  6. 

mangbettorum,  56,  5-7. 

nitens  centralis,  56,  4. 

oleaginea,  56,  5-7. 

orientalis,  56,  7. 

petiti  orientalis,  56,  5-7. 
Psendaeris  copii,  70,  1,  5,  6. 

feriarum,  70,  1,  5. 

nigrita,  70,  1. 

occidentalis,  70,  1. 

ocularis,  70,  1-5. 

septentrionalis,  70,  1,  2,  5,  6. 

triseriata,  70,  5. 

verrucosus,  70,  1. 
Pseudoeolobopsis,  45,  16. 
Pseudomyrma  arboris-sanctae,  45,  G. 

auripos,  45,  5,  6. 

championi  paulina,  45,  4. 

i-uhnicola,  45,  4. 

damnosa,  46,  6. 

dedans  breviceps,  45,  4. 

elongata,  45,  4. 

r\i  avata,  45,  4. 
filiformis,  45,  4. 
flavidula,  45,  4. 
gracilis,  45,  1. 
icterica,  45,  4,  5. 
kuenckeli,  45,  1. 

latinoda,  45,  (i. 

nigropflon  latieeps,  45,  4. 

pallida,  45,  1. 

1arhigalia\  45,  6, 

tri|)lariilis,  45,  6. 
I'srudomyrmiiur,  45,  I;  69,  1. 
Pteudosmia  oristata,  40,  ti. 
Ptochiomera  nuniina,  75,  r_'. 
Pyractomena  pleats,  60,  L3 

gamiiia,  60,  18. 
villicollis,  60,  12. 
I\  ii  i  nius,  56,  7,  S. 

..ii inua  maadmus,  66,  s. 
ostrinua  rothaohildi,  66,  s. 

ii..  castanoptara,  67,  t»,  7. 
Leueonata  baUmayri,  67,  <>,  7. 
leuoonata  leueonata,  67,  *>,  7. 

leUCOnatfl  mamipnteusiM,  67,  (')  s. 


INDEX 


11 


leuconata  maura,  67,  6,  7. 
pacifica,  67,  6-8. 
picea,  67,  6,  7. 
Pyrrhocoridsc,  76,  12. 

Ranatra,  76,  13. 

Reduviida:,  75,  13. 

Reichenberger,   E.   M.  B.,  see  Cherrie, 

George  K. 
Rhagovelia  tayloriella,  75,  13. 
Rheumatobates  imitator,  75,  13. 
Rhinoceros,  42,  3,  6. 
Rhipidomys,  54,  7. 
Rhynchotherium  brevidcns,  49,  4. 
Ripersia  subcorticis,  48,  8. 

Saldid*,  75,  13. 
Saldula  pallipcs,  75,  13. 
Seelidosaurus,  72,  3. 
Sciurus  pueheranii  medellinensis,  54,  5. 
Scomber  ferdau,  50,  2. 
Scutelleridffl,  75,  12. 
Sericomyrmi'x  uriehi,  46,  13. 
Setopagta  anthonyi,  67,  4,  5. 

parvulus,  67,  5. 
Sigalionids,  74,  1,  6. 
Silis  impressa,  63,  9. 

marginella,  63,  9. 
Simia  fatuellus,  54,  10. 
Sivapithecus,  37,  2;  53,  15. 
Solenopsis,  48,  1. 

altinodis,  45,  S. 

basalis  uriehi,  45,  8. 

fugax  kasaliensis,  69,  3. 

geminata,  45,  9. 

jacoti,  69,  2. 

jacoti  pekingensis,  69,  2. 

ininutissiina,  45,  9. 

soochowensis,  69,  2. 

tenius,  45,  9. 
Solubea  pugnax,  75,  12. 
Spelaeonivnnex,  48,  1. 

uriehi.  45,  9-11. 
SphictyrtuB  whited,  76,  12. 
Spinoliella  australior,  40,  5. 

helianthi,  40,  4. 

meliloti,  40,  4. 

pictipes,  40,  5. 


scitula,  40,  5. 

zebrata,  40,  4. 
Spirorchida>,  39,  1,  7. 
Spirorchina>,  39,  4,  5. 
Spirorchis  chelvdia\  39,  7. 
Spizella  wortheni,  71,  4,  5. 
Staphylinidse.  68,  1-3. 
Steatornis  caripensis,  45,  11* 
Steganura  aucupum,  43,  1,  3,  10-12. 

aucupum  aucupum,  43,  1,  2,  4,  6,  10. 

aucupum  nilotica,  43,  1-10. 

aucupum  longicauda,  43,  1,  2,  5,  6, 
10. 

aucupum  obtusa,  43,  1,2,3,6-8,  10. 

paradisa'a,  43,  1-12. 

paradlMM  aucupum,  43, 1, 4. 

paradisaea  australis,  43,  7. 
Stegosaurus,  72,  3. 
Stenoinynnex,  45,  3. 
Stenopsis  longirostris,  67,  3. 
Slhcnolt'pis  aicohita,  74,  6. 

Btrumigenjrseggerai,  45,  12. 

godcffroyi  lcwisi,  69,  4. 

salicns,  46,   12. 

silvestrii,  45,  12. 

trinidadcnsis,  45,  12. 
Struthiomimus,  42,  6. 
Stuukard,  Horace  W.     'Two  New  Gen- 
era   of    North    American    Blood 
Flukes,'  39,  1-8. 
Sylvilagus  andinus,  65,  9. 

andiuus  cauarius,  55,  10. 

auduboni,  56,  9. 

backmani,  55,  9. 

brasilicnsis,  55,  9. 

chill*,  55,  12. 

daulcnsis,  65,  9-11. 

defilippi,  65,  10,  11. 

kelloggi,  55,  9-12. 
Syntermes  dirus,  48,  4. 
Systellura  deeussata,  67,  2,  4. 

longirostris,  67,  2,  4. 

longirostris  bifasciata,  67,  3. 

ruficervix,  67,  3. 

runcervix  atripunctata,  67,  2-4. 

ruficervix  ruficervix,  67,  2,  4. 

Tamandua  tetradactyla,  48,  7. 


12 


INDEX 


Tangara  cyaneicollis  caruleocephala,  58, 
1-3. 

cyaneicollis  cyaneicollis,  68,  1,  2. 

cyaneicollis  granadensis,  58,  1,  2. 

••yaneimllis  hannahia\  58,  1-3. 

cyaneicollis  inelanogaster.  58,  1-3. 
Tapinoma  melanoeephalum,  45,  15;  69, 
4. 

ramulorum  irrectum   cearense,    45, 
15. 

ramuloruni  saga,  45,  15. 
Technomynnex  albipes,  69,  4. 
Teleoncmia  prolixa,  75,  13. 
Tenagogonus  guerini,  75,  13. 
Terataner.  46,  3. 
Terelx-lla  robust  a.  74,  10. 

beffidca,  74,  l.  10. 
Termes.  48,  4. 
Tetnbelodon,  49,  1,  2. 
Tetnemnra,  43,  12. 
Tetnunorium  caeapitum  umileve  jacoti, 

69,  3. 
Tetraponera  rufonigra,  69,  1. 
Thdepm  criapua,  74,  it). 

Thoiiiasninys  aureus.  55,  6, 
aun-u-  alteram,  55,  7. 

auriiiilaris.  55,  6   7. 

bawpa,  55,  8,  •">. 

caiulivarius,  55,    I 
(•irKTi'ivfiiicr,  64,  7;   56,  5. 
ciiicrcu-.  54,  ti. 
gracilis,  56,  3. 
hud-oni.  56,  '■'>,  I. 
hvlopliilu-    66,  .">. 

laniger,  64,  7. 

mcffoii,  66,  7. 
|Mipa\anu-,  56,  7. 

prater,  66,  7. 

ThoOafantM  ariialiili.-,  60,  2. 
.'minus,   60,   2. 
aiiln  ii-  «Ii-IiiikuiikIiis,  60,  ■'. 

*' '  ' 
<l<iiiiiiii.i - 1 1 — i - .  60,  2. 

intifUfntff,  76, 

I  I 
|» -r< hi. ir.  76,  12 
1. 1. .win.  66,  I. 


cancellata,  65,  2. 
Tingidse,  75,  12. 
Trachymesopus,  45,  3;  69,  1. 
Trachymyrmex  cornetzi  bivittatus,  45, 
13' 

cornetzi  naranjo,  45,  13. 

humilis,  45,  13. 

urichi,  45,  13. 
Tranopelta  amblyops,  48,  8. 

gilva,  48,  1,  6-8,  10. 

gilva  albida,  48,  8,  10. 

gQva  amblyops,  48,  8. 

gilva  brunnea,  48,  8. 

heyeri,  48,  9,  10. 

heyeri  eolumbiea,  48,  10. 

huberi,  48,  10. 

mayri,  48,  5. 

subterranea.  48,  10.  11. 
Tranopeltoides,  48,  1,  10. 

bolivianus,  48,   12-14. 

huberi,  48,  11. 

parvispina,  48,  12,  13. 

peruvianus,  48,  14. 
Treadwell,  Aaron  L.    'PolychsetOUfl  An- 
nelids from  bower  California,  with 
Descriptions  of  New  Species,'  74, 
1    11. 
Trichophya,  68,  1. 
TrichophyinsB,  68,  1. 
Trigona  duekei,  66,  1. 
TrOophodon  Bhepardi  edensis,  49,  1.  2. 
Trionvx,  4.2,  3. 
Triphlepe  inaidiosus,  75,  18. 
T\  looerua  ooriaoeus,  63,  9. 
Tytthony*  discolor,  63,  9. 

iii.-irtiiiiicollis,  63,  S. 

Vampyropa,  54,  8. 

Wind:..  75,  i:;. 

\  ri  niivrna  barliiiiani,  71,  ">. 

browni,  71,  1.  5, 

ilis,  71,  5. 

pioillatua,  64,  s. 

I  Linus,    64,   8. 

Vidua,  43,  12. 

paradisea,  43,   I. 

paradises  orientalia,  43,  7.    . 

pha  inn  ;i.  43,  8,  7. 


INDEX 


13 


verreauxii,  43,  3,  7,  8. 

Wasmannia  auropunctata,  45,  11. 

Wheeler,  Wm.  Morton.  'The  Ants  of 
Trinidad/  45,  1-16;  'A  New 
Genus  and  Subgenus  of  Myrmi- 
cinse  from  Tropical  America,' 
46,  1-6;  '  Neotropical  Ants  of  the 
Genera  Carebara,  Tranopelta,  and 
Tranopeltoides,  New  Genus,'  48, 
1-14;  'Chinese  Ants  Collected 
by  Prof.  S.  F.  Light  and  Prof. 
A.  P.  Jacot,'  69,  1-6. 


Wolcott,  A.  B.  'Two  New  Species  of 
West  Indian  Cleiidse  (Coleop- 
tera),'  59,  1-4. 

Xerophasma,  66,  1. 

bequaerti,  66,  2,  3. 
Xylocopa  tranquebarica,  66,  2. 

Zacryptocerus,  45,  11. 
Zclus  longipes,  75,  13-. 
rubidus,  75,  13. 

suliinipivssus,  75,   13. 
Zicca  tseniola,  75,  12. 


\Y 


QL 

1 

A37 

no. 37-75 

Biological 
it  Mcsjjcal 
Serial* 


American  Mufaum  novitates 


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